Rayleigh Beam Decay Rates

Ownership and Copyright (Springer-Verlag Limited
Math. Control Signals Systems (2002) 15: 229255

Mathematics of Control,
Signals, and Systems
Decay Rates for a Beam with Pointwise Force and
Moment Feedback*
Kais Ammari,
y
Zhuangyi Liu,
z
and Marius Tucsnak
y
Abstract. We consider the Rayleigh beam equation and the EulerBernoulli
beam equation with pointwise feedback shear force and bending moment at the
position x in a bounded domain 0; p with certain boundary conditions. The en-
ergy decay rate in both cases is investigated. In the case of the Rayleigh beam, we
show that the decay rate is exponential if and only if x=p is a rational number
with coprime factorization x=p p=q, where q is odd. Moreover, for any other
location of the actuator we give explicit polynomial decay estimates valid for reg-
ular initial data. In the case of the EulerBernoulli beam, even for a nonhomo-
geneous material, exponential decay of the energy is proved, independently of the
position of the actuator.
Key words. Pointwise control, Exponential decay, Polynomial decay, Observ-
ability inequality.
1. Introduction
Pointwise stabilization of beam systems is a subject widely studied in the literature
(see, for instance, [7][9], [17] and [20]). To our knowledge, the stabilizers used are
either of force feedback type or of moment feedback type acting at the joints. It is
known that the stability properties of such a system depend on the location of the
joints in an unrobust way. For instance, for a beam hinged at both ends and of
length p, in order to have strong stabilization the abscissa of the joint has to be
irrational and for exponential stabilizability this abscissa has to satisfy even more
restrictive conditions (see, for instance, [2] for an EulerBernoulli beam). In this
paper we investigate the stabilization eect of applying both force and moment
feedbacks simultaneously at the joint. As far as we know, this problem has not yet
been tackled in the literature. Most of the results we obtain are robust with respect
to the location of the joint.
First we consider the following initial and boundary value problem for a
* Date received: October 30, 2000. Date revised: December 20, 2001.
y
Institut Elie Cartan, Departement de Mathematiques, Universite de Nancy I, F-54506 Vandoeuvre
le`s Nancy Cedex, France. {ammari,tucsnak}@iecn.u-nancy.fr.
z
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota 55812-
2496, U.S.A. zliu@d.umn.edu.
229
homogenous Rayleigh beam with force and moment damping at x x:
q
2
u
qt
2

q
4
u
qx
2
qt
2

q
4
u
qx
4

qu
qt
x; td
x

q
2
u
qt qx
x; t
dd
x
dx
0; 0 < x < p; t > 0;
1:1
u0; t up; t 0;
q
2
u
qx
2
0; t
q
2
u
qx
2
p; t 0; t > 0; 1:2
ux; 0 u
0
x;
qu
qt
x; 0 u
1
x; 0 < x < p: 1:3
We also consider a nonhomogenous EulerBernoulli beam:
rx
q
2
u
qt
2

q
2
qx
2
px
q
2
u
qx
2
_ _
qu
qt
x; td
x

q
2
u
qx qt
x; t
dd
x
dx
0; 0 < x < p; t > 0;
1:4
u0; t up; t
q
2
u
qx
2
0; t 0;
q
2
u
qx
2
p; t 0; t > 0; 1:5
ux; 0 u
0
x;
qu
qt
x; 0 u
1
x; 0 < x < p: 1:6
Here d
x
is the Dirac mass concentrated in the point x A 0; p, u is the transverse
displacement of the beam and the coecient functions rx, px A C
1
0; p sat-
isfy rx br
0
> 0, px bp
0
> 0.
Remark 1.1. We denote by H
2
0; p XH
1
0
0; p
the dual space of H

2
0; p X
H
1
0
0; p with respect to the pivot space L
2
0; p. If u is smooth on 0; pnfxg
0; T, then u satises (1.1) in the space C0; T; H
2
0; p XH
1
0
0; p
if and only
if
q
2
u
qt
2

q
4
u
qx
2
qt
2

q
4
u
qx
4
0; x A 0; pnfxg; t > 0;
and
u ; t
x
0;
qu
qx
; t
_ _
x
0;
q
2
u
qx
2
; t
_ _
x
q
2
u
qx qt
x; t;
q
3
u
qx
3
; t
_ _
x

qu
qt
x; t
_
_
; Et > 0;
where f
x
denotes the jump of the function f at the point x. A similar assertion
holds if u is smooth on 0; pnfxg 0; T and u satises (1.4) so that the terms
are in the space C0; T; H
2
0; p XH
1
0
0; p
. Thus, (1.1) (respectively (1.4))

is equivalent to the equations modeling the vibrations of two Rayleigh beams (re-
spectively two EulerBernoulli beams) with a dissipative joint at x x, where
both feedback force and feedback moment are applied. The results stated in this
remark, which can be checked by standard calculations, are not used in the re-
maining part of the paper, and we omit their proof.
230 K. Ammari, Z. Liu, and M. Tucsnak
The purpose of this paper is to give a complete characterization of points x for
which the solutions of (1.1)(1.3) (respectively (1.4)(1.6)) are exponentially stable
in the energy space, and give an explicit decay rate for regular initial data when
we do not have exponential stability in the energy space. A signicant improve-
ment of our new stabilization strategy is that we have avoided the well-known prob-
lems concerning the existence of nodal points. The method used to study (1.1)
(1.3) is based on some trace regularity results which reduce stability to observ-
ability inequalities for the corresponding undamped problem. As far as we know,
in the case of unbounded feedback, this method is new. Both the regularity and
the observability results are based on Fourier analysis, so we can tackle only the
constant coecients case. In order to study (1.4)(1.6), we use a frequency domain
method and combine a contradiction argument with the multiplier technique to
carry out a special analysis for the resolvent.
The paper is organized as follows. The statements of the main results are given
in the following section. Sections 3 and 4 are devoted to some trace regularity and
observability results needed in what follows. The proof of the main results is given
in Sections 5 and 6.
2. Statement of the Main Results
We dene the energy of a solution u of (1.1)(1.3) and of a solution u of (1.4)
(1.6) at the time instant t by
Eut
1
2
_
p
0
qu
qt
x; t
q
2
u
qt qx
x; t
q
2
u
qx
2
x; t
2
_ _
dx 2:1
and
~
EEut
1
2
_
p
0
px
q
2
u
qx
2
x; t
2
rx
qu
qt
x; t
2
_ _
dx; 2:2
respectively. We can easily check that every suciently smooth solution of (1.1)
(1.3) (respectively (1.4)(1.6)) satises the energy identity
Eut
2
Eut
1

