Crime Prevention

Through
Environmental Design
{CPTED)

Security Handbook


























0akland Polioe Uepartment
Neighborhood 3ervioes Uivision
250 lrank 0gawa Plaza, 3uite 6303
0akland, CA 94612
510 238- 6200
Mulholland Security /Gates Los Angeles
12602 Ventura Blvd.
Studio City, CA 91604
1-888-562-5638




Table of Contents

CITLD: Whal can il do foi you` .......................................................................................... 1
Why does il voik`.................................................................................................................. 2
Hov does il voik` ................................................................................................................. 3
NaluiaI SuiveiIIance........................................................................................................... 3
TeiiiloiiaI Reinfoicenenl .................................................................................................. 3
Access ConlioI..................................................................................................................... 3
Mainlenance......................................................................................................................... 4
Hov do I do il` ....................................................................................................................... 5
Whal an I liying lo acconpIish in lhis space` ............................................................... 5
Using lhe suiveys ................................................................................................................... 6
ResidenliaI Suivey.............................................................................................................. 7
ConneiciaI Suivey ............................................................................................................ 9
CITLD Slialegy Refeience.................................................................................................. 11
NaluiaI SuiveiIIance......................................................................................................... 11
TeiiiloiiaI Reinfoicenenl ................................................................................................ 11
Access ConlioI................................................................................................................... 12
Mainlenance....................................................................................................................... 12
Lighling.................................................................................................................................. 13
CoaIs of Iighling................................................................................................................ 13
Types of ouldooi Iighling................................................................................................ 13
CoIoi iendeiing................................................................................................................. 14
Iuiposes of secuiily Iighling........................................................................................... 15
Iiopei use of vaiious Iighls............................................................................................. 15
Lighling leininoIogy ....................................................................................................... 15
Lighl and Ianp conpaiison ............................................................................................ 15




CPTED Security Handbook 1
CPTED: What can it do for you?
IhysicaI enviionnenl giealIy infIuences ciine, feai of ciine, and quaIily of Iife. The
ieIalionship lelveen physicaI enviionnenl and ciine has lecone noie evidenl in
iecenl decades as peopIe nake incieasing use of Iocks, lais on vindovs, caneias,
and aIain syslens. AIlhough lhese looIs can have a Iegilinale ioIe lo pIay in ciine
pievenlion, lhey aie nol lhe conpIele ansvei. Ioi a ciine pievenlion slialegy lo le
effeclive, il nusl le conpiehensive.
The soIulion is an appioach caIIed , oi Ciine Iievenlion Thiough
LnviionnenlaI Design. As defined ly lhe NalionaI Ciine Iievenlion Inslilule,
CITLD is:

.a crime prevention philosophy
based on the theory that the proper
design and effective use of the built
environment can lead to a
reduction in the fear of crime as
well as an improvement in the
quality of life.

CITLD voiks ly decieasing a ciininaIs aliIily lo connil ciine and incieasing
lhe chances lhal lhe ciine viII le seen ly Iegilinale cilizens. CITLD goes leyond
liadilionaI secuiily nelhods ly naluiaIIy inlegialing secuiily neasuies inlo lhe
connunily. The goaI of ALL CITLD appIicalions is lo:

Increase the Quality of Life
Decrease Fear of Crime
Decrease Crime

y foIIoving lhe slialegies piesenled in lhis handlook, honeovneis, apailnenl
iesidenls, and lusiness ovneis can achieve each of lhese goaIs. On pages 2-5, you
viII find addilionaI infoinalion aloul hov CITLD voiks. On pages 6-1O, lheie aie
speciaI CITLD suiveys neanl specificaIIy foi singIe faniIy hone iesidenls,
apailnenl iesidenls, and lusiness nanageis oi ovneis. The pages on Iighling
desciile lhe vaiious Iighling lypes avaiIalIe and lheii efficiency.



