A Discourse concerning the Methods of Approximation in the Extraction of Surd Roots. By John Wallis, S. T. D.

and Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford Author(s): John Wallis Source: Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 19 (1695 - 1697), pp. 2-11 Published by: The Royal Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/102270 . Accessed: 28/03/2013 18:50
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I. X Dircoxrfe soncetning theh etbodw of Xp proximJtion in tbeExtraSioas of S8rd Roots, By JohnWallis, S. 7#. D. and hvilxanProX feor of Geornetry atOxford.
H E fev-eral*N4ethads bf A<pproximationv whichhare been mentsoned of latcYearssffor Exera*ingthe Rootsof Sinxple or AffeEtes3-Etuations, gives-llle occaflonof fayingfoniewhat *f thatSubieA. Greeklongago) thatif a Nunlher profpoted benotua true Square,: u is in tainfor o hope forapft Q4adrxtick Rooe

Ie is agreed hy a11, (and,I tflink, demonllrated by the

thereotexplicable byRational Nunlberss Integers,or-FraAed.An(3 theretore. in fuch caGes, wemuR corltene our felves with Approximations (Comewhat nqar tlletruth) whoueprerend* ^

lNg tO ACCtlraCy.

Ctibe. AndthelikeforSuperiour Po;wrs.

And So, for theCubick-Root,of whaeis not a perfe9c

Now tbevAncients ( beingawareof this ) had theirMethods of Approximation in fucllcaKes w whereoffiom have bednderiared downearen to thisday. Of whichNve a1^1 fpeakmore-anon. Butfince the Meehods of . Decimal Fradtions ( as they are nowwont to becalled) hate come intoPraAice,it hth been nfaaleo pmfecute fiuch lZxtraAions-(beyonal the placew of Unites) in the places of DecinlalP^rts to wvhat,Sccu racywepleaS; whereby the former Methods of Appro3ches hive been ( not fo muchforgotten, as) neg!eAed Not thatif fuchApproaches by Decimals werealwa)rs the mo fpeedy, or the moRexa&;(for noMandoub.s butthat X is a more Simple,and more Intelligible Notation of that Quantity, than0.l2<s, orTI^>oW * And, not onlya more BrieE, but a moreAccurate defignation of the Square Root of 's, thano*33);a3,eFc.) BURJ becauCe Fradtions redllced tO the Decimalform, aremore convenientfor SubSeqtlentOperaX tsons,whenthereis occafion for a further ProgreX. Mr.Newton's Method of Approximatlon fortheExtrs8ting Roots,evenof AffeEted Egnations, I have givenfomeAccotant

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(3
CoUhtof-in myDgS

Algebra ; andfomewhat nzore fullg in theLattn Eelition : where 1 gireanhccollnt alfo of Mr. Rap* .*Mst Method; whichI tleed tsothererepeat becauSe it iS tO be feenthere Sincewhichtinle, -Monfiewr DBL'vgty hathptlbliliacd his

both publifl}t.That of DeL7agyuna Treatifiby it tUlf; and thatof . Mr.H411er,in the INutsb. 2Io} for theMonth of Mat) X694.
P^I/Dg. mr4^ifd2.

-Method of Approximation, principally for fingleEquations, or EstraAing the PUOQt of a fingle Powerj An(l Mo.HaGcl!hath finceimproved this Method, witha further Advantage; elnpecially asto Affcde(l Equations. ButI need not repeat eitherof them becau(e theyare Thefie mayall, or anyof them) be cf goot3 uSe (eafih in

their own way) formaking morefpdy Approache, and by greater Lcaps, itImany ca(es, than het;)6Mctlzed (pro fecuring theExtradrion in IDecil Parvs j purfued anditupro ved by A/lr.OgghtreS andMr.AIart;Wt of c.olJr onYn, andby othersabroad;eSpccially as tO S;mp}X Equations, if zve EtlppotefuchExtradtions to be paurfised to thefullexcent. perfe* SatSolid, (or a Power of fiveDimenfons) tQ hRz its Root trueas far as the hIxth placeof DecimalParts.In orderto this, wefare ao add (or fiuppote to be added ) fix PunEtations of Cypherss (er3 fix timesfiveCwsphees., thatis Thrty Cyphers ) b) ondtheplaco of Uni esin tEse Ntu.lbFr propa{ed.If raow we purfuethe wholeoperationto the

