Recommended Critical Pressures. Part I.

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Iwona Owczareka and Krystyna Blazejb
Institute of Coal Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, Poland
Received 7 January 2005; revised manuscript received 29 June 2005; accepted 30 July 2005; published online 18 September 2006

This study presents 95 recommended experimental and 180 calculated values of critical pressures for saturated and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. This is the third article in a series dealing with recommended critical data for organic compounds. Previously critically evaluated data on normal boiling temperatures based on recommended experimental data base is also given in this study. 2006 American Institute of Physics. DOI: 10.1063/1.2201061
Key words: alkanes; alkenes; critical pressure; evaluation; normal boiling points; prediction; recommended data.

CONTENTS 1. 2. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Description of Selected Methods of Pc Prediction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Ambroses Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Jobacks Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3. Somayajulus Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4. JalowkaDauberts Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5. Constantinous Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6. MarreroGanis Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Recommended Experimental Data on Normal Boiling Points and Critical Pressures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1. The Criterion and the Procedure for Selection of Experimental Data. . . . . . . . . . 3.1.1. Statistical Analysis of Selected Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2. Recommended Experimental Data on Critical Pressures for Aliphatic Hydrocarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Testing Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Results of Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1. Alkanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.1. Unbranched Alkanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1.2. Branched Alkanes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2. Alkenes, Alkynes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prediction of Critical Pressures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions and Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List of Tables 1. Recommended experimental values of normal boiling points Tb taken from Part I1 and 1461 1462 1464 1464 1465 1465 1465 1465

2.

3. 4.

3.

5.

1465 1465 1468 6. 7. 8. 1468 1468 1469 1469 1469 1469 1469 1471 1471 1474 1474

4. 5.

9.

6. 7. 8. 9.

critical pressures Pc for hydrocarbons, used in this work for testing the applied prediction methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Deviations E % of predicted critical pressures from recommended experimental values for tested methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unbranched alkanes. Absolute percent error for tested methods for different chain length.... Branched alkanes. The dependence of absolute percent errors of the tested methods upon the number of C atoms in a molecule. . . . . . . . . . . . Branched alkanes. The dependence of absolute percent errors of tested methods upon the number of substituted CH3groups to main chain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The dependence of absolute percent errors of tested methods upon the Cs / Cm ratio. . . . . . . . . . Alkenes, alkynes, Absolute percent errors for tested methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Branched alkanes. Calculated values of critical pressures Pcp obtained by the Ambrose3 method. Expected absolute percent error for all Pcp-less than 3.3%. Values of critical pressure using Somayajulu5 method-Pcp1 are given in the second column for comparison purpose. T1 b = experimental normal boiling temperatures, used for calculation critical pressures. . . . . . . . . Alkenes and alkynes. Calculated values of critical pressures Pcp predicted using one of the selected methods, specied below. Expected percent error for all Pcp-from 1.18% to 3.31%. T1 b = experimental normal boiling point temperature. E = expected percent errors for individual cases. Numbers attributed to methods: 1 Somayajulu,5 2 Daubert,7 3 Constantinou8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1463

1466 1467

1468

1468 1469 1469

1470

1472

1. Introduction
Accurate evaluation of pure-substance critical parameters is essential for any calculations in multicomponent mixtures 1461
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Electronic mail: iwo@guest.com.pl Electronic mail: kb@guest.com.pl 2006 American Institute of Physics.
b

0047-2689/2006/354/1461/14/$40.00

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I. OWCZAREK AND K. BLAZEJ in side chains, and Cm is a number of C atoms in the main chain, and type of CC bond.

and further for many industrial processes designed. Critical constants have been experimentally determined for a limited number of compounds, as the decomposition processes and the necessity of obtaining accurate measurements in extreme conditions of high temperature and pressure constitute the main obstacle in the measurement process. In this case, prediction methods are the only means by which those properties may be determined. This work is the third part of a general study of determination of critical parameters of the main groups of chemical compounds for which experimental data are not available in world literature. Two previous papers were concerned with the critical temperatures for aliphatic hydrocarbons Part I1 and the critical temperatures for aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons Part II.2 The main purpose of this work was the creation of recommended experimental critical pressure Pc data base for aliphatic hydrocarbons, as well as lling the existing lack of Pc values, as far as possible, by means of predictive methods. The preliminary stages of this work were: a Creation of a recommended experimental data base of Pc values of aliphatic hydrocarbons, named test substances for which the satisfactory quantity of experimental data has been found Table 1. This data base was next used for evaluation of chosen methods. Comparative determination of the accuracy of individual predictive methods of calculation of critical pressure Pc values for hydrocarbons according to their different molecular structures; and the nal aim was Application of the chosen predictive methods for determination of Pc values for aliphatic hydrocarbons for which the experimental data were not available in world literature.

A new method of prediction of critical parameters has been tested in this studythe method of MarreroGani.9,10

2. Description of Selected Methods of Pc Prediction

The following methods dened by their authors names have been chosen for testing purposes as a result of a review and a critical analysis of the main prediction methods of Pc available in the literature: 1 Ambrose,3 2 Joback,4 3 Somayajulu,5 4 Jalowka-Daubert,6,7 5 Constantinou,8 and 6 MarreroGani.9,10 The representation by most of these methods1,48 is based on experimental data available up to 1979, 19841989, and 1994, respectively. Only MarreroGani9,10 2001 used more updated data. The experimental database, used for this study purpose, is being permanently updated up to 2005. All tested methods of prediction of critical pressures employ group contribution techniques which determine correction factors for specic groups of atoms composing a molecule of a compound considered. Values of these factors p are tabulated for every method and their sum P = ni pi represents the nal correction applied to the calculation of critical pressure. Particular methods differ among themselves by various group denitions. Most of them require the knowledge of: 1 2 group contribution models based on molecular structure, and molecular weight.

The prediction methods for critical pressures require reliable and accurate values of normal boiling points Tb. Values of Tb needed for test substances as well as for those for which Pc values were calculated were taken from the set of recommended data for normal boiling points presented in Part I1 of this series. For several substances, not mentioned in Part I1, and for those for which more reliable experimental data have been foundthe recommended Tb data base was created according to the rules described further in point 3 and in Part I.1 The experimental data were critically evaluated and statistically examined with the aim of choosing the most reliable Pc values for recommended data sets, mentioned in point a. For evaluation purpose, mentioned in b, the set of test substances was split into subgroups in order to determine if trends of deviations were reasonable. Evaluation of applicability of prediction methods was effected by determining the dependence of their accuracy upon: 1 2 3 a number of carbon atoms in a molecule, a number of substituted CH3 groups, Cs / Cm ratio, where Cs is a general number of C atoms

The method of JalowkaDaubert,6,7 unlike the rest of the methods considered, requires additionally knowing: 1 2 normal boiling point temperature, and critical temperature.

Investigated methods represent two distinctive classes: 1 The rst order group techniques which determine the molecule by means of simple group contribution, neglecting the next-nearest neighbors effects. Ambrose,3 Joback,4 and Somayajulu5 methods belong to this class. The second order group techniques, which additionally take into consideration the inuence of rst- and second-level neighbors of a considered group. The JalowkaDaubert,6,7 Constantinou,8 and Marrero Gani9,10 methods belong to this class.