CPTED Security Handbook 2
Why does it work?
CITLD is effeclive lecause of a concepl caIIed defensilIe space. This concepl
suggesls aII space in lhe hunan enviionnenl is defendalIe: soneone nay lake
iesponsiliIily foi lhe space and lake aclion lo defend il fion non-Iegilinale,
ciininaI, oi uninlended use. AIleinaleIy, space can le undefended. When lheie is no
idenlifialIe peison vho is iesponsilIe foi lhe space, il is Iefl exposed lo ciininaI use.
Ciine is noie IikeIy lo happen al a Iocalion if il is nol defended, and ciine is Iess
IikeIy lo occui if an aiea is defended. The peison defending an aiea nay le lhe
ovnei of lhe piopeily, lul lhey nay aIso le a lenanl, a piopeily nanagei, oi an
enpIoyee.
In oidei lo defend a Iocalion, il nusl le cIeaiIy idenlified and deIinealed, il nusl
le nodified lo pievenl access of unaulhoiized peisons, and il nusl piovide good
visiliIily foi vilnesses in lhe evenl of a ciine. The puipose of CITLD is lo aIIov
lhese lhings lo le acconpIished in vays lhal do nol inleifeie vilh non-ciininaI
aclivilies. Does lhis sound difficuIl` SuipiisingIy, il is nol. Defending a Iocalion nay
le as sinpIe as luiIding a snaII fence, inslaIIing an addiess naikei, oi culling lack
veeds.
CITLD voiks lecause ciininaIs avoid doing ciine in lhe piesence of Iegilinale
cilizens. Iiopeily lhal has leen piopeiIy defended suggesls lo a ciininaI lhal a
Iegilinale cilizen nay le neai lo vilness lhe ciine and caII lhe poIice. Iiopeily lhal
is nol defended leIIs lhe ciininaI lhal no one is valching
and lhey aie safe lo connil lheii ciine. Like lhe lalIe al
lhe iighl shovs, undefended pIaces lhal aie safe foi
ciininaIs lo connil lheii ciines aie unsafe pIaces foi
Iegilinale cilizens... AIleinaleIy, pIaces lhal aie
defended and safe foi Iegilinale cilizens cause lhe
ciininaI lo feai deleclion and aiiesl foi lheii ciines. The
CITLD goaI is lo nake eveiy Iocalion unsafe foi ciininaI aclivily vhiIe aIso naking
lhe sane Iocalions safe and inviling foi Iegilinale cilizens.
Unsafe Safe
Citizen

Criminal
Criminal

Citizen




CPTED Security Handbook 3
How does it work?
CITLD is appIied in lhe connunily lhiough one of foui oveiIapping slialegies.
Lach slialegy enpIoys a sIighlIy diffeienl nelhod of sending a cIeai nessage lo
ciininaIs lhal a iesponsilIe peison is neaily and lheii aclivily is nol veIcone. This
seclion of lhis handlook viII leII you aloul each of lhe slialegies, and you viII Ieain
hov lo legin appIying lhen in lhe nexl seclion.
Natural Surveillance
NaluiaI SuiveiIIance is lhe pIacenenl of physicaI fealuies,
aclivilies, and peopIe in vays lhal naxinize lhe aliIily lo see
vhal is occuiiing in a given space. This is oflen lhoughl of as lhe
onIy slialegy of CITLD, lul il is onIy a quailei of successfuI
CITLD effoil. An exanpIe of naluiaI suiveiIIance is a paiking
gaiage luiIl vilh Iaige panoianic vindovs facing a najoi slieel.
This aIIovs pedesliians and noloiisls lo see inlo lhe paiking aiea
and delecl ciininaI aclivily. This slialegy voiks lecause ciininaIs
viII nol connil ciines in aieas vheie lhey feeI exposed lo
olseiveis. In lhe evenl a ciine does occui, lheie is a giealei chance lhal il viII le
vilnessed and iepoiled lo poIice.
Territorial Reinforcement
TeiiiloiiaI Reinfoicenenl is lhe use of luiIdings, fences, signs,
pavenenl, oi olhei oljecls lo expiess ovneiship oi lo cIeaiIy
deIineale lhe liansilion fion pulIic space lo piivale space. Ioi
exanpIe, a snaII decoialive iion fence can le pIaced aiound a
fionl yaid. The fence sepaiales lhe pulIic ioadvay and sidevaIk
fion lhe fionl yaid and nakes a cIeai slalenenl lhal non-
Iegilinale useis aie nol veIcone in lhe yaid. This slialegy voiks
lecause il suggesls lheie is soneone piesenl vho has
iesponsiliIily foi lhe space and nay olseive ciininaI aclivily.
Access Control
Access ConlioI is lhe physicaI guidance of peopIe coning and going fion a
space ly lhe pIacenenl of enliances, exils, fencing, Iandscaping, Iocks, and
olhei laiiieis. Ioi exanpIe, vaIkvay loIIaids nay le pIaced neai lhe
enliance of a paik lo pievenl vehicIe enliy lul aIIov pedesliian enliy. This
slialegy voiks lecause il cieales a laiiiei againsl inpiopei vehicIe
novenenl inlo lhe paik. In lhe evenl vehicIes do enlei lhe paik, lhe
piesence of lhe loIIaids nakes lhe inappiopiiale lehavioi cIeai lo cilizens
passing ly and lhey can nolify poIice.
A conponenl of Access ConlioI is caIIed Taigel Haidening. This iefeis lo:
DeadloIl Iocks
Windov Iocks
SIiding gIass dooi Iocks
AIains