As for inRance} if wewould Extra& theRootof an

itn-

bridged, and theAdvvntage of theotherMethods muchlIs confiderable. That is, If (for aCcertaining thJ fixth placeof DecimX^tl Parts) we add fix Cyphers (inRea(lof tllirty) sLnd on: nr two nnore (the betterto fectlre what fronlthe conleqalent places nlayin theOperation betranrn3ittedhither;) na1p-y+ fiuw tlacOperation ehas far,negledcing the followirg (which)
pisibt-

urmoR of thoSe Thirty places, theWork would belongand redious. Eutif we make re of Mr.Ougbtred's Expedient, ( forMul vsplicaton, DiviJion, Extrafticon ^f Rocats, and otheriiRe Vperations, ) byraegleding Wo xnuch of tls Ivng Procefs, as is afrerward tobeCtlt off andttlrown awayasutelefs., (whicIJ; I think, is ge;erallypradriSel ) theWork willbenuchab-

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( 4 ) wich arenot llXely to influence the Pigpre due to thelGxth plactof Dectmal I3arts of theRoot fought:)thtslongPro Ik;will ba mtlch; fkortned. Arldif we further confider, whatPreparatire Operations are to be! madeintlomeof thofeother Methods, beforewe come to the prcEcribd Divifion for givingtheRoot defired; the Advantage (tholjgbconfiderable) will not be fogreae a may at firR be -app(ehended; efipecially asto Aies9ced Equa rions, in whishthe-Parodical Powers havegreat CoefficientsO As wil!foon appear in Pradice, if we come to apply them to partscular cates. ;Buts -witheut diSparaging thelE Methods( which arerealljr Sconfidelable, and well worthyencouragement) thatwhich I here intend is tO {hewthe truePoundation of theMe tho(lsuSed by theAncients, ( howeverfincenegle*ed ) and the jut} Improvement of them. WhichthoughAnciently fcarce applyed beyond theQuadratick, or perElaps theCllw biclk Root, (for wiih theHsgher Powers they did not much trouble thembelves) yet are equally applicable (by due ad uRments ) to the Superiour Powers alfo. 1 {hall begitiwith the Square Root: Forwhich the Anclent Methodis to thispurpofe. From the propoRed Non-quadrate ( El,ppofe fubtra<St -(in theutual manner ) the greateR Square in Irtegers therein convained ( SuppoSe Aq.) The remaitlder (fiuppoSe B= 2 AE + Eg ) is to be theNumerator of a Fradti-on. for defigning the nearralueof E (the remaining partof theRont{oughe A + E _2 N) ) whofeDenominator or I)ivifor is to b: 2 A (r-0ne dotlbleRootof the fubtradked Sqt1are)or sA+ (tilat double Rootincreafed by X ) the truevalue fallil-g be tween theSe tWO; fometime the orjegfonetinlethe orher ;, beingnearel} to tlle truevalue. But (for av.idingof Saco gative Numbers ) the latteris commonly dircEted. TllisMethod Mon(;tur De L'agny atXirms to be morertan zoo Years ole3:Anll it is to; for I find it iinL2c P4uiolzz ;(otllerwite called Luca zleiUr:Q) &I' deBsrgQ S4rSi <Vepslshri) 3?rinted at Mesice In tht Yearx494( if notcYGn toOner thar? fo) for I findtl}Ore have been Severa] E1itions of it.) And
nt )

how mt3cholder than to, I Gannor tell: For Esedoth nor deliverit as a new Inventionof llis own, but as a recAived PraAice, and derxved frortathe Maors or ArD* fromwhom thvy

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-o.os636 greatefi Integer too much. Square Bu6J-di<ided-by containedin N.) z X (biow v X-e the - 4.3 Ae*

( s )

s wllichteachtiveExtradion in allLanguageh Arithmettck ^ofApprosv Rooe,and (theziin) thisrMuhod the Square in ca(eof a Non quadrate. mationJ ( byCQR of theRuleis this: Aq bei-ng The trueground in N, 'ssb contained Integer Square firu*ion) the greate(t not Aq, blur than I; (otherwtSe be lef$ ttlAt E muR evident betC would thanSo? greater of A + Iv 0 Come theSquare

by t1w: of Arithlnetick or Pr-aftice they hadtheirAkorsfim, mw in uSe. Ten Numeral-Figures Pradiml :;in.Books.Qf Andit;iS cominxddownhitherF