_
t
2
t
1
qu
qt
x; s
q
2
u
qt qx
x; s
2
_ _
ds; 2:3
respectively
~
EEut
2

~
EEut
1

_
t
2
t
1
qu
qt
x; s
q
2
u
qt qx
x; s
2
_ _
ds; 2:4
for all t
2
> t
1
b0 and, therefore, the energy is a nonincreasing function of the
time variable t. Denote
V H
2
0; p XH
1
0
0; p:
We dene the concept of a nite energy solution of (1.1)(1.3) and of (1.4)(1.6).
This concept will be frequently used in what follows.
Decay Rates for a Beam with Pointwise Force and Moment Feedback 231
Denition 2.1. A function
u A C0; T; V XC
1
0; T; H
1
0
0; p
is called a nite energy solution of (1.1)(1.3) if qu=qxx; A H
1
0; T, u satises
(1.3) and (1.1) is satised in L
2
0; T; V
, where V
is the dual space of V with

respect to the pivot space L
2
0; p.
Denition 2.2. A function
u A C0; T; V XC
1
0; T; L
2
0; p
is called a nite energy solution of (1.4)(1.6) if qu=qxx; A H
1
0; T and (1.4)
is satised in L
2
0; T; V
.
The result below concerns the well-posedness of the solutions of (1.1)(1.3) and
the behavior of Eut when t ! y. The rst assertion in the proposition below
was proved, for instance, in the survey paper [22] by using the properties of a gen-
eral class of conservative systems. The second part of the proposition is proved
in Section 5.
Proposition 2.3. Let
u
0
u
1
_ _
A V H
1
0
0; p. Then the following assertions hold:
1. Problem (1.1)(1.3) admits a unique nite energy solution such that
kux; k
2
H
1
0; T

qu
qx
x;
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
H
1
0; T
aCku
0
k
2
H
2
0; p
ku
1
k
2
H
1
0; p
; 2:5
where the constant C > 0 depends only on x and T. Moreover, u satises the
energy estimate (2.3).
2. We have lim
t!y
Eut 0, for any initial data
u
0
u
1
_ _
in V H
1
0
0; p.
The next result concerns the well-posedness of (1.4)(1.6).
Proposition 2.4. Let
u
0
u
1
_ _
A V L
2
0; p. Then problem (1.4)(1.6) admits a
unique nite energy solution such that
kux; k
2
H
1
0; T

qu
qx
x;
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
H
1
0; T
aCku
0
k
2
H
2
0; p
ku
1
k
2
L
2
0; p
; 2:6
where the constant C > 0 depends only on x and T. Moreover, u satises the energy
estimate (2.4).
The main result of this paper concerns the precise asymptotic behavior of the
solutions of (1.1)(1.3) and (1.4)(1.6). Denote
Y
u
v
_ _
A V V j u
j0; x
A H
3
0; x and u
jx; p
A H
3
x; p
_ _
2:7
and
DA
u
v
_ _
A Y;
d
2
u
dx
2
0
d
2
u
dx
2
p 0;
d
2
u
dx
2
_ _
x
dv
dx
x;
d
3
u
dx
3
_ _
x
vx
_ _
;
2:8
where g
x
denotes the jump of the function g at the point x. The corresponding
operator A is dened on DA by
A
u
v
_ _
v
R
d
4
u
dx
4
_ _
vxRd
x

dv
dx
xR
dd
x
dx
_ _
_
_
_
_
;
where the operator R is dened by
R I
d
2
dx
2
_ _
1
: 2:9
It is well known that R is an isomorphism from H
1
0; p onto H
1
0
0; p.
If
u
0
u
1
_ _
A Y, we denote
u
0
u
1
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
Y
ku
0
k
2
H
3
0; x
ku
0
k
2
H
3
x; p
ku
1
k
2
H
2
0; p
: 2:10
Concerning the system (1.1)(1.3) our main result is the following.
Theorem 2.5.
1. Let u A C0; T; V XC
1
0; T; H
1
0
0; p be a nite energy solution of the sys-
tem (1.1)(1.3) (the existence and the uniqueness of such a solution follows
from Proposition 2.3). Then u satises the estimate
Eut aMe
ot
ku
0
k
2
V
ku
1
k
2
L
2
0; p
; Et b0; 2:11
for some constants M; o > 0 (depending only on x), if and only if x=p is a
rational number with coprime factorization
x
p

p
q
; where q is odd: 2:12
2. For any x A 0; p, there exists a constant C > 0 (independent of x) such that
for all t b0 we have
Eut a
C
t 1
u
0
u
1
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
Y
; E
u
0
u
1
_ _
A DA: 2:13
For the system (1.4)(1.6) our main result is the following.
Theorem 2.6. Let u A C0; T; V XC
1
0; T; L
2
0; p be a nite energy solution
of (1.4)(1.6) (the existence and the uniqueness of such a solution follows from Prop-
osition 2.4). Then, for all x A 0; p, there exist constants M; o > 0 (depending only
on x), such that
~
EEut aMe
ot
ku
0
k
2
V
ku
1
k
2
L
2
0; p
; Et b0: 2:14
In other terms, for all x A 0; p, (1.4)(1.6) dene an exponentially stable system in
V L
2
0; p.
3. Regularity Inequalities
Consider the open-loop system associated to (1.1)(1.3):
q
2
c
qt
2

q
4
c
qx
2
qt
2

q
4
c
qx
4
v
1
td
x
v
2
t
dd
x
dx
; 0 < x < p; t > 0; 3:1
c0; t cp; t 0;
q
2
c
qx
2
0; t
q
2
c
qx
2
p; t 0; t > 0; 3:2
cx; 0 0;
qc
qt
x; 0 0; 0 < x < p: 3:3
The nite energy solutions of (3.1)(3.3) are dened as follows.
Denition 3.1. Let v
1
; v
2
A L
2
0; T. Then a function
c A C0; T; V XC
1
0; T; H
1
0
0; p XH
2
0; T; L
2
0; p 3:4
is called a nite energy solution of (3.1)(3.3) if c satises (3.3) and (3.1) is
satised in L
2
0; T; V
.
The following existence and trace regularity result for the system (3.1)(3.3) is
essential for the proof of Theorem 2.5.
Proposition 3.2. Suppose that v
1
; v
2
A L
2
0; T. Then the system (3.1)(3.3) admits
a unique nite energy solution c. Moreover, qc=qxx; A H
1
0; T and there
exists C > 0 (depending only on T) such that
kcx; k
2
H
1
0; T

qc
qx
x;
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
H
1
0; T
aCkv
1
k
2
L
2
0; T
kv
2
k
2
L
2
0; T
: 3:5
Before proving Proposition 3.2, we consider the following homogeneous undamped
problem:
q
2
j
qt
2