In the short description of investigated methods provided below the following symbols are used: Pc = critical pressure MPa; Tc = critical temperature K; Tb = normal boiling point K; p = contributions of single atoms or groups of atoms tabulated312 compose a molecule; M = molecular weight; ni = number of occurrences of group i.

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TABLE 1. Recommended experimental values of normal boiling points Tb taken from Part I1 and critical pressures Pc for hydrocarbons, used in this work for testing the applied prediction methods Formula Name of compound CAS RN Unbranched alkanes 74-82-8 74-84-0 74-98-6 106-97-8 109-66-0 110-54-3 142-82-5 111-65-9 111-84-2 124-18-5 1120-21-4 112-40-3 629-50-5 629-59-4 629-62-9 544-76-3 629-78-7 593-45-3 629-92-5 112-95-8 629-94-7 629-97-0 638-67-5 646-31-1 593-49-7 630-02-4 Branched alkanes 75-28-5 78-78-4 463-82-1 107-83-5 96-14-0 75-83-2 79-29-8 591-76-4 589-34-4 617-78-7 590-35-2 565-59-3 108-08-7 562-49-2 464-06-2 592-27-8 589-81-1 589-53-7 619-99-8 590-73-8 563-16-6 583-48-2 584-94-1 589-43-5 592-13-2 609-26-7 1067-08-9 564-02-3 540-84-1 Tb K Pc kPa 460013 487914 426014 379314 337014 299014 273014 249014 228014 211014 200814 182014 168014 157014 148014 140014 134014 129014 116014 108014 103014 99114 91514b 86614b 79514b 74414b 365014 338014 319614 303214 312414 310214 314514 275013 281314 289113 277314 290814 273614 294614b 295314 250013 255014b 254214b 261014b 253014b 265314b 269214b 263014b 255614b 248814b 270014b 280714b 273014b 256814

CH4 C 2H 6 C 3H 8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 C7H16 C8H18 C9H20 C10H22 C11H24 C12H26 C13H28 C14H30 C15H32 C16H34 C17H36 C18H38 C19H40 C20H42 C21H44 C22H46 C23H48 C24H50 C27H56 C28H58 C4H10 C5H12 C5H12 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C6H14 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C7H16 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H18

methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane nonane decane undecane dodecane tridecane tetradecane pentadecane hexadecane heptadecane octadecane nonadecane eicosane heneicosane docosane tricosane tetracosane heptacosane octacosane 2-methylpropane 2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylpentane 3-methylpentane 2,2-dimethylbutane 2,3-dimethylbutane 2-methylhexane 3-methylhexane 3-ethylpentane 2,2-dimethylpentane 2,3-dimethylpentane 2,4-dimethylpentane 3,3-dimethylpentane 2,2,3-trimethylbutane 2-methylheptane 3-methylheptane 4-methylheptane 3-ethylhexane 2,2-dimethylhexane 3,3-dimethylhexane 3,4-dimethylhexane 2,3-dimethylhexane 2,4-dimethylhexane 2,5-dimethylhexane 2-methyl-3ethylpentane 3-methyl-3ethylpentane 2,2,3-trimethylpentane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

111.63 184.55 231.05 272.70 309.21 341.88 371.57 398.82 423.96 447.30 469.08 489.47 508.60 526.70 543.83 560.01 574.25 590.22 603.00 617.00 636.05 641.80 653.30a 664.50a 695.4a 704.80a 261.42 301.00 282.65 333.41 336.41 322.88 331.15 363.15 364.99 366.64 352.35 362.93 353.66 359.21 354.00 390.80 392.09 390.87 391.70 380.00 385.81 390.88 388.76 382.58 382.27 388.80 391.43 383.00 372.38

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TABLE 1. Recommended experimental values of normal boiling points Tb taken from Part I1 and critical pressures Pc for hydrocarbons, used in this work for testing the applied prediction methodsContinued Formula C8H18 C8H18 C8H18 C8H20 C8H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C16H34 C 2H 2 C 2H 4 C 3H 4 C 3H 6 C 4H 6 C 4H 6 C 4H 8 C 4H 8 C 4H 8 C 4H 8 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C6H12 C7H14 C8H16 C10H20 C12H24 C13H26 C14H28 C15H30 C16H22 C18H36 C20H40
a b

Name of compound 2,3,3-trimethylpentane 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutane 2-methyloctane 2,2-dimethylheptane 2,2,3,3-tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-tetramethylpentane 3,3,5-trimethylheptane 2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane 2,2,3,3-tetramethylhexane 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane ethyne ethylene 1-propyne 1-propene 1-butyne 1,3-butadiene trans-2-butene cis-2-butene 1-butene 2-methylpropene cis-2,pentene trans-2,pentene 3-methyl-1-butene 2-methyl-1-butene 2-methyl,2-butene 1-pentene 1-hexene 1-heptene 1-octene 1-decene 1-dodecene 1-tridecene 1-tetradecene 1-pentadecene 1-hexadecene 1-octadecene 1-eicosene

CAS RN 560-21-4 565-75-3 594-82-1 3221-61-2 1071-26-7 7154-79-2 1186-53-4 1070-87-7 16747-38-9 7154-80-5 1071-81-4 13475-81-5 4930-04-9 Alkenes, Alkynes 74-86-2 74-85-1 74-99-7 115-07-1 107-00-6 106-99-0 624-64-6 590-18-1 106-98-9 115-11-7 627-20-3 646-04-8 563-45-1 563-46-2 513-35-9 109-67-1 592-41-6 592-76-7 111-66-0 872-05-9 112-41-4 2437-56-1 1120-36-1 13360-61-7 629-73-2 112-88-9 3452-07-1

Tb K 387.92 386.62 379.65 416.43 405.99 413.42 406.16 395.43 414.70 428.85 410.61 433.46 519.5a 189.55 169.25 249.92 225.45 281.25 268.75 274.01 276.82 266.87 266.22 309.78 309.49a 293.35 304.30 311.72 303.15 336.64 366.80 394.41 443.75 486.55 505.99a,b 524.32a,b 541.61a,b 558.02a,b 588.08a,b 617.20a,b

Pc kPa 282014b 273014b 287014 231014 234914b 274013 260214 248013 272013 232013 219013b 251013b 157014b 613814 506013 562813b 459414 458614b 432214b 398514 424514 402314 400214 369014b 352014 352714b 385014 341514 359214 321214 292114b 267514 221814b 193014b 173014b 159014b 154014b 139014b 130014b 114014b

Values obtained in present study. Values from a single investigation.