too big. thanz A+ E; and thereforc be 19= <, prnpofed Notl-quadrateAs forinEance;If thQ ;5 Aq= 4 ( the contained therein Square Integer the greateft leavesN&q whichbeing{ubtraded, of A-2:) Square by -divided A E 4- E q. Wtwich _ I-B-2 -S-4 by 2 A I _ 4 q-I = S, z A _4, gives : But divided liitle forE. Andthere andthistOO great, givesr.XTllattOD F) than2 ts= 2.X ( A+ E = v N ) is 1e-X trueRQO? foreth.e thougtzt AIlsiently than2 T _ 2.2 : Andthisuvas butgreater nearenough. an Approacti ebe be noc now thoughtn^arOnoug If thisApproach as is may be againrepeated; and thlt as otst fameProcets necdary. thoughE is 4.84-Agv SquarP A, 2 t.-= 2.zx whofe Takenow for. in the (econdplacezorI)CcsasanInceger ( now confidered fronl -.oo, ( ornwllivllxsth, mal Parts.;) This filbtradEed f*on above the tormcra fame, o 84 theexcetsof thisSguare ica*esanewrenl>stkeldi Iwhichwas tlzenthe renzzinder,) z . .w-6 by 2 ^$-4.4} gives-4-+ -SB_o.t6: which e3Xvided
\ aiZ2 = ' g 9:S S +s too littic. .tthe trL;e itgives--a,236proximen wluotX fq,Uare iS thetetwo) berng laIe (betvveen lc G 4i999696.

wxll by 2 A,theReSult B - 2 AE->Eq bedierided mainder it ffiould tOO iittlO; for being forEs ( theDivifior betoogreat xf ( to reEtifie E.) BLge theQuotient be 2 A E, to make tllelVivifors by increafing theQuorient, this ) we diminiJh theDivitvr toolittle;bocauSe ecomes t toit, it then adding than I ) 2 A+ - ismore le{s is nowtoobig. For ( E being

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( 6 ) It' thiS benotthought nea-r gh; Subfira* this ukre fromS.OO: TheRemaitier B_oooo3e4, diiviidby j A^.4?s t -or by 2 A+x-54.47g, gwcs(her way) o sooM8-; which adddd toA-j 236) sikes ^*XJ6o68} {omewhat toobg; bata.Zg6067+wou14-be mshmor Whichgivesus alae Square Ract f 5 ad;uedto the fixthplace of Decimal iParts, tt threefreps. And by ffie bmw X4eched, if it-bethought nedEu-lX wemay prseedfilr ther. 1t weieeafieto coinpouml th: Procefs -of two:or more
too l-ittle.

1Reps into ono a-ntl give ( fortheRule) thC RefuEof CLompofiltion. Wesich: tould make-it Xem more Intrscate and MyfleriousX to amufethe Reader: BucI choofe to mako
lt

the rema-nder (futopote B 3 AqE-->3 AEq+Ec,) is tc) be thetdumetator of a Pradtion fordefxgning thae value cf Ex (the fenlainlng paFr of the Roa fqht A+ E-Pc N.) To this Nllmerator, Wf (in the:I)enominator or DitiSor) ve Sub joyIl3A theR&k will>anainly be too great for iE: becatlle the I)ivifor is too lietle: (For it ffiollld be ; Aq + 3 AE E q, to givethetrue value of E.) If, for t.ne Diviorvwe take;Aq -> g A + x, it will cereanly be tOO littd, becauSe tbeDivifor istoogreat. ( ForE, byzn;tI'U&iQ" iS l>As thanIs ) It mufi therefore ( between thele linli*s^) be morsthan thislAtte. Andtirefom thislAtEr Re1u1e being ade3ed tO A, willgiYd a Rose whoSe Cui may be fuStraAed firoln theNon-gabick propoSeda n order tO
qJ

Xonanc av the QgtadratiPk ) the Rls-is-this :Fon1 -the Non-Cabick propoid, ( fuppofeDJ, ) fubtr* t}]e geateA CubA in-Integers theretn containi-, (fiuppoG Ac: )

asplainast can (and eherefore keep the Scveral Reps Separ-are, 3 that - theReader ( forhis{atisfadtion ) mayclearly fev th: ;tue gloltd of theProceSs. 13ut of thi-s tough. Pro^eed wenowto tIse Cabick 4a. hr *c-h (con

anotll-r

fiep.