q
4
j
qx
2
qt
2

q
4
j
qx
4
0; 0 < x < p; t > 0; 3:6
j0; t jp; t 0;
q
2
j
qx
2
0; t
q
2
j
qx
2
p; t 0; t > 0; 3:7
jx; 0 u
0
x;
qj
qt
x; 0 u
1
x; 0 < x < p: 3:8
Lemma 3.3. For any initial data
u
0
u
1
_ _
A V H
1
0
0; p there exists a unique
nite energy solution of (3.6)(3.8) (in the sense of Denition 3.1). Moreover,
qj=qxx; A H
1
0; T and there exists C > 0, depending only on T, such that
kjx; k
2
H
1
0; T

qj
qx
x;
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
H
1
0; T
aCku
0
k
2
H
2
0; p
ku
1
k
2
H
1
0; p
: 3:9
Proof. It is easy to see, by the semigroup method [18], that the problem (3.6)
(3.8) is well-posed in the energy space V H
1
0
0; p. In order to prove (3.9) we
put
u
0
x
kb1
a
k
sinkx; u
1
x
kb1
b
k
sinkx; 3:10
with k
2
a
k
; kb
k
A l
2
R. A simple calculation shows that
jx; t
kb1
a
k
cos
k
2
1 k
2
p t
_ _
b
k
1 k
2
p
k
2
sin
k
2
1 k
2
p t
_ _
_ _
sinkx; 3:11
which implies that, for all T > 0, we have
_
T
0
qj
qt
x; t
q
2
j
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt aC
kb1
k
2
a
2
k
k
4
1 k
2
b
2
k
_ _
aC
kb1
k
2
a
2
k
k
2
b
2
k
;
where C > 0 is a constant, depending only on T. This clearly yields (3.9). 9
It can be easily checked that c is a nite energy solution of (3.1)(3.3) if and
only
q
2
c
qt
2
R
q
4
c
qx
4
_ _
v
1
tRd
x
v
2
tR
dd
x
dx
_ _
in C0; T; H
1
0
0; p; 3:12
c0; t cp; t 0; t > 0; 3:13
cx; 0 0;
qc
qt
x; 0 0; 0 < x < p; 3:14
where the operator R is dened by (2.9). To prove (3.5), we need three technical
results. The rst one gives the boundedness of some functions which will be used
in what follows.
Lemma 3.4. Let a > 0, x A 0; p and denote C
a
fl A Cj Re l ag. Then the
functions H
i
: C
a
!C, i A f1; 2; 3; 4g, dened by
H
1
l
sinhlx
sinhlp
_
p
0
sinhlp yRd
x
y dy
_
x
0
sinhlx yRd
x
y dy;
H
2
l
sinhlx
sinhlp
_
p
0
sinhlp yR
dd
x
dy
_ _
y dy
_
x
0
sinhlx yR
dd
x
dy
_ _
y dy;
H
3
l l
coshlx
sinhlp
_
p
0
sinhlp yRd
x
y dy
l
_
x
0
coshlx yRd
x
y dy;
H
4
l l
coshlx
sinhlp
_
p
0
sinhlp yR
dd
x
dy
_ _
y dy
l
_
x
0
coshlx yR
dd
x
dy
_ _
y dy;
are bounded on C
a
.
Proof. The functions H
i
l, for i 1; 2; 3; 4, are continuous on C
a
. Then, to
prove that these functions are bounded on C
a
, it is sucient to prove that they are
bounded when l A C
a
, Im l ! y. A simple calculation shows that
Rd
x

sinhx p sinhx
sinhp
; x A 0; x;
sinhx sinhx p
sinhp
; x A x; p;
_
_
R
dd
x
dx
_ _
coshx p sinhx
sinhp
; x A 0; x;
coshx sinhx p
sinhp
; x A x; p:
_
_
3:15
It follows that
H
1
l
sinhlx sinhx p
sinhlp sinhp
_
x
0
sinhlp y sinhy dy
sinhlx sinhx
sinhlp sinhp
_
p
x
sinhlp y sinhy p dy
sinhx p
sinhp
_
x
0
sinhlx y sinhy dy;
H
2
l
sinhlx coshx p
sinhlp sinhp
_
x
0
sinhlp y sinhy dy
sinhlx coshx
sinhlp sinhp
_
p
x
sinhlp y sinhy p dy
coshx p
sinhp
_
x
0
sinhlx y sinhy dy:
Moreover, by using the monotonicity of the functions sinh, cosh combined with
the fact that, for any z A C, we have jsinhzj ajcoshRe zj, we deduce that
sup
l A C
a
jH
1
lj a
coshax sinhp x sinhx
sinhp sinhap
fx coshap p x coshap x x sinhapg
and
sup
l A C
a
jH
2
lj ax
coshax coshp x sinhx
sinhp sinhap
fsinhap sinhapg
p x
coshap x sinhp x coshax coshx
sinhp sinhap
:
Thus H
1
and H
2
are bounded on C
a
. In order to show that H
3
and H
4
are also
bounded on C
a
we notice that the denition of H
3
and H
4
, combined with (3.15),
gives
H
3
l l
coshlx sinhx p
sinhlp sinhp
_
x
0
sinhlp y sinhy dy
l
coshlx sinhx
sinhlp sinhp
_
p
x
sinhlp y sinhy p dy
l
sinhx p
sinhp
_
x
0
coshlx y sinhy dy
and
H
4
l l
coshlx coshx p
sinhlp sinhp
_
x
0
sinhlp y sinhy dy
l
coshlx coshx
sinhlp sinhp
_
p
x
sinhlp y sinhy p dy
l
coshx p
sinhp
_
x
0
coshlx y sinhy dy:
Thus, by integration by parts, we obtain
H
3
l
coshlx sinhx p
sinhlp sinhp
_
x
0
coshlp y coshy dy
coshlx sinhx
sinhlp sinhp
_
p
x
coshlp y coshy p dy
sinhx p
sinhp
_
x
0
sinhlx y coshy dy
and
H
4
l
coshlx coshx p
sinhlp sinhp
_
x
0
coshlp y coshy dy
coshlx coshx
coshlp coshp
_
p
x
coshlp y coshy p dy
coshx p
sinhp
_
x
0
sinhlx y coshy dy
coshlx coshlp x
sinhlp
:
Then
sup
l A C
a
jH
3
lj ax
coshax coshx p
sinhap sinhp
coshap coshx
p x
coshax coshx
sinhap sinhp
coshap x coshx p
x
coshx p
sinhp
coshax coshx
and
sup
l A C
a
jH
4
lj ax
coshax coshx p
sinhap sinhp
coshap coshx
p x
coshax coshx
sinhap coshp
coshap x coshx p
x
coshx p
sinhp
coshax coshx
coshax coshap x
sinhap
: 9
The following result gives a regularity property for the string equation. This re-
sult, combined with the fact that the operator Rq
4
=qx
4
is similar (in a sense
which will be made precise later) to the second-order derivative operator, will be
used in the proof of Proposition 3.2.
Lemma 3.5. Suppose that v
1
; v
2
A L
2
0; T and that c
2
A C0; T; V X
C
1
0; T; L
2
0; p satises the conditions
q
2
c
2
qt
2

