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Magnification = How much larger an object is made to appear compared to its real size. Resolving power = Minimum distance between two points that can still be distinguished as two separate points. R = x .62:nsin = .57m x .62: 1.3 = 0.25 nsin1.3 Importance of Compartmental Organization A panoramic view of the cell Eukaryotic -Found in the other kingdoms. -True nucleus; bounded by nuclear envelope. -Membrane-bound organelles.

Prokaryotic -Found only in the kingdom monera. -No true nucleus, the DNA is concentrated in a region the nucleoid. -No membrane-bound organelles.

-Other comparison we can make is the size of cells. Eukaryotic cells compensate for the small surface area to volume ratio by having internal membranes. Nucleus= A generally conspicuous membrane-bound cellular organelle in a eukaryote; contains most of the genes that control the entire cell.

Nuclear envelope= A double membrane which encloses the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell. The envelopes inner and outer membranes are fused at the lip of each pore. Pore complex regulates molecular traffic into and out of the nucleus.

Chromatin = Complex of DNA and histone proteins, which makes up chromosomes in eukaryotic cells. Chromosomes = Long threadlike association of genes, composed of chromatin and found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Nucleolus= Roughly spherical region in the nucleus of non dividing cells, which consists of nucleolar organizers and ribosomes in various stages of production.

May be two or more per cell. Packages ribosomal subunits from:

Nucleolar organizers = Specialized regions of some chromosomes, with multiple copies of genes for rRNA (ribosomal RNA) synthesis. Ribosomes = A cytoplasmic organelle which is the site for protein synthesis. Bound ribosomes = Ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Many organelles are related through the endomembrane system Vesicles = Membrane-enclosed sacs that are pinched off portions of membranes moving from the site of one membrane to another.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) = Extensive membranous network of tubules and sacs (cisternae) which sequesters its internal lumen (cisternal space) from the cytosol.

Functions of Smooth ER

-Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids and steroids. -Participates in carbohydrate metabolism. -Detoxifies drugs and poisons. -Stores calcium ions necessary for muscle contraction.

In a muscle cell, the SER membrane pumps Ca++ from the cytosol into the cisternal space.

In response to a nerve impulse, Ca++ leaks from the SER back into the cytosol, which triggers muscle cell contraction.

Rough ER and Protein Synthesis

Appears rough under an electron microscope because the cytoplasmic side is studded with ribosomes.

Is continuous with outer membrane of the nuclear envelope (which may also be studded with ribosomes on the cytoplasmic side).

Manufactures secretory proteins and membrane.

Proteins destined for secretion are synthesized by ribosomes attached to rough ER:

Ribosomes attached to rough ER synthesize secretory proteins.

Glycoprotein = Protein covalently bonded to carbohydrate.

Oligosaccharide = Small polymer of sugar units.

Transport vesicle = Membrane vesicle in transit from one part of the cell to another.

Rough ER and Membrane Production

Membranes of rough ER grow in place as newly formed proteins and phospholipids are assembled: Membrane proteins are produced by ribosomes. As a polypeptide grows, it is inserted directly into other rough ER membrane where it is anchored by hydrophobic regions of the proteins. Enzymes within the ER membrane synthesize phospholipids from raw material in the cytosol. Newly expanded ER membrane can be transported as a vesicle to other parts of the cell.

Lysosomes are digestive compartments Vacuoles have diverse functions in cell maintenance Peroxisomes consume oxygen in various metabolic functions