2.1. Ambroses Method Critical pressure is calculated as3 Pc = M 0.339 + ni pi

ture and included in pi calculation as the ni factor multiplied by the specic Platt correction factor pi, tabulated together with p values. 2.2. Jobacks Method This is Jobacks modication4 of the Lydersen11 method. The proposed formula for critical pressure is dened as: Pc = 0.113 + 0.0032na ni pi

where 0.339 is a dimensionless regression constant. The value ni pi is evaluated by summing contributions pi for atoms or groups of atoms. The branching is taken into consideration here by the correction factor called the delta Platt number, used only for branched alkanes.3 The delta Platt number is evaluated on the basis of branch strucJ. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

where 0.113 and 0.0032 are dimensionless regression constants; and na is the number of atoms in the molecule.

RECOMMENDED CRITICAL PRESSURES 2.3. Somayajulus Method This method is comprised of procedures provided by the method developed by Kreglewski12 for the calculation of critical constants of a homologous series of compounds. The proposed formula for Tc calculation is expressed as: Pc = M , G2 p P = n i p i
5

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f P c = N iC i + W M j D j
i j

Gp = ap + bp P,

where: ap = 0.339 and bp = 0.226 constants, recorded in the Somayajulu5 paper, P is obtained by summation of the relevant group contribution indices pi, listed by Somayajulu,5 and pi is pressure index of chosen group X, where X = px / pCH3. The gauche position factor taking into consideration the degree of branching for branched alkanes was introduced in this method as an element of p tabulated values. 2.4. JalowkaDauberts Method This method employs normal boiling point, critical temperature, and contribution increments p.6,7 Every type of compound is represented by a number of various groups describing in detail its molecular structure. Jalowka and Daubert introduced second order groups, taking into account next-nearest neighbors effects. The central carbon atom of the group listed rst is followed by a bond which indicates the ligands it is bonded to. All monovalent ligands are then listed followed by any other polyvalent ligands. A cis-correction group, treated as a p element, is introduced to take care of isomerization in alkene compounds. The functional form of the proposed model for Pc is expressed as: Pc = T2 b a 1 + n i p i

where f Pc = Pc pc1 pc2, where pc1 and pc2 are universal constants, equal to 1.3705 bar and 0.100220 bar0.5, respectively; Pc is estimated critical pressure of a compound; Ci = the contribution of the rst-order group of type i which occurs Ni times in a compound; D j = the contribution of the second-order group of type j that occurs M j times in a compound; and W = constant assigned to unity in the second level estimation, where both rst- and second-order group contributions are involved; and 0 in the basic level, where only the contributions of rst-order groups are employed.
0.5

2.6. MarreroGanis Method This is the newest contribution method,9,10 where estimation of critical parameters is performed at three levels. The primary level uses contributions from simple groups that allow describing a wide variety of organic compounds and provide an initial approximation that is improved at the higher levels. The higher levels involve polyfunctional and structural groups that provide more information about molecular fragments whose description through rst-order groups is not possible. The critical pressure estimation model has the form of the following equation: f Pc = Ni Pc1i + w M j Pc2 j + z Ok Pc3k
i j k

T3 c

where: Pc1i is the contribution of the rst-order group of type i that occurs Ni times; Pc2i is the contribution of the secondorder group of type j that occurs M j times and Pc3k is the contribution of the third-order group of type k that has Ok occurrences in a compound. f Pc = Pc Pc10.5 Pc2 where Pc1 and Pc2 are the universal constants equal to 5.9827 bar and 0.108998 bar0.5, respectively.

where a1 = 43.387 K / MPa is a regression constant; Tc = critical temperature K; and Tb = normal boiling temperature. 2.5. Constantinous Method Estimation of critical parameters is performed at two levels.8 The basic level uses contributions from rst-order groups while the next higher level uses a small set of secondorder groups having the rst-order groups as building blocks. This method provides both rst-order group contributions and more accurate second-order prediction for determination of the p pressure correction factor. Conjugation operators have been introduced in this method. It means that the molecular structure of a compound is viewed as a hybrid of a number of conjugate forms alternative formal arrangements of valence electrons and the property of a compound is a linear combination of this conjugate form contribution. Proposed correlation can be expressed as:

3. Recommended Experimental Data on Normal Boiling Points and Critical Pressures

3.1. The Criterion and the Procedure for Selection of Experimental Data The database of the recommended normal boiling point Tb and critical pressure Pc values for aliphatic hydrocarbons is based on all available experimental data extracted from the data banks in the frame of: Thermodynamics Research Center NIST-TRC13 and Thermodynamics Data Center TDC14 with the newest publications on Pc, as in numerous studies.5,1528 The data references, attached to every experiment result, allowed us to judge whether specic data are the primary data that is values were derived from the original observation and let us know which method and equipment was used in the considered experiment. The short description, attached to every experiment result permitted us to know if the meaJ. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 35, No. 4, 2006

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TABLE 2. Deviations E % of predicted critical pressures from recommended experimental values for tested methods E % Authors name of method

Name of compound

Ambrose

Joback

Somayajulu

Daubert

Constantinou

MarreroGani

methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane nonane decane undecane dodecane tridecane tetradecane pentadecane hexadecane heptadecane octadecane nonadecane eicosane heneicosane docosane tricosane tetracosane heptacosane octacosane 2-methylpropane 2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane 2-methylpentane 3-methylpentane 2,2-dimethylbutane 2,3-dimethylbutane 2-methylhexane 3-methylhexane 3-ethylpentane 2,2-dimethylpentane 2,3-dimethylpentane 2,4-dimethylpentane 3,3-dimethylpentane 2,2,3-trimethylbutane 2-methylheptane 3-methylheptane 4-methylheptane 3-ethylhexane 2,2-dimethylhexane 3,3-dimethylhexane 3,4-dimethylhexane 2,3-dimethylhexane 2,4-dimethylhexane 2,5-dimethylhexane

+17.96 +0.35 +0.07 0.82 0.80 +0.33 0.55 0.48 0.09 0.19 2.44 +0.55 +2.20 +6.43 +3.24 +3.43 +2.69 +1.55 +7.84 +10.83 +11.36 +11.10 +15.74 +17.78 +15.47 +19.35 +3.78 0.27 +9.01 0.33 0.26 +0.23 0.19 0.65 0.18 0.14 +1.05 0.07 +0.51 +0.58 +0.98 0.32 +0.16 +0.47 +0.31 +0.75 +0.98 +0.30 +0.11 +0.47 +0.72

+28.24 +3.09 +3.50 +2.74 +2.91 +3.91 +2.53 +1.81 +1.18 0.09 3.69 2.20 2.14 2.99 4.39 5.86 8.13 10.70 6.81 5.93 7.18 8.98 6.89 6.93 13.33 11.96 +7.84 +3.58 +10.98 +3.40 +0.35 +2.32 +0.57 +2.65 +0.36 2.35 +3.03 2.10 +4.06 3.02 2.44 +2.24 +0.24 +0.55 2.07 +2.17 2.56 4.27 2.02 +0.82 +3.58

+9.24 1.50 +0.07 0.82 0.80 +0.33 0.55 0.48 0.13 0.19 2.44 +5.71 +2.20 +2.99 +3.18 +3.43 +2.69 +1.55 +7.84 +10.83 +11.36 +11.10 +15.74 +17.78 +15.47 +19.35 +0.16 +0.59 +1.35 +0.36 +0.99 +1.00 1.81 0.00 +0.92 +1.42 +1.77 1.10 +1.83 +2.21 +3.35 +0.28 +1.14 +1.46 +1.69 +1.38 1.36 0.26 0.80 +2.07 +1.89