q
2
c
2
qx
2
v
1
tRd
x
v
2
tR
dd
x
dx
_ _
; 0 < x < p; t > 0; 3:16
c
2
0; t c
2
p; t 0; t > 0; 3:17
c
2
x; 0 0;
qc
2
qt
x; 0 0; 0 < x < p; 3:18
where the operator R is dened in (2.9). Then qc
2
=qxx; A H
1
0; T and there
exists C > 0, depending only on T, such that
kc
2
x; k
2
H
1
0; T

qc
2
qx
x;
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
H
1
0; T
aCkv
1
k
2
L
2
0; T
kv
2
k
2
L
2
0; T
: 3:19
Proof. As (3.16) is time reversible, after extending v
1
; v
2
by zero for t A Rn0; T,
we can solve (3.16)(3.18), for t A R. In this way, it follows that c
2
can be extended
to a function, denoted also by c
2
, such that
c
2
A C
B
R; V XC
1
B
R; H
1
0
0; p;
c
2
t 0; Et a0;
_
3:20
and c
2
satises (3.16)(3.17) for all t A R (above we denoted by C
k
B
R; X the
space of C
k
functions from R into X, which are bounded on R, together with
their derivatives up to the order k). Let

c
2
c
2
l, where l g ih, g > 0 and h A R,
be the Laplace (with respect to t) transform of c
2
. Since c
2
satises (3.20), in
order to prove (3.19) it suces to prove that the functions t ! e
gt
c
2
x; t and
e
gt
qc
2
=qxx; t belong to H
1
R and that there exist two constants M
1
; M
2
> 0
such that
ke
g:
c
2
x; k
2
H
1
y; y
aM
1
kv
1
k
2
L
2
y; y
kv
2
k
2
L
2
y; y
and
e
g:
qc
2
qx
x;
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
H
1
y; y
aM
2
kv
1
k
2
L
2
y; y
kv
2
k
2
L
2
y; y
:
Since the function t ! e
gt
qc
2
=qxx; t is in L
2
R, by the Parseval identity (see
for instance p. 212 of [11]), it suces to prove that the functions
h ! g ih
^
cc
2
x; g ih; g ih
q
^
cc
2
qx
x; g ih
belong to L
2
R, for some g > 0, and that there exist two constants M
3
; M
4
> 0
such that
_
y
y
jg ih
^
cc
2
x; g ihj
2
dh aM
3
_
y
y
j^ vv
1
g ihj
2
j^ vv
2
g ihj
2
dh 3:21
and
_
y
y
jg ih
q
^
cc
2
qx
x; g ihj
2
dh aM
4
_
y
y
j^ vv
1
g ihj
2
j^ vv
2
g ihj
2
dh:
3:22
It can be easily checked that, for all x A 0; p, the function

c
2
c
2
satises
l
2
c
2
c
2
x; l
q
2
^
cc
2
qx
2
x; l ^ vv
1
lRd
x
x ^ vv
2
lR
dd
x
dx
_ _
x; Re l > 0;
3:23
^
cc
2
0; l
^
cc
2
p; l 0; Re l > 0: 3:24
Then
^
cc
2
x; l
sinhlx
l sinhlp
_
p
0
sinhlp y ^ vv
1
lRd
x
^ vv
2
lR
dd
x
dx
_ _ _ _
dy
1
l
_
x
0
sinhlx y ^ vv
1
lRd
x
^ vv
2
lR
dd
x
dx
_ _ _ _
dy;
x A 0; p; Re l > 0; 3:25
where Rd
x
and Rdd
x
=dx are given by (3.15).
The relations above imply that, for every l A C, Re l > 0, we have
l
c
2
c
2
x; l H
1
l^ vv
1
l H
2
l^ vv
2
l; ERe l > 0; 3:26
and
l
q
c
2
c
2
qx
x; l H
3
l^ vv
1
l H
4
l^ vv
2
l; ERe l > 0; 3:27
where H
1
; H
2
; H
3
; H
4
are the functions introduced in Lemma 3.4. By applying
Lemma 3.4 we obtain the existence of M
3
; M
4
> 0 such that (3.21) and (3.22)
hold. 9
Remark 3.6. The inequality
kc
2
x; k
2
H
1
0; T
aCkv
1
k
2
L
2
0; T
kv
2
k
2
L
2
0; T
can also be obtained by semigroup techniques combined with a trace theorem.

The next result will be used in order to reduce the proof of Proposition 3.2 to a
regularity property for a string equation.
Lemma 3.7. Let R be the operator dened in (2.9). Then the linear operator
L R
q
4
qx
4
_ _
q
2
qx
2
is bounded from V onto V, i.e. we have that L A LV.
Proof. Let u A V. Equivalently u can be written as
ux
nb1
a
n
sinnx;
with
nb1
n
4
a
2
n
< y. Then
Lu
d
2
u
dx
2
R
d
4
u
dx
4
_ _
nb1
n
2
n
2
1
a
n
sinnx;
which clearly implies that Lu A V and that kLuk
V
akuk
V
, which yields the con-
clusion of the lemma. 9
Proof of Proposition 3.2. Denote
DA
0

u
v
_ _
A H
3
0; p XH
1
0
0; p V;
d
2
u
dx
2
0
d
2
u
dx
2
p 0
_ _
: 3:28
The corresponding operator A
0
is dened by
A
0
u
v
_ _
v
R
d
4
u
dx
4
_ _
_
_
_
_
; E
u
v
_ _
A DA
0
;
where R is dened by (2.9).
We use the method of transposition. Let DA
0
be the space dened in (3.28)
and denote by DA
0
the dual space of DA

