1 Uygar GKSUNGUR 1481787 ADM4138 PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM In social study of patriotism there are three main questions

that are tried to be answered by the scholars. These are how patriotism could be defined in terms of philosophy, geography and politics and without any specific reference to any country, which means as universally. Second question is what the types of patriotism are that are dominating modern day politics in the world. And lastly as a sentiment closely related with nationalism, what is its relationship with nationalism. The term homeland is also closely related with the patriotism. Homeland as a geographic place means a nations special association with that place through their long relationship with it. Homeland is seen by the members of that nation as the place where their national identity truly began. Anthony D. Smith (1991) states that the association with a specific homeland is one of the main attributes of an ethnic community and the idea of we belong to it as much as it belongs to us is persists in many cultures. Therefore, even if it is merely geography, it is seen crucial in protection of national identity and culture by the members of the nation. To begin with, according to Stephen Nathanson (1993), patriotism can be defined in four ways which are not exclusive. It could most simply be defined as ones love for his or her own country. Second is the identification of ones self with the country regardless of their ethnic, class or ideological background. Third one is the concern for the well-being of his/her own country and last one is the willingness to promote countrys good. In group studies, when large group of people come together with the reason of common profit, people generally tend to free ride if the organization is too big and their contribution is too small and can go unnoticed. Therefore, people generally need a special incentive. However, in nation states, patriotism as a sentiment adds a moral dimension to this problem without any material incentive which can be seen in payment of taxes and military services.

2 Uygar GKSUNGUR 1481787 ADM4138 For Nathanson (1993), patriotism is seen as valuable and as a virtue and encouraged by the society because of the need of social cohesion and cooperation. However, he also reminds Samuel Jacksons quote of patriotism is the last refuge of the scoundrel and critics of patriotism claim that believing in national superiority and elevation of this idea by the nations would be stupid and immoral because only one country can truly claim such a title and all others are wrong. Trying to experiment it only generates international conflicts which results in least beneficial wars in the history. Related to Nathansons definition, why someone becomes patriot could be defined. A strong belief about the superiority and merits of the country both socially and geographically is the first. Second is the need of belonging in a community with shared beliefs and interests. This need arises from the problem that small communities in the modern society is becoming less integrated and social capital of many lower class citizens are damaged in liberal individualistic societies. Third, as a way of escape from the simplicity of everyday life and concerns of individual life and become a part of something big and comprehensive. Lastly, social or political conditions those are specific to one country. For example in developing countries, imperialism and authoritative one man rules could be driving forces for people to united under the name of patriotism. As an important part of political discourse after the 1980s, with the development of communitarians as a criticism to individualistic understanding of liberalism and with the rise of nationalism, patriotism studied and divided into sub groups by many scholars. One of the main differentitation of patriotism is extreme vs moderate patriotism which is about how patriots see the morality of the actions of their country. The differentiation is made by Primoratz (2002). In extreme patriotism; there is the view of Our country, right or wrong and no moral standing. Against that, in moderate patriotism, a patriot expects its country to have some moral and cultural requirements. When it fails to do so, she has the right to support it no longer.

3 Uygar GKSUNGUR 1481787 ADM4138 Primoratz states that extreme patriotism gives greater weight to the interests of ones country and compatriots than to those of other countries and their inhabitants whenever the two come into conict. On the other hand, the basic principle of moderate patriotism is that it is not exclusive; a moderate patriot is willing to acknowledge that as much as they are loyal to their country others are too and even if they have a special concern for their countries, it does not prevent them from having a concern for other countries and their inhabitant. Relationship between nationalism and patriotism could be divided into two groups. First idea is that patriotism is a complementary element of nationalism, absence of which could lead complication both within country and its relationship with others. It makes nationalism to be more legitimate in a liberal discourse. Second view is that patriotism is an alternative to nationalism which is obsolete and cannot be applied to modern multi-cultural societies. Firstly, National Socialism of Nazi Germany shows that nationalism could not be used solely to address a nation. In fascist Germany, nationalism as a way to overcome Germans economic and social problems leads a way to racism. Other ideologies with strong references to exclusionary citizenship and without any reference on humanitarian values also generally lead a way to some unpopular types of extreme patriotism which are jingoism and chauvinism. These types of patriotisms are in favor of starting wars, aggressive foreign policies and subordination of different ethnic groups to one which superior. There should be more morality involved. Therefore, patriotism as a complementary to nationalism should be emerged. In most cases patriotism is used as a term to get rid of the negative notion of nationalism without any real differences to it. Nationalism includes a more aggressive understanding, to impose one nations own way of life to others which is about the understanding of superiority. However, by the use of patriotism, one could have an affection for his/her own country without any need of imposing it on others.

4 Uygar GKSUNGUR 1481787 ADM4138 Patriotism is today most generally viewed as an alternative to nationalism. George Orwell (1953) asserts that Patriotism should not be confused with nationalism. By patriotism I mean devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in the world but has no wish to force on other people. Patriotism is of its nature defensive, both militarily and culturally. Nationalism, on the other hand, is inseparable from the desire for power. The abiding purpose of every nationalist is to secure more power and more prestige, not for himself but for the nation or other unit in which he has chosen to sink his own individuality. By this point of view, a nationalist is proud of whatever his/her own country without any ethical dilemma, however a patriot is proud of what his/her country achieved with the use of legitimate resources and reasons. Patriotism include more sense of responsibility than nationalism with relationship to others, environment, etc. The term nationalism is generally used to mean as the belief of superiority of a nation, however patriotism is used to be totally clear from the notion of nation above humanity. It creates a sense of belonging to a nation for sub-identities in the society. Also, according to this view, patriotism include more rational characteristic of liberal individualistic view while nationalism is more related to conservative understanding of virtue of loyalty without question. Lastly, cosmopolitanism as an alternative to both nationalism and patriotism emerged. It means a morality include all humanity, a body that acts as a world government and strong economic and social relationships between different nations. Nussbaum (1994) criticizes the patriotism, national pride, politics of difference and their education in the schools, because for her, they limit the peoples compassion only for their country and their fellow citizens while ignoring the common elements in the world culture and global interdependency. She purposes a cosmopolitan education to develop an idea of world citizenship in people. However, it is also criticized by the point of view of postmodernists because of the idea that it tries to create a one human culture without preventing the hegemony of Western culture and it will fail to protect otherness in the world.

5 Uygar GKSUNGUR 1481787 ADM4138 References: Nathanson, S. (1993). Patriotism, Morality, and Peace. United States of America. Rowman. Nussbaum, M. C. (1994) Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism. Boston Review. Orwell, G. (1953) Notes on Nationalism. Readings for Today. Primoratz, I. (2002) Patriotism: a Deflationary View. The Philosophical Forum. Smith, A. D. (1991) National Identity. Penguin Books. London, England.