CPTED Security Handbook +
Maintenance
The upkeep of an aiea denonsliales lhal soneone caies and is valching. Ioi
exanpIe, a lusiness nay le ieguIaiIy painled lo nainlain a cIean appeaiance. This
slialegy voiks lecause of vhal is knovn as lhe ioken Windovs Theoiy. This
lheoiy suggesls lhal a negIecled space viII eIicil nisliealnenl ly peopIe, vhiIe a
nainlained space viII eIicil piopei liealnenl. This
slialegy diieclIy inpacls lhe feai of ciine in a
connunily due lo iesidenls peiceplions of
iesponsiliIily and caiing in neighloihoods.



CPTED Security Handbook 5
How do I do it?
Any peison vanling lo piolecl lheii piopeily vilh lhe use of CITLD nusl fiisl ask
lhenseIves a queslion:
What am I trying to accomplish in this space?
OnIy aflei lhe liue puipose of a space is iecognized can CITLD le piopeiIy appIied.
The ieason foi lhis is lhal nany lines, a space is consliucled lo seive one puipose
lul is used foi anolhei. If CITLD slialegies aie used lo affecl lhe inlended puipose,
lhe slialegies nay have IillIe oi no effecl on lhe liue use of lhe piopeily.
Ioi exanpIe, a iesidenl nay have piolIens vilh peopIe slanding oi silling in his
fionl yaid vhiIe vailing al a neaily lus slop. The iesidenl allenpls lo keep lhese
peopIe off his piopeily ly luiIding a liick vaII, lul lhe vaII onIy
seives lo cieale a lench foi lhe peopIe lo sil on vhiIe lhey vail
foi lhe nexl lus! The iesidenl nusl ask hinseIf vhal he liuIy
vanls lo do vilh lhe piopeily. If he chooses lo have a
piivale fionl yaid vilhoul lhe disliaclion of lus
passengeis, lhen lhe iesidenl needs lo considei ienoving
lhe vaII and iepIacing il vilh a shoil pickel fence oi shoil
lushes, lhings lhal nay nol easiIy le used lo sil upon.



CPTED Security Handbook 6
Using the surveys
In oidei lo heIp you lesl ansvei lhe queslion Whal an I liying lo acconpIish in
lhis space`and piopeiIy appIy lhe CITLD slialegies lo youi piopeily, lhe CITLD
suiveys in lhis look aie sepaialed inlo iesidenliaI suiveys and lusiness suiveys. To
use lhen, seIecl lhe one lhal is nosl appiopiiale foi you and go lo voik! Lach
suivey asks you queslions aloul lhe piopeily, and lhen diiecls you lo anolhei
poilion of lhis lookIel foi lhe appIicalIe slialegy.
WhiIe you aie conpIeling lhese suiveys, pIease ienenlei lhal lhe CITLD
suggeslions aie nade foi lhe puipose of ieducing lhe IikeIihood of ciininaI aclivily
on youi piopeily. WhiIe no guaianlee can le slaled oi inpIied, lhe concepls of
CITLD have pioven lhenseIves inleinalionaIIy. The OakIand IoIice Depailnenl
offeis lhis suivey as a pulIic seivice, vilh lhe undeislanding lhal
lheie is no vay lo piedicl oi pievenl aII ciine iisks. The
puipose of lhis suivey is lo ieduce lhe foinaliIily of ciine ly
naking a good failh effoil lo piovide a safe enviionnenl.
Diiecl queslions aloul lhis suivey oi youi suivey iesuIls lo
lhe OakIand IoIice Depailnenl, Neighloihood Seivices
Division al 51O 238- 62OO oi 51O 238-2O96.