ThisALzploaci} I findin [Ringate's Arithmetickl Publiffieel fn the Y^eal 630, andmaPlthcreforo be -at lealtrO 6}d; m*suvh; older I cm8ot t;Ut3utif; for theDiviSor, we take3 A q + z A) ( or even }wf, thanSO 3 theRefult may be t grekt j Qr ( iN CAfi B i ,alalJ ) it maybWtoo litvle, ( andoftis fo.) Whict
;0tW

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Divifof diviid =I2 + 6 by ehan _3Atl I8,g I2, A;q lt glVN g glVES A I,i1^-o.o83 (or 1w so-*SSSS sven 3 fomewhat 3 +) too>) big lefs ytt for than tOo E.

( 7) E ( by Con; beczufe fro jhence mes to pars Whisb 3 A E ifs tan 3 A ; x } andtberefore tharw ) is le& ruEiqn reU asthatthe addRi of -Eq willnor fomuch and/perhaps 3A q+ 3 X, isa bettcr w. An; w it fohwpens, drets ( though fohappen notalways it doth ) Butbecaufe either.ahe ditedc it dah ) theRuledothrather forthemoll part tree lthe a Root than certaialy.give ethex; aswSh dotih
ler5

DomtheNtonv [ub.trafted Cubemay a.lways.be value,whote a Cub as beingtO have.fuch propofed.Thedefign Cllbick in ordered be tO B, another Ieave m?y ) ( being fabtraAed Approach. new a for likemanner takentorthe But,for tlle moll partv 3 A q maybe {afelyt too will thenbe tomewhat theRelillt I)ivifot: For, though

0r3 At astobenegledsd; maybefofimall, big,yettheexcefs ( fomewhat wi Ntta*mbsr judge the cafily lealf,we may to take Andisfwechance take.a. b: [afely it ) may le(sthan that this, eheInvenience willbebalt tz bigX it fomewhat cate we willbea Ngative.05 which B forthengxtRep anon. Epeak {hall beg-N propofed if th Non-Clsbe forinlnratlae; Thus, is 8-Ac, contained Cubetherein Integer The greateR , CuSefubtraAed Raotis A = 2. ) Which CLabick ( whofe This + Ec. AEq E g B= 3Aq leave;g-8_E_

r=I9 3Aq+ 3A l= I2+6+ Buttllefamedividedby Or lf butby gAqA gA toO little. + gives t-9-o.oS26g

is but8.742-5 of A;+ o.o6,= X.o6> FortheGulte ittles wenzar it, that is hortof 9. Andfoinuchffiortof which if 2.v8, ( wluich 2.o7asnottoobig: Or perhaps take lafely ;-of svlllch toobxg tl;) be tO0 big) it Wlll t].Ot bemuch it chatlce c svillb& atlon) And,upontryals cafewe are to {peak of 2.O8, isbutS.9989X2. nottoobig; fortheCtsbe iound (ubtraded ThisCube enough: tlepbcnotaear If thisfirflr distided whicb B_.o.aotoS8> a nevu leaves g.oooooo, from foms be will which o.oooo84-; g;ves by 3Aq_ sa.9796, astll:t [ofrllall) E isalow tlOt mach. ( lior whateoobigtbut more3 Sothat andEqmuch 1)e fifelynegledsed, 3AEmay i wstI 2.o80o8o4 weaddo.oooo84-, theRetallt it' tO 2.08} too littlef ( Aswil wpwill bemore a.o8oo83 tOQ big, but p;,rG2

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andaddto -this 3 .X 6.z41 thetS is 6.-240084-o3^^ +E;

8 ) pearif we taketne CabEof ekch.) So that-eitherRof them, ae the Second kep, gites thei trueRoot withinan Unite in the fixthplaceof Decimal hrts ButwhenI fayX -akE tbe CwJc of cacb, ( which r do,that the thingmaybemoreclearly apprehended) it is not necefl ary tharwe trouble our[elves with the wholeCube.For,Azc btig already filbtradred,for finding B=3 AqE+3AEq+Ec, we halre no moreto try,flSt whether 3AqE gAEq+ Ec be greater or- lets -than t ^AzG6rding as we take -o.Oooo84, or o.sooo83 for-E. Wlzich mayconveniently be doflie in :thgs manner:Take 3A->E, antlMultiply thisbyE, (orEbyit) fohavewe fAE+Ef. To thisadd 3Aq, andMllltiplythe wholeby E, ( fo halre W& g AqE+ 3A8qA Ec,) to See whfflher this i greater or leSs thanB. ThatIS, in the prefent caSe,if we tkkeE = o.otoo84,
(