0
with respect to the pivot space
V H
1
0
0; p. It is well known that A
0
can be extended to a skew-adjoint opera-
tor (denoted also by A
0
),
A
0
: V H
1
0
0; p ! DA
0
;
such that A
0
generates a group of isometries on DA
0
, denoted by St.
We dene the operator
B: R
2
! DA
0
; B
k
1
k
2
_ _
0
k
1
Rd
x
k
2
R
dd
x
dx
_ _
_
_
_
_
; E
k
1
k
2
_ _
A R
2
:
Then the problem (3.1)(3.3) can be written as a Cauchy problem in DA
0
:
q
qt
ct
qc
qt
t
_
_
_
_
A
0
ct
qc
qt
t
_
_
_
_
B
v
1
t
v
2
t
_ _
; Et > 0; 3:29
c0
qc
qt
0 0: 3:30
After a simple calculation we get that the operator B
: DA
0
!R
2
is given by
B
u
v
_ _
vx
dv
dx
x
_
_
_
_
; E
u
v
_ _
A DA
0
:
The relation above and that fact that A
0
is skew-adjoint imply that
B
t
u
0
u
1
_ _
qj
qt
x; t
q
2
j
qx qt
x; t
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
; E
u
0
u
1
_ _
A DA
0
; 3:31
with j satisfying (3.6)(3.8). From (3.9) and (3.31) we deduce that there exists a
constant C > 0 (depending only on T) such that
_
T
0
B
t
u
0
u
1
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
R
2
dt aCku
0
; u
1
k
2
VH
1
0
0; p
; E
u
0
u
1
_ _
A DA
0
: 3:32
According to Theorem 3.1 on p. 173 in [5], inequality (3.32) implies that (3.29)
and (3.30) admit a unique nite energy solution. Moreover, this solution depends
continuously on v
1
; v
2
, i.e. there exsits a constant C > 0 (depending only on T)
such that
c
qc
qt
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
C0; T; VH
1
0
0; p
akv
1
k
L
2
0; T
kv
2
k
L
2
0; T
: 3:33
We have thus proved the conclusion (3.4).
We prove now the trace regularity property (3.5). According to the expression
of R, we have
R
q
4
qx
4
_ _

q
2
qx
2
L;
where L A LV (see Lemma 3.7). We notice that c can be written as
c c
1
c
2
; 3:34
where c
2
satises (3.16)(3.18) and c
1
is the solution of
q
2
c
1
qt
2

q
2
c
1
qx
2
Lc; 0 < x < p; t > 0; 3:35
c
1
0; t c
1
p; t 0; t > 0; 3:36
c
1
x; 0 0;
qc
1
qt
x; 0 0; 0 < x < p: 3:37
Since Lc A C0; T; V, then by the classical theory for evolution equations of hy-
perbolic type [13], we obtain that c
1
A C0; T; H
3
0; p XC
1
0; T; H
2
0; p and
that there exists a constant C C
T
> 0 such that
c
1
qc
1
qt
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
C0; T; H
3
0; pH
2
0; p
aC
T
kck
C0; T; V
:
This inequality, combined with (3.33) and the standard trace theorem, implies
that
kc
1
x; k
2
H
1
0; T

qc
1
qx
x;
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
H
1
0; T
aCkv
1
k
2
L
2
0; T
kv
2
k
2
L
2
0; T
;
for some constant C depending only on T. The last inequality, combined with
(3.19) and (3.34), implies the conclusion (3.5). 9
4. Observability Inequalities
The observability inequality concerning the solutions of (3.6)(3.8) is given in the
next proposition.
Proposition 4.1. Let T > 0 be xed. Then the following assertions hold:
1. There exists a constant C
x
> 0 such that all nite energy solutions j of (3.6)
(3.8) satisfy
_
T
0
qj
qt
x; t
q
2
j
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt bC
x
ku
0
k
2
H
2
0; p
ku
1
k
2
H
1
0; p
4:1
if and only if x=p is a rational number with coprime factorization
x
p

p
q
; where q is odd:
2. There exists a constant C > 0 (independent of x) such that all nite energy
solutions j of (3.6)(3.8) satisfy
_
T
0
qj
qt
x; t
q
2
j
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt bCku
0
k
2
H
1
0; p
ku
1
k
2
L
2
0; p
:
Proof. First step. From (3.11) and the BallSlemrod generalization of Inghams
inequality (see [4]), we obtain that, for all T > 2p, there exists a constant C
T
such
that
_
T
0
qj
qt
x; t
q
2
j
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt
bC
T
kb1
a
2
k
k
4
1 k
2
b
2
k
_ _
k
2
cos
2
kx sin
2
kx; 4:2
where a
k
and b
k
have beeen dened by (3.10). If x satises (2.12), then, by
Lemma 3.4 in [20], there exists a constant k
x
> 0 such that
jcoskxj bk
x
; Ek b1: 4:3
Inequalities (4.2) and (4.3) imply that
_
T
0
qj
qt
x; t
q
2
j
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt bC
kb1
k
4
a
2
k
k
2
b
2
k
;
for some constant C > 0. It follows that (4.1) holds for all x satisfying (2.12).
On the other hand if x does not satisfy (2.12), then we can again apply Lemma
3.4 from [20] to get the existence of a sequence p
m
HN
, lim
m!y
p
m
y such
that
lim
m!y
cosp
m
x 0: 4:4
If we denote by j
m
the solution of (3.6)(3.7) with initial data
j
m
x; 0 sinp
m
x;
qj
m
qt
x; 0 0; Ex A 0; p;
a simple calculation using (4.4) implies that
lim
m!y
_
T
0
fjqj
m
=qtx; tj
2
jq
2
j
m
=qxqtx; tj
2
g dt
kj
m
0k
2
H
2
0; p
kqj
m
=qt0k
2
H
1
0; p
0:
So, (4.1) is false for any x not satisfying (2.12).
Second step. In order to prove assertion 2 of Proposition 4.1 it is sucient to
notice that
_
T
0
qj
qt
x; t
q
2
j
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt
bC
T
kb1
a
2
k
k
4
1 k
2
b
2
k
_ _
k
2
cos
2
kx sin
2
kx
bC
T
kb1
a
2
k
k
4
1 k
2
b
2
k
_ _
bC
T
kb1
a
2
k
k
2
b
2
k
: 9
5. Proof of Proposition 2.3 and Theorem 2.5
Proof of Proposition 2.3. As we already mentioned in Section 2, the existence
and uniqueness of nite energy solutions of (1.1)(1.3) was already proved in the
literature (see, for instance, [22]).
In order to prove the estimate (2.3) and the trace regularity property (2.5), it
suces to remark that they hold for regular solutions i.e.
u
qu=qt
_ _
A C0; T; DA)
and to use the density of DA in V H
1
0
0; p.
Finally, since the embedding of DA in V H
1
0
0; p is obviously compact, by
LaSalles invariance principle (see, for instance, [10]) the strong stability estimate
at the end of Proposition 2.3 holds if the relations
q
2
v
qt
2