Unbranched alkanes +4.28 3.53 1.41 0.18 +1.31 +3.41 +2.89 +2.85 +2.72 +1.80 1.69 0.11 0.24 1.34 3.18 5.21 8.66 11.47 9.05 8.98 8.93 14.33 13.77 15.24 25.79 26.34 Branched alkanes +2.25 +1.15 +4.38 +1.81 +0.26 +0.81 +1.02 +1.93 +0.50 1.49 +1.98 0.10 +1.72 0.88 +0.20 +2.32 +0.90 +0.67 1.57 +1.82 0.30 1.56 0.19 0.08 +2.49

+53.63 +0.02 +7.21 +5.14 +4.69 +5.25 +3.55 +2.61 +1.84 +0.52 3.04 1.37 1.13 1.72 2.84 4.00 8.73 8.14 3.71 2.31 3.01 4.34 1.53 0.92 5.66 3.36 +8.49 +3.37 +11.48 +3.17 +0.64 +2.39 1.14 +2.18 +0.39 2.32 +2.81 1.20 +2.12 1.87 4.03 +1.64 +0.08 +0.39 2.22 +1.78 1.62 3.64 1.37 0.70 +1.57

+46.50 +8.12 2.44 +3.53 +2.73 +3.28 +1.94 +1.61 +1.71 +1.47 0.95 +2.09 +3.87 +4.90 +5.47 +6.07 5.97 +5.19 +12.41 +16.20 +17.67 +18.37 +24.26 +27.60 +28.81 +34.54 +8.38 +3.11 +10.14 +2.47 0.19 +1.06 0.64 +1.75 0.18 2.87 +1.73 0.17 +2.81 4.01 3.93 +1.72 +0.04 +0.35 2.26 +1.26 3.20 2.30 0.00 +0.31 +2.73

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TABLE 2. Deviations E % of predicted critical pressures from recommended experimental values for tested methodsContinued E % Authors name of method Name of compound 2-methyl-3-ethylpentane 3-methyl-3-ethylpentane 2,2,3-trimethylpentane 2,2,4-trimethylpentane 2,3,3-trimethylpentane 2,3,4-trimethylpentane 2-methyloctane 2.2-dimethylheptane 2,2,3,3-tetramethylpentane 2,2,3,4-tetramethylpentane 2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane 2,3,3,4-tetramethylpentane 3,3,5-trimethylheptane 2,2,5,5-tetramethylhexane 2,2,3,3-tetramethylhexane 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane ethyne ethylene 1-propyne 1-propene 1-butyne 1,3-butadiene 1-butene 2-methylpropene trans-2-butene cis-2-butene cis-2, pentene 3-methyl-1-butene trans-2-pentene 2-methyl-1-butene 2-methyl,2-butene 1-pentene 1-hexene 1-heptene 1-octene 1-decene 1-dodecene 1-tridecene 1-tetradecene 1-pentadecene 1-hexadecene 1-octadecene 1-eicosene Ambrose 0.00 +0.43 +1.25 0.19 +0.57 0.55 0.91 0.55 +0.62 0.61 3.35 0.33 0.69 +0.78 0.16 +0.89 +10.00 +5.18 0.76 +1.07 +2.44 +1.04 +0.50 +1.02 +1.46 4.76 3.58 +1.76 +1.08 7.58 +4.19 0.95 1.37 2.43 3.21 1.53 6.32 +2.14 +4.47 +1.75 +6.69 +3.00 +7.11 Joback 4.56 7.91 4.54 +1.48 7.59 4.84 +0.65 +0.04 12.63 8.26 3.47 12.24 6.85 0.27 12.99 11.91 +0.37 +4.07 3.64 +1.57 +3.14 +0.42 +2.14 +1.12 +4.44 1.96 +0.03 +4.39 +4.86 4.70 +8.73 +1.53 +3.74 +0.24 1.08 1.17 4.40 1.62 0.94 5.13 2.16 8.77 8.51 Somayajulu 0.45 0.29 +0.73 +1.05 +0.46 3.33 0.39 +0.04 1.46 2.81 2.22 +0.91 +1.34 +1.83 2.03 +2.93 +0.13 0.32 +0.18 +1.68 +3.23 +2.06 +0.99 +1.52 +0.03 0.52 0.00 1.25 0.14 7.22 +8.05 0.56 1.03 2.12 2.95 +0.45 2.54 +2.37 +4.65 +1.95 +6.83 +3.15 +7.19 Daubert 2.74 3.42 0.92 +0.47 1.99 1.36 +1.43 +0.43 3.18 2.92 0.81 3.79 2.33 1.14 4.94 8.92 Alkenes, Alkynes 1.56 +0.04 +2.49 1.18 +2.44 +0.02 +0.10 3.17 +2.26 0.64 +0.08 +1.16 +2.93 8.91 +4.16 0.00 +0.87 +0.41 0.34 2.80 5.65 0.17 +0.63 3.96 1.51 9.62 10.61 Constantinou 0.81 7.02 5.75 0.27 2.84 3.41 0.00 +0.43 0.15 8.76 4.92 +9.30 6.90 0.55 1.31 12.29 1.17 0.00 +6.57 +5.97 +0.19 +1.44 1.55 +4.34 2.05 0.57 0.31 +4.23 9.38 +2.61 +0.39 0.00 1.37 2.77 1.30 2.02 2.66 1.70 5.45 2.16 7.85 6.49

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MarreroGani +1.30 8.51 5.38 +0.27 2.34 0.62 +0.87 0.21 21.39 6.57 4.31 +7.38 5.91 0.14 20.32 2.99 +5.02 0.78 +5.70 +3.60 +2.98 +4.10 +4.14 +2.74 3.56 2.57 +4.42 +2.13 5.01 +3.69 +1.39 +0.65 0.65 1.72 0.32 1.04 +3.47 +6.04 +3.57 +8.99 +6.23 +11.84

TABLE 3. Unbranched alkanes. Absolute percent error for tested methods for different chain length Chain length C2 C10 C11 C20 C21 C28 Ambrose 0.41 4.12 15.13 Joback 2.42 5.28 9.21 Somayajulu 0.54 4.29 15.13 Daubert 2.23 4.99 17.4 Constantinou 3.43 3.70 3.14 MarreroGani 2.98 6.31 25.2

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TABLE 4. Branched alkanes. The dependence of absolute percent errors of the tested methods upon the number of C atoms in a molecule Number of C atoms 4 5 6 7 8 9 1016