CPTED Security Handbook 7
Residential Survey
Residenls aie lhe coie of any connunily. Theii veII-leing diieclIy inpacls lhe
heaIlh of lhe connunily and ils aliIily lo piospei. Residenls vho feeI safe fion
ciine in lheii hones and neighloihoods viII le noie viIIing lo gel invoIved in
aclivilies lhal slienglhen and piolecl lhe connunily. AIleinaleIy, iesidenls vho
donl feeI safe oflen luin lheii hones inlo foiliesses lo piolecl lhenseIves and lhey
avoid conlacl vilh lhe connunily. This can conliilule lo lhe decIine of lhe
neighloihood and cieale a iise in ciine!
AII OakIand iesidenls aie uiged lo spend appioxinaleIy an houi of lheii line lo
conpIele lhis iesidenliaI CITLD suivey. The suivey viII aIIov iesidenls lo Iocale
piolIens on lheii piopeily, idenlify possilIe slialegies foi fixing lhe piolIen, and
uIlinaleIy affecl ciine and quaIily of Iife in OakIand.


Notes:



CPTED Security Handbook 8
Using the Residential Survey
In lhe suivey leIov, you viII find each of lhe foui CITLD slialegies Iisled vilh lheii
piopei appIicalion. Suivey youi piopeily and conpaie il lo each of lhese design
eIenenls, lhen iale lhe iesuIls in lhe space piovided. A NO ansvei suggesls lhal
youi piopeily nay nol le CITLD-safe. In lhis case, considei nodifying youi
piopeily lo salisfy lhe design eIenenl, oi seek noie diieclion fion lhe CITLD
Slialegy Refeience poilion of lhis handlook.

Present?
Natural Surveillance
YES NO
All doorways that open to the outside should be well lit.
The front door should be at least partially visible from the street.
Windows on all sides of the house provide full visibility of the property
Sidewalks and all areas of the yard should be well lit.
The driveway, or where you usually park your car, should be visible from either the front or
back door and at least one window.

Landscaping should not create blind spots or hiding spots.
Front facing balcony railings, fences, or walls should never be constructed of solid material or
be higher than 36".

Window treatments on 2
nd
story, front-facing windows should be kept open and provide a view
to the front of the property.


Present?
Territorial Reinforcement
YES NO
Property lines and private areas should be defined with plantings, pavement treatments, short
walls, or fences.

The street address should be clearly visible from the street with numbers a minimum of 5" high
that are made of non-reflective material. The numbers should also be clearly lighted at night.

The property should encourage interaction between neighbors with low property-division
fences, bushes, or landscaping transitions.

The mailbox should be clearly marked with the street address. !t should also be as close as
possible to the front of the house and visible from the house.


Present?
Access Control
YES NO
Walkways and landscaping should direct visitors to the proper entrance and away from private
areas.

Door locks should be located a minimum of +0 inches from adjacent windows.
Exterior doors or interior garage doors should be hinged on the inside and should have a single
cylinder dead bolt lock with a minimum one-inch throw.

All windows should have locks.
Sliding glass doors should have a locking device or locking pin on the movable portion of the
door.

Detached storage sheds or other buildings should be equipped with lockable windows and
doors.


Present?
Maintenance
YES NO
Keep structure painted and in a condition of good repair.
Keep weeds abated. Trim bushes to 36" high and trees up 7' from the ground.
Don't store old automobiles, boats, trailers, or other vehicles in your front yard.
Keep landscaping tidy and in good repair.




CPTED Security Handbook 9
Commercial Survey
Ioi a neighloihood lo ienain heaIlhy, ils IocaI lusinesses nusl fIouiish, and foi
lusinesses lo do veII, lhey nusl le safe pIaces lo fiequenl. Ieiceplions aloul lhe
safely of lusiness aieas diieclIy inpacls lhe heaIlh of lhe connunily and ils aliIily
lo piospei. Ialions vho feeI safe fion ciine in lusiness aieas viII le noie viIIing lo
ieluin.
usiness ovneis aie uiged lo spend appioxinaleIy an houi of lheii line lo
conpIele lhis lusiness CITLD suivey. The suivey viII aIIov ovneis lo Iocale
piolIens on lheii piopeily, idenlify possilIe slialegies foi fixing lhe piolIen, and
uIlinaleIy effecl ciine and quaIily of Iife in OakIand.