q
4
v
qx
2
qt
2

q
4
v
qx
4
0; 0 < x < p; t > 0;
v0; t vp; t
q
2
v
qx
2
0; t
q
2
v
qx
2
p; t 0; t > 0;
qv
qt
x; t
q
2
v
qt qx
x; t 0; t > 0;
imply that v 10.
In order to prove this unique continuation result, we put
vx; 0
kb1
a
k
sinkx;
qv
qt
x; 0
kb1
b
k
sinkx; 5:1
with k
2
a
k
; kb
k
A l
2
R. We have
qv
qt
x; t
kb1
a
k
k
2
1 k
2
p sin
k
2
1 k
2
p t
_ _
b
k
cos
k
2
1 k
2
p t
_ _ _ _
sinkx 5:2
and
q
2
v
qt qx
x; t
kb1
ka
k
k
2
1 k
2
p sin
k
2
1 k
2
p t
_ _
kb
k
cos
k
2
1 k
2
p t
_ _ _ _
coskx;
5:3
which implies, according to the BallSlemrod generalization of Inghams inequal-
ity, that for T > 2p,
_
T
0
qv
qt
x; t
q
2
v
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt bC
kb1
a
2
k
k
4
1 k
2
b
2
k
_ _
k
2
cos
2
kx sin
2
kx
bC
kb1
a
2
k
k
4
1 k
2
b
2
k
_ _
: 5:4
Hence, vx; 0 0 and qv=qtx; 0 0 for all x A 0; p which implies that v 10:
Thus we proved the strong stability result. 9
Let u A C0; T; V XC
1
0; T; H
1
0
0; p be the solution of (1.1)(1.3). Then u
can be written as
u u
1
u
2
; 5:5
where u
1
is the solution of (3.6)(3.8) and u
2
satises
q
2
u
2
qt
2

q
4
u
2
qx
2
qt
2

q
4
u
2
qx
4

qu
qt
x; td
x

q
2
u
qt qx
x; t
dd
x
dx
0 in 0; p 0; T;
5:6
u
2
0; t u
2
p; t
q
2
u
2
qx
2
0; t
q
2
u
2
qx
2
p; t 0; t A 0; T; 5:7
u
2
x; 0
qu
2
qt
x; 0 0; x A 0; p: 5:8
We note by Proposition 2.3 that q
2
u=qxqtx; A L
2
0; T, so (5.6) makes sense.
The main ingredient of the proof of Theorem 2.5 is the following result.
Lemma 5.1. Suppose that u
0
; u
1
A V H
1
0
0; p. Then the solutions u of
(1.1)(1.3) and the solution u
1
of (3.6)(3.8) satisfy
C
1
_
T
0
qu
1
qt
x; t
q
2
u
1
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt
a
_
T
0
qu
qt
x; t
q
2
u
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt
a4
_
T
0
qu
1
qt
x; t
q
2
u
1
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt; 5:9
where C
1
> 0 is a constant independent of
u
0
u
1
_ _
.
Proof. First, we note by (3.9) that q
2
u
1
=qtqxx; A L
2
0; T. Relation (5.5)
implies that
_
T
0
qu
1
qt
x; t
q
2
u
1
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt a2
_
_
T
0
qu
qt
x; t
q
2
u
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt
_
T
0
qu
2
qt
x; t
q
2
u
2
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt
_
:
The estimate above combined with inequality (3.5) in Proposition 3.2 implies the
existence of a constant C
1
> 0, independent of
u
0
u
1
_ _
, such that
C
1
_
T
0
qu
1
qt
x; t
q
2
u
1
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt a
_
T
0
qu
qt
x; t
q
2
u
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt:
5:10
On the other hand, (5.6) can be rewritten as
q
2
u
2
qt
2

q
4
u
2
qx
2
qt
2

q
4
u
2
qx
4

qu
2
qt
x; td
x

q
2
u
2
qt qx
x; t
dd
x
dx

qu
1
qt
x; td
x

q
2
u
1
qt qx
x; t
dd
x
dx
in 0; p 0; T: 5:11
If we formally take the duality product (with respect to the pivot space L
2
0; p)
of both sides of (5.11) by qu
2
=qt (this can be done rigorously by considering a
regularizing sequence) and then we integrate from 0 to T we obtain that
1
2
qu
2
qt
; T
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
L
2
0; p
1
2
q
2
u
2
qx qt
; T
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
L
2
0; p
1
2
q
2
u
2
qx
2
; T
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
L
2
0; p
_
T
0
qu
2
qt
x; t
q
2
u
2
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt

_
T
0
qu
1
qt
x; t
qu
2
qt
x; t dt
_
T
0
q
2
u
1
qt qx
x; t
q
2
u
2
qt qx
x; t dt:
The last relation implies that
_
T
0
qu
2
qt
x; t
q
2
u
2
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt
a
_
T
0
qu
1
qt
x; t
qu
2
qt
x; t dt
_
T
0
q
2
u
1
qt qx
x; t
q
2
u
2
qt qx
x; t dt;
which obviously yields
_
T
0
qu
2
qt
x; t
q
2
u
2
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt a
_
T
0
qu
1
qt
x; t
q
2
u
1
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt:
Combining (5.5) with the inequality above, we obtain
_
T
0
qu
qt
x; t
q
2
u
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt a4
_
T
0
qu
1
qt
x; t
q
2
u
1
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt:
5:12
Therefore, inequality (5.9) follows from (5.10) and (5.12). 9
We are now ready to prove the main results.
Proof of Theorem 2.5. 1. Proof of the rst assertion. The energy Eut of a -
nite energy solution of (1.1)(1.3) decays exponentially if and only if there exists
T > 0 and C > 0 (depending on T) such that
Eu0 EuT bCEu0; E
u
0
u
1
_ _
A V H
1
0
0; p: 5:13
By using (2.3), the relation above can be rewritten
_
T
0
qu
qt
x; t
q
2
u
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt bCEu0; E
u
0
u
1
_ _
A V H
1
0
0; p:
By considering again the decomposition u u
1
u
2
, introduced in (5.5) and by
using Lemma 5.1, the above inequality is equivalent to
_
T
0
qu
1
qt
x; t
q
2
u
1
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt bCEu0; E
u
0
u
1
_ _
A V H
1
0
0; p:
By Proposition 4.1 the inequality above holds if and only if x=p is a rational
number with coprime factorization
x
p

p
q
;
where q is odd. Thus we have proved the rst assertion of Theorem 2.5.
2. Proof of the second assertion. By Proposition 4.1 and Lemma 5.1, the
solution u of (1.1)(1.3) satises the inequality
_
T
0
qu
qt
x; t
q
2
u
qt qx
x; t
2
_ _
dt bK
1
u
0
u
1
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
H
1
0; pL
2
0; p
;
E
u
0
u
1
_ _
A V H
1
0
0; p;
for some constant K
1
> 0. By using (2.3) we see that the left-hand side of the last
inequality is equal to Eu0 EuT, so we obtain that there exists a constant
K
1
such that, for all
u
0
u
1
_ _
A V H
1
0
0; p we have
uT
u
0
T
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
VH
1
0
0; p
a
u
0
u
1
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
VH
1
0; p
K
1
u
0
u
1
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
H
1
0; pL
2
0; p
; 5:14
where we denote by
0
the derivative with respect to time.
By using a simple interpolation inequality (see p. 49 of [16]), the fact that,
according to (2.3), the function
t !
ut
u
0
t
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
VH
1
0
0; p
is nonincreasing and by relation (5.14) we obtain the existence of a constant K
2
> 0
such that
uT
u
0
T
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
VH
1
0
0; p
a
u
0
u
1
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
VH
1
0
0; p
K
2
uT
u
0
T
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
4
VH
1
0
0; p
u
0
u
1
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
Y
; 5:15
where Y is given by (2.7).
We follow now the method used in [21]. The estimate (5.15) remains valid in
successive intervals kT; k 1T, so we have
uk 1T
u
0
k 1T
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
VH
1
0
0; p
a
ukT
u
0
kT
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
VH
1
0
0; p
K
2
uk 1T
u
0
k 1T
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
4
VH
1
0
0; p
ukT
u
0
kT
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
Y
:
Since A generates a semigroup of contractions in DA and the graph norm on
DA is equivalent to k k
Y
, the relation above implies the existence of a constant
K
3
> 0 such that
uk 1T
u
0
k 1T
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
VH
1
0
0; p
a
ukT
u
0
kT
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
VH
1
0
0; p
K
3
uk 1T
u
0
k 1T
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
4
VH
1
0
0; p
u
0
u
1
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
Y
; E
u
0
u
1
_ _
A DA:
5:16
If we adopt now the notation
E
k