Ambrose 3.78 4.64 0.25 0.52 0.47 1.06 0.63

Joback 7.84 7.28 1.66 2.50 3.22 6.21 8.00

Somayajulu 0.16 0.97 1.04 1.57 1.16 1.30 2.03

Daubert 2.25 2.76 0.97 1.10 1.42 2.09 4.33

Constantinou 8.49 7.42 1.84 2.10 2.19 3.92 5.26

MarreroGani 8.38 6.62 1.09 2.18 2.03 6.78 7.34

surement was a principal objective of the experiment, as well as to know the purity of the substance sample used. Moreover the measurement error has been allocated for each experimental value collected in data banks.13,14 That information allowed us to form veried subsets concerning one property for one substance and containing reliable experimental data extracted from data banks mentioned. Any outliers were eliminated from every subset. The accepted data were then examined for their precision and accuracy as stated by the author. For individual cases of single or double data the selection of the reliable Pc values was additionally guided by auxiliary information, such as citation in the newest literature or comparison with data from auxiliary sources.29 In these instances, the recommended values, denoted with asterisks, are those from a single investigation and occur only in Table 1. Secondary data, values that were not derived from the original observation on Pc, have been rejected. The same selection has been performed for Tb for 12 substances not mentioned in Part I.1 For those substances, denoted with letter a in Table 1, the recommended data set has been created in this study. The rest of 275 for substances used for testing and calculating purpose needed Tb values were taken from Part I.1

mination of weights of experimental values. A more detailed description of applied statistical selection is included in Part I.1 3.2. Recommended Experimental Data on Critical Pressures for Aliphatic Hydrocarbons Data banks13,14 include about 710 data values for Pc per substances up to C9 and about 23 data values for C9 C20 substances allocated in Table 1. Critical analysis of the data mentioned reduced those numbers to: 46 and 23, respectively. The experimental Tb1 and Pc13,14 values of 95 aliphatic hydrocarbons, mentioned in point 1a, were used for evaluation of the critical pressure prediction methods. Names of those substances together with recommended experimental data on Tb and Pc are listed in Table 1.

4. Testing Calculations
The testing calculations, performed for evaluation of accuracy of six predictive methods, were conducted for 95 hydrocarbons including branched and unbranched: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. The chosen prediction methods employ from 20 to 200 specic contribution groups together with attributed pressure correction factors pi. For each hydrocarbon and for each method all contribution groups forming the molecule were specied and their sum ni pi yield values of nal correction factor used for prediction of critical pressure Pcp. Most of tested methods require the knowledge of: 1 group contribution models based on molecular structure, and

3.1.1. Statistical Analysis of Selected Data

The reliable values of Tb and Pc were selected as the closest to the weighted mean of all measured data included in individual subsets. It was feasible because each experimental value had its measurement error used subsequently for deter-

TABLE 5. Branched alkanes. The dependence of absolute percent errors of tested methods upon the number of substituted CH3groups to main chain Number of Substituted CH3 groups 1 2 3 4

Ambrose 0.73 1.10 0.70 1.95

Joback 2.18 2.97 4.62 8.31

Somayajulu 1.26 1.35 1.71 1.88

Daubert 1.32 1.27 1.21 2.78

Constantinou 2.03 2.44 3.87 4.16

MerreoGani 1.90 2.18 3.07 10.01

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TABLE 6. The dependence of absolute percent errors of tested methods upon the Cs / Cm ratio Cs / Cm ratio 0.120.16 0.200.33 0.400.50 0.600.75 0.770.80 Ambrose 0.455 0.74 0.43 1.39 1.16 Joback 1.11 2.73 3.03 1.30 9.70 Somayajulu 0.69 0.93 1.56 1.49 2.01 Daubert 1.30 1.15 1.29 2.16 3.92 Constantinou 0.78 2.42 2.59 4.27 7.08 MarreroGani 0.81 2.20 2.40 5.66 8.52

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molecular weight.

5.1.2. Branched Alkanes

The method of Daubert6,7 required additionally the knowledge of Tb and Tc values. Tc value is being automatically determined during the calculation process of Pc, as an auxiliary parameter. This auxiliary parameter may be experimentally determined and then used for calculation. It is obvious that the calculated Tc value is less accurate than a measured one, but for the purpose of testing, the experimental Tc values were not used since only one critical parameter was measured for a substance. That is why there is a rare need to employ any Tc value for Pc prediction, since experimental data on both of them or none of them are mostly available. Deviations of calculated critical temperatures Pcp from recommended experimental values of Pc are shown in Table 2. They were calculated according to: E = Pcp Pc/ Pc 100 where Pc = experimental recommended value of critical pressure; and Pcp = value of critical pressure obtained from prediction method. Error E values are listed with accuracy of 0.01%.

5. Results of Tests
5.1. Alkanes The method of Joback4 is not recommended for molecules consisting of CH2substituant, since the correction factor for that group equals zero. It leads to signicant errors, particularly for substances having long chains, built of CH2 groups. This fact is reected in the results of testing for branched as well as for unbranched alkanes.

5.1.1. Unbranched Alkanes

Deviations of calculated Pc from experimental values for the hydrocarbons C1 C28 Tables 2 and 3 increase with the chain length. In the range C1 C10 the Ambrose3 and Somayajulu5 methods give deviations below 0.5%. Constantinou8 and Ambrose3 yield less deviations below 4% in the region of C11 C20. The sudden increase of the error is observed for C21 C28 hydrocarbons Table 3. In this range only the Constantinou8 method gives the lowest error of about 3.2% and this method is recommended for high molecular weight aliphatic unbranched hydrocarbons.

The investigation was performed for branched alkanes with methyl substituants, since experimental data on Pc are mainly available for this group. No reliable experimental data for other aliphatic substituants have been found. The inuence of the chain length as well as of the number of CH3 groups on the methods errors were examined. All results of the investigation are presented in Tables 46. Most of the methodsexcept Somayajulu5yield signicantly large deviations in the C2 C5 range Table 4. This maximum may be related to an inuence of relatively large substituants on a small molecule. The uctuation of error value due to the length of the main chain allows one to distinguish the method of Ambrose3 yielding the lowest errors. The dependence of error on the number of substituted CH3 groups was investigated too. The results are presented in Table 5. The considerable increase in error was observed in the case of four substituted CH3 groups. Ambrose,3 Daubert,6,7 and Somayajulu5 seem to be more accurate than others. In Table 6 the deviation values due to the Cs / Cm ratio are presented, where Cm is the number of C atoms in a main chain and Cs is the number of all C atoms in side chains. The Cs / Cm ratio reects the branching extent of molecules, which has a signicant inuence on the accuracy of selected methods. The results are presented in Table 6. The accuracy of the Joback4 and Marrero9,10 methods are strongly sensitive to the Cs / Cm ratio, while the Somayajulu5 and Ambrose3 methods deviations do not depend on the ratio mentioned and yield a constant error level like: 0.7%2.0% for Somayajulu5 and 0.5%1.2% for Ambrose.3 Thus these two methods are mainly recommended for calculation of critical pressures for branched alkanes. Both of them take the branching into consideration, employing Platt number3 and gauche position.5 In this work the methods mentioned were employed for calculation of missing values of critical pressures of branched alkanes. 5.2. Alkenes, Alkynes The results of testing Table 2 proved that no particular method may be generally recommended for all alkenes and
TABLE 7. Alkenes, alkynes, Absolute percent errors for tested methods Ambrose 3.27 Joback 3.14 Somayajulu 2.33 Daubert 2.50 Constantinou 2.87 MarreroGani 3.70