Notes:



CPTED Security Handbook 10
Using the Commercial Survey
In lhe suivey leIov, you viII find each of lhe foui CITLD slialegies Iisled vilh lheii
piopei appIicalion. Suivey youi piopeily and conpaie il lo each of lhese design
eIenenls, lhen iale lhe iesuIls in lhe space piovided. A NO ansvei suggesls lhal
youi piopeily nay nol le CITLD-safe. In lhis case, considei nodifying youi
piopeily lo salisfy lhe design eIenenl, oi seek noie diieclion fion lhe CITLD
Slialegy Refeience poilion of lhis handlook.
Present?
Natural Surveillance
YES NO
Windows should face rear parking lots for increased visibility.
Window signs should cover no more than 10 of window space.
!nterior shelving and displays should be no higher than five feet for increased visibility.
Exterior and parking lots should be well lit.
Loading areas should not create hiding places.
Clear visibility should be maintained from inside the business to the street, sidewalk and
parking areas.

All entrances should be under visual surveillance by employees.
Non-working or unattended surveillance cameras should not be used.
Exterior parking lot lighting should be free-standing and not mounted to a building.

Present?
Territorial Reinforcement
YES NO
Property lines and private areas should be defined with plantings, pavement treatments, short
walls, or fences.

Businesses should be identified by wall signs for those parking in the rear.
Reception and cash register area should be positioned to screen all people entering.
Parking areas should be clearly marked and separated from pedestrian walkways.

Present?
Access Control
YES NO
Walkways and landscaping should direct visitors to the proper entrance and away from private
areas.

Cash register should be located in front of store.
No easy access to the roof.
Exterior doors should be hinged on the inside and should have a single cylinder dead bolt lock
with a minimum one-inch throw.

All windows should have locks.
Detached storage sheds or other buildings should be equipped with lockable windows and
doors.


Present?
Maintenance
YES NO
Keep structure painted and in good repair.
Keep weeds abated. Trim bushes to 36" high and trees up 7' from the ground.
Keep all lighting fixtures in good operating condition.




CPTED Security Handbook 11
CPTED Strategy Reference
Natural Surveillance
IIace Iighling in such a vay lhal il aIIovs peopIe lo le iecognized
fion 25 avay. Avoid diiecling lhe Iighling so lhal il gIaies inlo youi
eyes oi inlo lhe eyes of peisons passing ly on lhe sidevaIk oi slieel.
CIaie nay pievenl you oi passeisly fion seeing and idenlifying
visilois lo youi dooi. Tiy lo keep lhe Iighl a vhile coIoi lo aIIov visilois lo le
lellei seen.
Iiune shiuls lo no noie lhan 36 high and liees up 7 fion lhe giound. This
aIIovs you lo nainlain lhe shade piovided ly liees and lhe cuil appeaI of
shiulleiy, lul il aIso piovides a cIeai, unolsliucled viev. Il aIso pievenls
ciininaIs fion easiIy hiding on youi piopeily.
Leaving lhe vindov coveiings open on al Ieasl a fev fionl-facing vindovs
cieales lhe peiceplion vilh peopIe passing ly lhal you aie valching and viII
vilness any ciine lhal occuis lheie.
Considei ienoving fences oi vaIIs lhal olsliucl youi viev of lhe slieel. If you
canl see oul, lhen lhese aieas nay aIso piovide a ciininaI a good pIace lo hide
neai youi house, Iay in vail foi you, oi conceaI lheii effoils lo lieak inlo youi
hone oi lusiness.
In a lusiness, naxinize naluiaI suiveiIIance ly keeping vindovs cIeai of
posleis, signs and olhei olslacIes. Iionole eyes on lhe slieel concepl.
y eIevaling lhe fionl counlei/cash iegislei aiea in a sloie, lhe cIeiks viII have
giealei naluiaI suiveiIIance capaliIily lhioughoul lhe sloie.
Territorial Reinforcement
IIanl giass, fIoveis, oi olhei shiulleiy, oi inslaII shoil vaIIs, fences, oi olhei
deIinealois lo cIeaiIy shov lhe Iine lelveen youi piopeily and pulIic piopeily
such as lhe ioadvay, sidevaIk, oi olhei easenenl. This denonsliales lhal you
aie iesponsilIe foi youi piopeily, unvanled visilois aie nol veIcone lheie, and
you nay caII lhe poIice if a liespass occuis.
A cIeaiIy defined slieel addiess aIIovs poIice and fiie seivices lo find you easiIy
in an eneigency. Il aIso sends a nessage lo peopIe on lhe slieel lhal you aie
laking iesponsiliIily foi lhe piopeily and have naiked il as youi ovn.
IailicuIaiIy in lhe fionl yaid aiea, nainlaining youi Iandscaping lo piovide
good access and visiliIily vilh youi neighlois cieales lhe inage of a cIose-knil
connunily. Il suggesls neighlois viII piolecl each olhei if lhiealened ly a
ciininaI. This can le done ly ienoving laII fences oi lushes and iepIacing lhen
vilh a Iov piopeily Iine fence in lhe fionl yaid, a sliip of Iandscape edging, a
pIanling of fIoveis, oi even a palh lhal connecls lhe piopeilies.
Addiess nunleis on youi naiIlox nol onIy assisl lhe naiI caiiiei, lhey shov
lhal you aie iesponsilIe foi lhe lox and lhe naiI conlained inside. Youi naiIlox
shouId aIso le as cIose lo youi hone as possilIe in oidei lo ieinfoice il as leing
youi piopeily and youi iesponsiliIily. Hovevei, do nol nove youi naiIlox
fion ils cuiienl posilion vilhoul fiisl consuIling vilh lhe IocaI poslnaslei.