ukT
u
0
kT
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
VH
1
0
0; p
u
0
u
1
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
Y
; 5:17
relation (5.16) gives
E
k1
aE
k
K
3
E
2
k1
; Ek b0: 5:18
By applying Lemma 1.2 from [21] and using relation (5.18) we obtain the
existence of a constant M > 0 such that
ukT
u
0
kT
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
VH
1
0
0; p
a
M
u
0
u
1
_ _ _
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2
Y
k 1
; Ek b0;
which leads to (2.13). 9
6. Proof of Proposition 2.4 and Theorem 2.6
Proof of Proposition 2.4. Dene
H V L
2
0; p
equipped with the inner product
y
1
v
1
_ _
;
y
2
v
2
_ _ _ _
H
_
p
0
px
d
2
y
1
dx
2
d
2
y
2
dx
2
rxv
1
v
2
_ _
dx: 6:1
Furthermore, we dene an operator Ain Hby
DA
y
v
_ _
A H
y; v A V; px
d
2
y
dx
2
A H
2
0; x XH
2
x; p
d
2
y
dx
2
0
d
2
y
dx
2
p 0;
d
dx
p
d
2
y
dx
2
_ _ _ _
x
vx
p
d
2
y
dx
2
_ _ _ _
x
dv
dx
x
_
_
_
;
6:2
Ay; v v;
1
rx
d
2
dx
2
px
d
2
y
dx
2
_ _
vxd
x

dv
dx
x
dd
x
dx
_ _
; 6:3
where the derivatives with respect to x are calculated in D
0
0; p.
The existence and uniqueness of nite energy solutions of (1.4)(1.6) can be
obtained by standard semigroup methods.
In order to prove the estimate (2.4), it suces to note that it holds for solutions
u
qu
qt
_ _
A C0; T; DA
and to use the density of DA in V L
2
0; p. 9
Lemma 6.1. The spectrum of Acontains no point on the imaginary axis.
Proof. Since Ahas compact resolvent, its spectrum sA only consists of eigen-
values of A. We will show that the equation
Az ibz 6:4
with z
y
v
_ _
A DA and b 00 has only the trivial solution.
By taking the inner product of (6.4) with z A Hand using
RehAz; zi
H
jvxj
2
dv
dx
x
2
; 6:5
we obtain that vx dv=dxx 0. Next, we eliminate v in (6.4) to get a fourth-
order ordinary dierential equation with variable coecients:
d
2
dx
2
px
d
2
y
dx
2
_ _
b
2
rxy 0;
y0 yp
d
2
y
dx
2
0
d
2
y
dx
2
p 0;
yx
dy
dx
x 0:
_
_
6:6
By Lemma 2.3 in [15] the above system only has a trivial solution. 9
Proof of Theorem 2.6. By a classical result (see [12] and [19]) it suces to show
that Asatises the following two conditions:
rA Ifib j b A Rg 1iR 6:7
and
limsup
jbj!y
kib A
1
k < y; 6:8
where rA denotes the resolvent set of the operator A.
By Lemma 6.1 the condition (6.7) is satised. Suppose that the condition (6.8)
is false. By the BanachSteinhaus theorem (see [6]), there exist a sequence of real
numbers b
n
! y and a sequence of vectors z
n

y
n
v
n
_ _
A DA with kz
n
k
H
1
such that
kib
n
I Az
n
k
H
! 0 as n ! y; 6:9
i.e.
ib
n
y
n
v
n
1 f
n
! 0 in V; 6:10
ib
n
rxv
n

d
2
dx
2
px
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
1g
n
! 0 in L
2
0; p: 6:11
Our goal is to derive from (6.9) that kz
n
k
H
converges to zero, thus, a contradiction.
The proof is divided into four steps:
First step. We notice that from (6.5) we have
kib
n
I Az
n
k
H
bjRehib
n
I Az
n
; z
n
i
H
j jv
n
xj
2
dv
n
dx
x
2
: 6:12
Then, by (6.9),
jv
n
xj ! 0;
dv
n
dx
x
! 0: 6:13
This further leads to
jb
n
y
n
xj ! 0; b
n
dy
n
dx
x
! 0; 6:14
due to (6.10) and the trace theorem.
Second step. We now express v
n
as a function of y
n
from (6.10) and substitute it
into (6.11) to get
b
2
n
ry
n

d
2
dx
2
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
g
n
ib
n
f
n
: 6:15
Next, we take the inner product of (6.15) with qxdy
n
=dx in L
2
0; x where
qx A C
2
0; x and q0 0. We obtain that
_
x
0
b
2
n
ry
n

d
2
dx
2
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _ _ _
qx
dy
n
dx
dx
_
x
0
g
n
ib
n
f
n
qx
dy
n
dx
dx
_
x
0
g
n
qx
dy
n
dx
dx
_
x
0
q
df
n
dx
b
n
y
n
dx
_
x
0
f
n
dq
dx
b
n
y
n
dx f
n
xqxb
n
y
n
x: 6:16
It is clear that the right-hand side of (6.16) converges to zero since f
n
; g
n
converge
to zero in H
2
and L
2
, respectively.
By a straightforward calculation,
Re
_
x
0
b
2
n
ry
n
q
dy
n
dx
dx
_ _