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TABLE 8. Branched alkanes. Calculated values of critical pressures Pcp obtained by the Ambrose3 method. Expected absolute percent error for all Pcp-less than 3.3%. Values of critical pressure using Somayajulu5 method-Pcp1 are given in the second column for comparison purpose. T1 b = experimental normal boiling temperatures, used for calculation critical pressures Pcp kPa Ambrose 2406 2352 2352 2301 2444 2461 2406 2558 2444 2513 2513 2456 2572 2531 2418 2456 2513 2406 2500 2461 2406 2393 2393 2340 2340 2513 2531 2214 2169 2126 2246 2169 2211 2166 2180 2257 2169 2169 2116 2293 2159 2159 2315 2522 2365 2468 2330 2619 2257 2159 2260 2574 2416 2522 Pcp1 kPa Somayajulu 2386 2386 2386 2325 2475 2449 2449 2611 2475 2640 2502 2437 2570 2475 2411 2502 2570 2449 2542 2515 2449 2423 2423 2361 2361 2570 2475 2198 2198 2147 2272 2198 2240 2188 2219 2295 2198 2198 2126 2328 2177 2177 2317 2496 2375 2434 2295 2586 2295 2177 2250 2548 2375 2496

CAS RN 3074-71-3 2213-23-2 2216-30-0 1072-05-5 4032-86-4 922-28-1 926-82-8 1067-20-5 1068-19-5 16747-33-4 16747-25-4 16747-26-5 16747-28-7 921-47-1 1069-53-0 16747-30-1 16747-31-2 16789-46-1 3074-76-8 3074-77-9 3074-75-7 15869-80-4 2216-32-2 2216-33-3 2216-34-4 16747-32-3 1068-87-7 7146-60-3 15869-89-3 1072-16-8 4110-44-5 15869-93-9 14720-74-2 1190-83-6 2613-61-8 1189-99-7 4032-94-4 2051-30-1 871-83-0 17302-02-2 5911-04-6 15869-85-9 52987-09-3 52897-10-6 52897-11-7 52897-12-8 52897-15-1 5171-84-6 52896-99-8 17301-94-4 15869-96-2 16747-44-7 52897-18-4 52897-19-5

Formula C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C9H20 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22 C10H22

Name 2,3-dimethylheptane 2,4-dimethylheptane 2,5-dimethylheptane 2-6-dimethylheptane 3,3-dimethylheptane 3,4-dimethylheptane 3,5-dimethylheptane 3,3-diethylpentane 4,4-dimethylheptane 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane 2,2,3-trimethylhexane 2,2,4-trimethylhexane 2,3,3-trimethylhexane 2,3,4-trimethylhexane 2,3,5-trimethylhexane 2,4,4-trimethylhexane 3,3,4-trimethylhexane 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane 3-ethyl-3-methylhexane 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane 3-ethylheptane 4-ethylheptane 3-methyloctane 4-methyloctane 3-ethyl-2,2-dimethylpentane 2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylpentane 2,3-dimethyloctane 2,5-dimethyloctane 2,7-dimethyloctane 3,3-dimethyloctane 3,5-dimethyloctane 2,2,4-trimethylheptane 2,2,6-trimethylheptane 2,4,6-trimethylheptane 2,5,5-trimethylheptane 2,4-dimethyloctane 2,6-dimethyloctane 2-methylnonane 3-ethyl-3-methylheptane 3-methylnonane 5-methylnonane 2,2,3,5-tetramethylhexane 2,3,3,4-tetramethylhexane 2,3,3,5-tetramethylhexane 2,3,4,4-tetramethylhexane 2,3,4,5-tetramethylhexane 3,3,4,4-tetramethylhexane 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane 4-methylnonane 4,5-dimethyloctane 2,2,3,3,4-pentamethylpentane 3-ethyl-2,2,4-trimethylpentane 3-ethyl-2,3,4-trimethylpentane

Tb K 413.15 405.65 407.65 408.35 410.16 413.85 408.65 419.32 407.50 414.75 407.40 399.69 409.45 412.21 404.52 403.60 413.57 411.15 413.75 413.55 406.95 416.25 414.35 417.35 415.58 406.96 409.81 437.80 430.15 433.15 434.35 432.65 422.55 421.15 419.00 425.95 429.05 431.65 440.15 437.05 440.65 438.25 422.15 437.74 426.15 434.75 429.15 443.15 420.15 441.15 436.15 439.20 428.45 442.59

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TABLE 8. Branched alkanes. Calculated values of critical pressures Pcp obtained by the Ambrose3 method. Expected absolute percent error for all Pcp-less than 3.3%. Values of critical pressure using Somayajulu5 method-Pcp1 are given in the second column for comparison purpose. T1 b = experimental normal boiling temperatures, used for calculation critical pressuresContinued Pcp kPa Ambrose 2464 2330 1967 2004 2056 2064 1945 1599 1516 1471 1226 949 Pcp1 kPa Somayajulu 2423 2295 1976 2019 2091 1960 1977 1615 1512 1479 1233 949

1471

CAS RN 16747-45-8 13475-79-1 6975-98-0 2847-72-5 61868-46-0 61198-87-2 13475-82-6 92867-09-9 2801-86-7 2882-96-4 500014-84-6 630-01-3

Formula C10H22 C10H22 C11H24 C11H24 C11H24 C12H26 C12H26 C15H32 C16H34 C16H34 C20H42 C26H54

Name 2,2,3,4,4-pentamethylpentane 2,4-dimethyl-3-isopropylpentane 2-methyldecane 4-methyldecane 2,2,4,6-tetramethylheptane 2,2,3,5,6-pentamethylheptane 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane 6-propyldodecane 7,8-dimethyltetradecane 3-methylpentadecane 3-ethyloctadecane hexacosane

Tb K 432.44 430.19 462.27 461.25 435.05 461.95 450.95 524.75 543.15 539.45 614.15 534.15

alkynes of the range C2 C20 due to signicant uctuation of errors for individual methods and types of compounds. The average deviations are contained in the range 0.04%11%. No regularity in accuracy due the molecular structure has been observed. That is why every case that is substance must be treated individually. For the whole group the authors recommend the methods of Somayajulu,5 Daubert,6,7 and Constantinou,8 based on the general results presented in Table 7. When choosing the method for individual substance one should take into consideration that: the Constantinou8 method yields signicant accuracy higher than that of Somayajulu5 and Daubert6,7 only in cases of hydrocarbons represented in the second-order group contribution; two methods provide corrections for cis- Daubert6,7 and transSomayajulu5 types of bond; and those methods should be preferred in cis/trans cases.

7. Conclusions and Recommendations

The main result of this work is the set of critical pressures for 180 aliphatic hydrocarbons for which experimental critical data were not available in the literature Tables 8 and 9. The other results of this work are the sets of: 1 Recommended experimental data on critical pressures of 95 aliphatic hydrocarbons, used for testing purposes Table 1. Some of presented values, denoted by asterisks, are derived from a reliable source, but from a single investigation Table 1. Despite this they tally with other literature but not experimental data; their reliability may be lower than that of the rest presented Pc values. Recommended experimental data on normal boiling points of 12 aliphatic hydrocarbons Tables 1 and 9.

