CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT PRACTICAL 11 APPARATUS MATERIAL : Beaker, pH paper, gas jar spoon, Bunsen burner, nichrome wire

: lithium, sodium and potassium metal, water, hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, lithium chloride, potassium chloride.

OBJECTIVE: 1. To determine the physical properties of the halogens (Group 7) 2. To determine the chemical properties of the halogens (Group 7) (A) Physical Properties of the Halogens Halogens Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Physical properties State at room Melting point temperature (C) Gas -223 Gas -102 Liquid -7 Solid 114 Boiling point (C) -187 -35 59 183

Colour Light yellow Yellow-green Red-brown Dark violet

(B) Chemical Properties of the Halogens Experiment I : Reactions of Halogens with Water Types of halogens Chlorine Data Collection Solubility The yellow-green gas dissolves easily and produces a pale yellow solution. Data Processing Chlorine is has the highest reactivity in this experiment and reacts easily with water. Cl2 (g)+ H20(l) HCl(aq) + HClO(aq) 3 In this experiment, hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid, HClO is formed. The hypochlorite ion, ClO- can act as a strong bleaching agent. Bromine has lower reactivity compared to chlorine. In this experiment, hydrobromic acid, HBr and hypobromous, HBrO is formed. Br2 (g)+ H20(l) HBr(aq) + HBrO(aq)

pH

Bromine

Bromine dissolves to produce a brown solution. 5

CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT PRACTICAL 11 Crystal of iodine The dark violet iodine crystal dissolves very gradually to produce a violet solution. 6 The product is hydroiodic acid and hypoiodous acid. However, the concentration oh HIO(aq) is negligible. The resulting solution forms a weak acid therefore not a good bleaching agent. Experiment II : Solubility of the Halogens in 1,1,1-trichloroethane Types of halogens Chlorine Data Collection Two separate layers is formed. A light yellow colour solution is produced on the upper layer. The organic solvent at the bottom is transparent. A Light brown colour solution is produced A dark violet solution is produced Data Processing Chlorine does not mix with 1,1,1 trichloroethane. The upper layer solution is chlorine water while the bottom layer solution is trichloroethane. Bromine water dissolve a bit in 1,1,1 trichloroethane and produces a light brown solution. The iodine crystal dissolves in 1,1,1 trichloroethane and produces a violet solution. Iodine has very low solubility in water. However, it dissolves in water containing a high concentration of iodide ions, eg. KI(aq). I2 (g)+ H20(l) HI(aq) + HIO(aq)

Bromine

Iodine

Experiment III : Halogens as oxidizing agents Types of halogens Chlorine Data Collection Reaction with hydrogen sulphide Chlorine water changes from colourless to slightly white. Data Processing The slightly white solution is hydrogen chloride. Chlorine will oxidizes sulphide ions to sulphate while chlorine will reduced to chloride ions. Cl2(aq)+2S2-(aq) S(s)+ 2Cl-(aq) When iron combines with chlorine, chlorine will oxidizes Fe2+ to iron

Reaction with iron (II)

The colourless iron (II) sulphate 2

CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT PRACTICAL 11 sulphate solution. solution turns from dark green to light yellow in colour. When NaOH (aq) is added, a brown precipitate is formed. For water (as a control), the solution become colourless and no precipitate is formed when NaOH is added. Bromine water changes from brown to light yellow-brown in colour. (III), Fe3+. 2Fe2+(aq)+ Cl2 2Fe3+(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) Iron (III) fluoride will be formed and this compound has iron in its higher oxidation state.

Bromine

The yellow-brown solution is hydrogen bromide. Bromine will oxidizes sulphide ions to sulphate while it will reduced itself to bromide ions. Br2(aq)+2S2-(aq) S (s)+ 2Br-(aq)

Experiment IV : Relative Reactivity of the halogens as Oxidizing Agents Halogens Chlorine In Solution KBr (aq) The colourless solution turns to a light yellow solution. KI (aq) A brown solution is formed Data collection In 1,1,1 trichloroethane The yellow solution turns to a light orange solution Data Processing Chlorine is a good oxidizing agent. Chlorine will oxidizes the bromide ions into bromine while it reduced to chloride ions. Cl2(aq)+2Br-(aq) Br2(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq)

Chlorine had displaced bromine in KBr solution. Two separated layers is Chlorine will oxidizes the iodide formed. The top layer is ions into iodine while it reduced to orange in colour while chloride ions. the bottom layer is purple Cl2(aq)+2I-(aq) I2(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) in colour. Chlorine had displaced iodine in KBr solution. 3

CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT PRACTICAL 11 Bromine KCl (aq) The brown bromine water turned to the light yellow solution with KCl KI (aq) The brown bromine water turned to the dark brown solution with KI Two separate layers are formed. The top layer is light yellow in colour while the bottom layer is colourless. Bromin cannot displaced chloride ions in KCl because chlorine have higher reactivity than bromine in the series of reactivity.

Two layers are formed. The top layer is brown in colour while the bottom layer is purple in colour.

However, bromine will oxidizes the iodide ions into iodine while it reduced itself to bromide ions. Br2(aq)+2I-(aq) Br2(aq)+ 2Cl-(aq) Bromine had displaced iodine in KI solution. The purple colour solution is iodine.

Experiment V : Reaction of the Halide ions with Silver nitrate solution Types of halogens Chlorine, KCl Bromine, KBr Data Collection A white precipitate is formed A cream precipitate is formed Data Processing Cl-(aq)+ Ag+(aq) AgCl(s) The white precipitate is silver chloride. Br-(aq)+ Ag+(aq) AgBr(s) The cream precipitate is silver bromide. I-(aq)+ Ag+(aq) AgI(s) The yellow precipitate is silver iodide.

Iodine, KI

Yellow precipitate is formed

Conclusion : Halogens which are located in Group 7 have low melting and boiling points. They are able to react with water to form acidic solutions and anions called halides (F-,Cl -, Br-, I-). Generally, they have high solubility in both water (polar solvent) and organic solvent such as 1, 1, 1 trichloroethane. Halogens also have oxidizing properties and can be used as oxidizing agents. The reactivity of halogens decreases as it goes down the group:F- , Cl - , Br- , I- ,