This multiplied by E_o.onoo84,ss3AE+Eq=o.ooos24+. 1 o whichif we add ; Aq= I2.9792n it 'iS 3Aq+3AE+Eq .979724 Which nlultiplied againby E = o.oooo84 S O.oOIQ902 -> 3 t AqE+ g AEq + E4iwhich ismorethan
b =
But

o.ooo88.

if we takeE=oown83,- and proceed as before,we tha11 ha;v^^ 3 A-qE + t4Eq +<iEe _ mooto77-+, which-is ]elstIlanB. - o.tioS8. -ked there6rd ( if we--fiubtra&thSe trotn 23is ) theRemainder, o.ooooil,-will be another*B -for tIe next{-iCPI it we pleales to procced further. 3itittlerto 1 havepalrfued theMethodmoft affededby the Aacients, in Seeking;s -Squate or-#CuSe ( andthelikeof other Powers ) always lefs thanthe jultvalue,tbatit-mightbe fuhxatieil fronl theNumbernpropoSed, leaving B-aPofitiveRe rnalnd&r; thereby avoiding Negative l!Jumbers. But fincetheAI;thmXt jCk of Negatives is now fo wellun3Wri{ood, ic may in this ( and other Operations of like Naore ) be a{ivritable, to takethenextgreater ( in catethae be -X}carer cothecrnevalee) rather than the rext oleffierOf
-wllich-l took n:>tiX
in nly

J-n. 2. -X6y-7-. n^a coe nlnveintricatethan this-is; And w-ictal clwnere Advif>v in-Seeking the Greatef Common Di<Usor olttwoNumbers., in order to the abbridging a Fradrion,
oth^.-wif..

CommerciwmEpi/Folicum, Epi#. 19.

tr

Accord-

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( - wbere, 802g6 for = the 0o08S nexttlep, + we tO {hould be have auded B-J6 2+o8) o.esoan * t X () . )

(9

than3; and irlqllire; Hour fiy, it is (-3-) fomewhat leSs thatwhichxsneaTert (. muchleSs?Taking(isbothcaGes) aheiuftValue. take[tJ; ;'. Thus, in the Cubick Rootbeire us; I woul<:l ntat (in the la0Enquiry)o.oooo84-(where, tatherthan o.ooooU g zJ ilep; we haveB--0.0000023)
rOS CEd

ROGt tf 95 i According to thisNotion,forthe Sqllare more chan 2 -; and enquire would fay,it is ( z + ) Somewhat Rootof 83 I wold How much more? But for theSquare

In the lAtttr cafeX we are tO Dvide B--tro^oool by 3Aq-I2.9SO236-,tofincl(bytheQuotoca.)l<o-waavlWiiS tO b: added tO o.aooo83. In the othercafe, we a.e a> to fiiidv8y Divie3e B = + oXoooOoX) by 3 Aq= I 2 .980248} of o.ooooU4. SoIazYe wx the Qotient ) whatis to bW abated
0.0000t I -0.000002

of 6/zToS (r 8 48-0 oooo s + to b: ^haFed it nzayfuffice, in ts hersto r)ivideby 1298->) or cssa by witha longDivifor) eix3._*, without being incutnbreel 2.o8008 3 8f ther of which givesus fioreheRoot .Iougtlta placo of DeZ towsme.True ( at thethiriillep3 tO theEtgE+tb of cimalParts Andif thisba not near enougll, tilC Cvlbe propo2t1, uvillgisrc us annthis, compared withtiseNumber ab 8.sras zZc therB for the nextfiea. And io onu7ar1s

<^afity asnplicable to t-s+ Now, whatis faidnf the lligherPowers. I hall omitchat c>ftl1e Bqut(lrae; 1)59tuSiere pArba;8; tO Extl-ah trje SguarA Re) it maybe thought moi}a(+Vs{able, Itcotcit tha of theNumber propoSee3; ans3 thvntheSquare Roor. Butif xvewoulddo it atonce)we areEOtN N ( theN+uns ) eo SubtraA Aqq (the berpropoSed ()>ing not a 3Blquadare Remaintler greatell Biq,uadrare concaiJIed in it ) to find thv Iten.ain(let B_4AcE + 6AqEq + AEc-) Eqq. W[ic:t; bnv too bit if we l)ivi(leby aAc, theQSotient if -by 4zq-b;Xq*P4AFx) torE,(though pertiap: no:auech:) belore mentoned! ) it vPill bertatniy bvtoo little( tor rcaf)ns And wc are to uie our ditcre;onin aleing rom^int
;li5 sJ
wiil cWrtainly

pleafe.