6. Prediction of Critical Pressures

Based on the conclusions from the analysis of the results of examination Secs. 4 and 5 the proper prediction methods have been applied for calculation of critical pressures for aliphatic hydrocarbons. The Ambrose3 and Somayajulu5 methods were chosen for branched alkanes as the most accurate and not sensitive to branching, which is the most universal. The calculated values of Pc are listed in Table 8. Unlike alkanes, no particular method could be applied for all alkenes. In every case, each substance was considered separately that is the particular method and particular hydrocarbon. Somayajulu,5 Daubert,6,7 and Constantinou8 methods were used in every individual case due to the conclusions in point 5.2. The calculated values of critical pressures, Pcp, of alkenes, alkynes are listed in Table 9. The expected percent errors, noted in the headers of Tables 8 and 9, result from the analysis of the accuracy of applied predictive methods.

A further result is determination of the accuracy of particular prediction methods for specic subgroups of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The analyses of every tested method were performed in 2004 based on the experimental databases NIST-TRC13 and TDC.14 The latter one is being permanently updated up to 2005. The methods of Ambrose3 and Somayajulu5 are recommended for branched alkanes. Mentioned methods yield the lesser deviations Tables 4 and 5 which are not sensitive to branching ratio Table 6. Though no particular method is recommended for alkenes and alkynes, the authors suggest employing three methods, giving satisfactory results as shown in Tables 2 and 7: Somayajulu,5 Daubert,6,7 and Constantinou.8 More detailed guidelines regarding application of the mentioned methods are presented in Secs. 5.1 and 5.2. Predictive methods still remain an important source of obtaining critical data as the world literature experimental critical data resources are really poor. The number of substances for which any critical property is measured is relatively low,
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TABLE 9. Alkenes and alkynes. Calculated values of critical pressures Pcp predicted using one of the selected methods, specied below. Expected percent error for all Pcp-from 1.18% to 3.31%. T1 b = experimental normal boiling point temperature. E = expected percent errors for individual cases. Numbers attributed to methods: 1 Somayajulu,5 2 Daubert,7 3 Constantinou8 CAS RN 503-17-3 598-25-4 591-96-8 646-04-8 2206-23-7 628-16-0 592-42-7 922-59-8 7154-75-8 764-35-2 21020-27-9 513-81-5 760-20-3 928-49-4 616-12-6 674-76-0 563-78-0 760-21-4 763-29-1 616-12-6 674-76-0 558-37-2 7688-21-3 7642-09-3 922-62-3 691-38-3 4050-45-7 922-61-2 594-56-9 13269-52-8 2203-80-7 21020-26-8 13361-63-2 1000-86-8 20198-49-6 53566-37-3 4049-81-4 999-78-0 2586-89-2 36566-80-0 2384-90-9 1541-23-7 3404-72-6 10574-37-5 2213-32-3 6094-02-6 692-24-0 3899-36-3 3404-71-5 7357-93-9 3404-73-7 7385-78-6 4038-04-4 3404-61-3 762-62-9 3769-23-1 3524-73-0 Formula C 4H 6 C 5H 8 C 5H 8 C5H10 C 5H 6 C 6H 6 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H12 C6H10 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C6H12 C7H14 C6H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H12 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 Name 2-butyne 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene 2,3-pentadiene trans-2-pentene 3-penten-1-yne 1,5-hexadiyne 1,5-hexadiene 3-methyl-1-pentyne 4-methyl-1-pentyne 2-hexyne 4-methyl-2-pentyne 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene 3-methyl-1-pentene 3-hexyne trans-3-methyl-2-pentene trans-4-methyl-2-pentene 2,3-dimethyl-1-butene 2-ethyl-1-butene 2-methyl-1-pentene trans-3-methyl-2-pentene trans-4-methyl-2-pentene 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene cis-2-hexane cis-3-hexene cis-3-methyl-2-pentene cis-4-methyl-2-pentene trans-2-hexene 3-methyl-2-pentene 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-butene trans-3-hexene 5-methyl-1-hexyne 3-ethyl-1-pentyne 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentyne 2,4-dimetyl-1,3-pentadiene 4-methyl-2-hexyne 5-methyl-2-hexyne 2-methyl-1,5-hexadiene 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyne 3-heptyne 2-methyl-3-hexyne 1,2-heptadiene 1,5-heptadiene 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentene 2,3-dimethyl-2-pentene 2,4-dimethyl-1-pentene 2-methyl-1-hexane trans-2-methyl-3-hexene trans-3-methyl-3-hexene 2-ethyl-1-pentene 2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentene 3,4-dimethyl-1-pentene 3-ethyl-1-pentene 3-methyl-1-hexene 4,4-dimethyl-1-pentene 4-methyl-1-hexene 5-methyl-1-hexene Pcp KPa 5049 3965 4105 3515 4556 4305 3378 3609 3469 3715 3627 3409 3227 3715 3253 3068 3227 3217 3299 3253 3068 3230 3308 3271 3205 3241 3135 3132 2975 3135 3167 3196 3288 2932 3324 3324 3121 3189 3277 3210 3017 3095 2994 3029 2994 2954 2771 2918 2954 2994 2975 3054 2994 2897 2975 2994 2897 E % 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.33 2.87 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 Method 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Tb K 300.12 313.95 321.35 309.50 317.05 359.15 332.55 330.85 334.45 357.67 346.28 343.15 327.37 354.45 343.50 331.70 328.76 340.65 335.26 343.50 331.70 314.43 342.01 339.65 340.86 329.45 340.24 340.65 350.85 340.30 364.65 360.15 349.23 366.90 372.69 375.61 362.00 356.15 380.31 368.35 376.90 366.85 357.50 370.55 354.73 364.65 359.02 366.67 365.55 362.05 350.69 353.93 357.28 357.09 345.35 359.97 358.65