1
2
rxqxjb
n
y
n
xj
2
1
2
_
x
0
d
dx
rqjb
n
y
n
j
2
dx 6:17
and
Re
_
x
0
d
2
dx
2
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
q
dy
n
dx
dx
_ _
Re q
d
dx
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
x
p
dq
dx
d
2
y
n
dx
2
x
_ _
dy
n
dx
x
_ _
1
2
pxqx
d
2
y
n
dx
2
x
_
x
0
1
2
3p
dq
dx

dp
dx
q
_ _
d
2
y
n
dx
2
2
Re p
d
2
q
dx
2
d
2
y
n
dx
2
dy
n
dx
_ _
_ _
dx:
Notice from (6.11) that d
2
=dx
2
pd
2
y
n
=dx
2
=b
n
is bounded in L
2
0; x
which further implies the boundedness of jd=dxpd
2
y
n
=dx
2
x
j=b
n
and
j pd
2
y
n
=dx
2
x
j=b
n
. Since
_
x
0
dy
n
dx
2
dx
1
ib
n
_
x
0
v
n
d
2
y
n
dx
2
dx
1
ib
n
_
x
0
ib
n
y
n
v
n
d
2
y
n
dx
2
dx
b
n
dy
n
dx
x
_ _
1
b
n
y
n
x
_ _
;
then, from the boundedness of v
n
, ib
n
y
n
v
n
, d
2
y
n
=dx
2
, in L
2
0; x and (6.14), we
have dy
n
=dx converges to zero in L
2
0; x. With these facts and the boundary con-
ditions of y
n
and (6.14) at hand, we simplify (6.16), then take its real parts. This
leads to
_
x
0
r
dq
dx

dr
dx
q
_ _
jb
n
y
n
j
2
dx
_
x
0
3p
dq
dx

dp
dx
q
_ _
d
2
y
n
dx
2
2
dx
pxqx
d
2
y
n
dx
2
x
2
! 0: 6:18
Similarly, we take the inner product of (6.15) with q
1
xdy
n
=dx in L
2
x; p with
q
1
A C
2
x; p and q
1
p 0, then repeat the above procedure. This will give us
_
p
x
r
dq
1
dx

dr
dx
q
1
_ _
jb
n
y
n
j
2
dx
_
p
x
3p
dq
1
dx

dp
dx
q
1
_ _
d
2
y
n
dx
2
2
dx
pxq
1
x
d
2
y
n
dx
2
x
2
! 0: 6:19
Third step. Next, we show that both of jd
2
y
n
=dx
2
x
j and jd
2
y
n
=dx
2
x
j
converge to zero. To proceed, we take the inner product of (6.15) with
1=j
n
e
j
n
hx
in L
2
0; x, where j
n

jb
n
j
_
, and
hx
_
x
x
rs
ps
_ _
1=4
ds:
This leads to
_
x
0
j
3
n
y
n
re
j
n
h
dx
_
x
0
d
2
dx
2
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
1
j
n
e
j
n
h
dx ! 0: 6:20
Performing integration by parts four times to the second term on the left-hand side
of (6.20), we obtain
_
x
0
d
2
dx
2
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
1
j
n
e
j
n
h
dx
1
j
n
d
dx
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
dh
dx
j
n
dy
n
dx
p
dh
dx
_ _
2
jb
n
j y
n
p
dh
dx
_ _
3
_ _
e
j
n
h
j
x
0
_
x
0
p
d
2
h
dx
2
d
2
y
n
dx
2

d
dx
p
dh
dx
_ _
2
_ _
j
n
dy
n
dx

d
dx
p
dh
dx
_ _
3
_ _
b
n
y
n
e
j
n
h
_ _
dx
_
x
0
j
3
n
h
0
4
y
n
pe
j
n
h
dx: 6:21
Since e
j
n
h
converges to zero in L
2
0; x, the rst integral term on the right-hand
side of (6.21) will also converge to zero. We then substitute (6.21) into (6.20) to
cancel the other inner product term. Among the remaining boundary terms, those
at x 0 all converge to zero due to the exponential decay term e
j
n
h0
and the
boundedness of d
2
=dx
2
pd
2
y
n
=dx
2
=b
n
in L
2
0; x; those containing y
n
x,
dy
n
=dxx also converge to zero due to (6.14). Thus, we simplify (6.20) to
1
j
n
d
dx
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
x
px
rx
px
_ _
1=4
d
2
y
n
dx
2
x
! 0: 6:22
Similarly, we take the inner product of (6.15) with 1=j
n
e
j
n
h
1
x
in L
2
x; p where
h
1
x
_
x
x
rs
ps
_ _
1=4
ds:
Repeating the above analysis yields
1
j
n
d
dx
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
x
px
rx
px
_ _
1=4
d
2
y
n
dx
2
x
! 0: 6:23
Recall that
d
dx
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
x

d
dx
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
x
v
n
x
converges to zero. Then the dierence of (6.22) and (6.23) leads to
d
2
y
n
dx
2
x

d
2
y
n
dx
2
x
! 0: 6:24
Also recall that
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
x
p
d
2
y
n
dx
2
_ _
x

dv
n
dx
x
converges to zero. Therefore, we have proved
d
2
y
n
dx
2
x
! 0;
d
2
y
n
dx
2
x
! 0: 6:25
In view of (6.25), we simplify (6.18) and (6.19) to
_
x
0
r
dq
dx

dr
dx
q
_ _
jb
n
y
n
j
2
dx
_
x
0
3p
dq
dx

dp
dx
q
_ _
d
2
y
n
dx
2
2
dx ! 0 6:26
and
_
p
x
r
dq
1
dx

dr
dx
q
1
_ _
jb
n
y
n
j
2
dx
_
p
x
3p
dq
1
dx

dp
dx
q
1
_ _
d
2
y
n
dx
2
2
dx ! 0: 6:27
Fourth step. Finally, we choose qx and q
1
x so that rdq=dx dr=dxq
and 3pdq=dx dp=dxq are strictly positive, and rdq
1
=dx dr=dxq
1
and
3pdq
1
=dx dp=dxq
1
are strictly negative. This can be done by taking
qx e
ax
1; q
1
x e
bpx
1; 6:28
with
a max
kdr=dxk
y
r
0
;
kdp=dxk
y
3p
0
_ _
; b min
kdr=dxk
y
r
0
;
kdp=dxk
y
3p
0
_ _
:
Therefore, (6.26) and (6.27) imply
kb
n
y
n
k
L
2
0; p
! 0; ky
n
k
V
! 0: 6:29
In view of (6.10), we also get
kv
n
k
L
2
0; p
! 0; 6:30
which clearly contradicts (6.9). 9
Remark 6.2. A dierent method, working only in the case rx px 1, was
proposed in [1]. This method, combining ideas from [20] and [3], uses the permu-
tation of one of the inputs with the corresponding output of the system.
References
[1] K. Ammari, Asymptotic behavior of coupled EulerBernoulli beams with pointwise dissipation,
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Rayleigh Beam Decay Rates

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Math. Control Signals Systems (2002) 15: 229255

the dual space of H

. Thus, (1.1) (respectively (1.4))

is the dual space of V with

can also be obtained by semigroup techniques combined with a trace theorem.

the dual space of DA

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