termet3iStt

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IO

AcEqIoAqEs -t S AEqq+ Eqc. Which if we

--( IO )

t:ot to hlt otzthe Number. hd if we clzance termediate neare0,the Inconvenitce will be bxltthis, ehatourLeap will it might be. Whtch greatas otherwife will not be -ro B at the nextllep by another be redified we areafromN (of fite-Dtnenfions) For the Sllrfolsde ta (theNumbcrpropo(ed,beingnota pvrfedrSu,folsde) therein CQucained ) to Surfolide Aqc (the greaseft Subtra& + E-OAqEc + IO ^cg B-S AqqE find tllC Remainder AEqq>Eqc. Which( as bdore) if we Divxd:by tOO big) ( becauSthe will be fomdwhat yAqq, theReSult by sAqq+IoAcAloAq'sA+r, is toolittle:) If DiviSot be lefi thanthe trueE. The juk theRefilt will certainly thefe two, wherewe -between valueof E beingIomewhat to take. Number whatIntermediate ourdiRcretion, are to uSe asit proYeS t00 greator too littlt, i5 tO be Whichaccording at ti next{?ep. sr.eAified NumS us in tlle choiceof fuchinternaediate If, to direEt far fucllchoice Rules orPrecept Multiply ber,weIhould tham, would be more than vlae of obEervlng the Trouble it by r. And,for thenloft pal<q to be gained Advantage by sAqq 3 tO Diaride will be fafeenollgh( atldleaIttrouble too big: Wllichwe Illay whichgives a Quotient fomewhat Sonlewhat a Number ( bg taking atDiScretion eitherReEtifie as or NegatilreX B, ( Affirmatiere to anotller ) or proceed leSs we the calba11 require)andfo onwardto what exa*nefs in a mannercoincident pleaSe. ( Whch is, tor ltibRance, Equations cren forAffedcd Nlethoel, Raphfon's withWIr be propoSed caCe;If theNutnber Tlllls, in tlle preSxn; I=iAqqE z N 33,lacnisAqgt,.andE-3-r

Oivideby sAqq_ T X 16 = So, the Rfult -' =0.0X2y, is Andif we examine tosE) butnot azzech. too big Womewhat of 2.CIsf, or of z-z+, we Jhal-l it, by takitlgtheSurfoliils B (ttorthenextItep) butnot verycotlficSe finda Negative furwe may proceed rable. Or st we thinkit confiderable, fiep,-or morethanWo. therto another more lidvan( anduZith tnaybeapplied The likeMethod as theCompolition Powers,according in theHigher tage);of eachPowerrequires. Methodmaybe of ufie(with goodAelvan Andthe iwame fif duly applied)cven beforewe tageJin longNtlmbors :ons

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1!

come to the place of Unites) for the lime will equally holdthere alSo. WhichtheReadermay eafi}y apprehend withotlt a long Ditcourfe uponits How far thisMethodmae be ctincidentwith Wome of thoSe before mentioned, I de not trouble my Self to enqu-ire; norwhether, or for whatcauis, allor anyof thofemaybo moreeligible. My dPfign being only tO Jhewthe erue Natural ground, fronz whenceCuch Ralesof Approach are ( or mighthavebeen) derived;and by which(if therebe sc-cafion)tney may- be examined. And if I havedone thisX ie sswhatI did propoSe. In AffededEquations f eXpecially where the Coefiicients are great,and fomeAffirmatives, othersNegatives,) tho GaSes will be more perplexed.And to Multiply RuleJfort eachCaCe, would (I conceive)increaSe the Trollble,with ns great Advantage. %thish therefore I leaveto tlle Prudence of each (as occafim {hallrequ-ire J tO take ponze Intermedl0

delierered by orilers trOthis purpofe. Where rlais ( withal > is to be confideren3, That Such Affe&ed Equatieris are capab8: of nloseRoots than on, according to theNumber Gi' Dis mcnfions to wlaich theyarife.

ate,between a grmter and a lelEer.0r if they pleatet.D accoa2az0date that abovem5ntic3ned ( ouX of Commerc.Ee piRol.)e the prelinF cate,which is thewe ap21lcd to a Ca.fd natlefsinkricate. Or to makeuSeof Sotne of theMethod;^<

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