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TABLE 9. Alkenes and alkynes. Calculated values of critical pressures Pcp predicted using one of the selected methods, specied below. Expected percent error for all Pcp-from 1.18% to 3.31%. T1 b = experimental normal boiling point temperature. E = expected percent errors for individual cases. Numbers attributed to methods: 1 Somayajulu,5 2 Daubert,7 3 Constantinou8Continued CAS RN 6443-92-1 15840-60-5 7642-10-6 10574-36-4 4914-89-0 690-08-4 762-63-0 14686-13-6 3683-19-0 4914-92-5 14686-14-7 20710-38-7 3683-22-5 7385-82-2 2738-19-4 15870-10-7 2809-67-8 764-13-6 627-58-7 32388-99-1 32388-90-2 14850-22-7 14919-01-8 4810-09-7 13151-05-8 5026-76-6 16746-86-4 7145-20-2 627-97-4 13151-04-7 1632-16-2 39761-64-3 560-23-6 690-92-6 3404-80-6 692-96-6 7300-03-0 690-93-7 61847-78-7 37549-89-6 3404-75-9 19550-88-0 7116-86-1 500007-01-2 500015-77-0 4588-18-5 20442-63-1 500001-23-0 53907-59-8 2384-85-2 19398-37-9 2129-95-5 53966-53-3 39083-38-0 5857-68-1 500006-47-3 Formula C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C7H14 C8H16 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H14 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C8H16 C9H16 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C9H18 C10H18 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 Name cis-2-heptene cis-2-methyl-3-hexene cis-3-heptene cis-3-methyl-2-hexene cis-3-methyl-3-hexene trans-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene cis-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene trans-2-heptene cis-4-methyl-2-hexene trans-3,4-dimethyl-2-pentene trans-3-heptene trans-3-methyl-2-hexene trans-4-methyl-2-hexene trans-5-methyl-2-hexene 2-methyl-2-hexene 2-methyl-1-heptene 2-octyne 2,5-dimethyl-2,4-hexadiene 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene trans-2-ethyl-3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene cis-2-ethyl-3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene cis-3-octene trans-3-octene 3-methyl-1-heptene 4-methyl-1-heptene 6-methyl-1-heptene 2,3-dimethyl-1-hexene 2,3-dimethyl-2-hexene 2-methyl-2-heptene 5-methyl-1-heptene 2-ethyl-1-hexene 3,4,4-trimethyl-cis-2-pentene 2,3,3-trimethyl-1-pentene 2,2-dimehyl-cis-3-hexene 2-ethyl-4-methyl-1-pentene trans-2-methyl-3-heptene 3-methyl-3-heptene trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-hexene trans-2,4-dimethyl-3-hexene cis-2,4-dimethyl-3-hexene 3-methyl-2-heptene trans-3,4-dimethyl-3-hexene 5,5-dimethyl-1-hexene 5-methyl-1-heptene 2,3,3,4-tetramethyl-1,4-pentadiene 2-methyl-1-octene 2,3,3,4-tetramethyl-1-pentene 2,4-dimethyl-3-ethyl-2-pentene 3-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-pentene 3-decyne cis-3-decene 2-methyl-2-nonene 2-methyl-3-nonene 3,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-hexene 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-methylene 3-ethyl-2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene Pcp KPa 2946 2861 2873 2863 2875 2951 3021 2824 2931 2862 2824 2918 2862 2862 2829 2672 2931 2850 2894 2693 2712 2676 2568 2626 2705 2632 2705 2732 2540 2626 2753 2735 2771 2683 2786 2524 2504 2511 2524 2490 2540 2388 2690 2705 2565 2439 2547 2515 2503 2418 2247 2113 2121 2318 2322 2295 E % 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.87 2.50 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.50 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.33 2.87 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.87 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.33 2.50 2.87 2.87 2.33 2.33 2.33 Method 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 Tb K 371.56 359.80 368.90 370.41 368.47 349.89 353.15 371.06 359.50 364.75 368.81 368.38 360.79 361.27 368.25 392.37 411.24 407.65 387.45 381.15 400.15 396.04 396.44 384.15 385.65 386.35 383.69 395.00 395.77 386.15 391.85 385.45 381.46 378.95 380.65 387.13 394.35 374.05 380.75 382.15 394.65 387.95 376.25 386.65 400.85 418.00 406.35 403.12 407.18 448.65 446.4 444.15 434.15 425.15 423.45 419.75

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J. Marrero-Morejon and E. Pardillo-Fontdevila, AIChE J. 45, 615 1999. J. Marrero and R. Gani, Fluid Phase Equilib. 183184, 183 2001. 11 A. L. Lydersen, Estimation of critical properties of organic compounds, University Wisconsin Coll. Eng. Eng. Exp. Stn. Rept. 3, Madison, WI., April 1955. 12 A. Kreglewski and B. J. Zwolinski, J. Phys. Chem. 65, 1050 1961. 13 NIST-TRCThermodynamics Research Center, U. S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO formerly The Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX. 14 TDCThermodynamics Data Center, the Institute of Coal Chemistry Gliwice and the Institute of Physical Chemistry Warsaw of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. 15 T. E. Daubert, J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 365 1996. 16 D. Ambrose and C. Tsonopoulos, J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 531 1995. 17 A. E. Elhassan and M. A. Barrufet, Fluid Phase Equilib. 78, 139 1992. 18 G. M. Kontogeorgis and I. Smirlis, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 36, 4008 1997. 19 E. D. Nikitin, P. A. Pavlov, and N. V. Bessonova, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 26, 177 1994. 20 C. Tsonopoulos and D. J. Ambrose, J. Chem. Eng. Data 41, 645 1996. 21 C. Tsonopoulos and Z. Tan, Fluid Phase Equilib. 83, 127 1993. 22 E. D. Nikitin, P. A. Pavlov, and A. P. Popov, Fluid Phase Equilib. 141, 155 1997. 23 L. C. Wilson, W. V. Wilding, H. L. Wilson, and G. M. Wilson, J. Chem. Eng. Data 40, 765 1995. 24 E. D. Nikitin and A. P. Popov, Fluid Phase Equilib. 166, 237 1999. 25 E. D. Nikitin, P. A. Pavlov, and M. G. Skutin, Fluid Phase Equilib. 161, 119 1999. 26 W. Fang, Q. Lei, and R. Lin, Fluid Phase Equilib. 205, 149 2003. 27 C. Crampon, L. Trassy, L. Avaullee, E. Neau, and L. Coniglio, Fluid Phase Equilib. 216, 95 2004. 28 S. Le Roy, Fluid Phase Equilib. 135, 63 1997. 29 R. C. Reid, J. M. Prausnitz, and B. E. Poling, The Properties of Gases and Liquids, 4th ed., McGrawHill, New York, 1989, pp. 656732.
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currently just over 400 including about 180 hydrocarbons as a whole group. Many of these values are quite old, and the accuracy of some of these older values is questionable. The lacks will be complemented by means of the best and most updated methods. This study will be followed by the next one, dealing with critical pressure of aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons. Further studies will be concerned with critical parameters of oxygen and halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons, as well as with evaluation and employing new predictive methods.

8. Acknowledgment
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Professor A. Bylicki Institute of Coal Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences for his support for the entire work and for his valuable comments and discussion.

9. References
I. Owczarek and K. Blazej, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 32, 1411 2003. I. Owczarek and K. Blazej, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 33, 541 2004. D. Ambrose, Correlation and Estimation of Vapor-Liquid Critical Properties. 2. Critical pressures and volumes of Organic Compounds, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, NPL Rep. Chem. 98, 1979. 4 K. G. Joback, S.M. thesis in Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., June 1984. 5 G. R. Somayajulu, J. Chem. Eng. Data 34, 106 1989. 6 J. W. Jalowka and T. E. Daubert, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 25, 139 1986. 7 T. E. Daubert and R. Bartakovits, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 28, 638 1989. 8 L. Constantinou and R. Gani, AIChE J. 40, 1666 1994.
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