CPTED Security Handbook 12
In offices, Iocale lhe ieceplion aiea so lhal peopIe have lo pass lhiough lhal aiea
lo gain access lo olhei aieas of lhe luiIding.
Iiopei signage on lusiness piopeily heIps send a cIeai nessage. LxanpIes such
as Iiivale Iiopeily~No Tiespassing, Houis of Usage, Residenls OnIy, and No
VehicIe Tiaffic leII a peison lhal soneone is nanaging lhe piopeily.
Access Control
Make ceilain lhe palh lo youi fionl dooi is cIeaiIy idenlifialIe. Il nusl Ieave no
queslion aloul lhe piopei vay lo appioach youi hone. This aIIovs polenliaI
ciininaIs vho donl appioach piopeiIy lo le noie easiIy noliced.
Make suie aII exleiioi doois aie soIid-coie and aie secuied ly al Ieasl one
deadloIl vilh a nininun 1 lhiov. This heIps lo keep lhe dooi fion leing
piied oi kicked open. This is especiaIIy inpoilanl vilh inleiioi gaiage doois oi
olhei doois vheie lhe ciininaI is hidden fion viev.
Keeping lhe dooi Iocks al Ieasl 4O fion vindovs pievenls ciininaIs fion
lieaking lhe vindov, ieaching lhiough lhe hoIe, and unIocking lhe dooi lo gel
inside you hone.
AII vindovs and sIiding doois in youi hone shouId have Iocks lo keep lhen
fion leing pushed open fion lhe oulside.
In sloies, enliances foi lhe pulIic shouId le Iiniled and visilIe lo enpIoyees.
They shouId aIso le veII naiked and have appiopiiale Iighling.
DiieclionaI signage, ioadvay oi paiking Iol naikings and use of olhei devices
give guidance lo peopIe using lhe Iocalion. These devices aIIov enpIoyees al lhe
piopeily lo olseive lhose peopIe vho aie nol oleying lhe iuIes, vhich nighl
pievenl ciininaI aclivily.
Maintenance
Keeping youi hone oi lusiness painled, cIean, and iepaiied sends lhe nessage
lhal you aie laking iesponsiliIily foi youi piopeily and viII caII lhe poIice in lhe
evenl of suspicious oi ciininaI aclivily.
The sloiage of vehicIes in youi fionl yaid foi Iong peiiods of line cieales seveiaI
piolIens. Il piesenls a laigel foi polenliaI cai lhieves oi vehicIe luigIais. Il
cieales pIaces foi liespasseis oi ciininaIs lo hide. Il nay aIso cieale lhe inage
lhal lhe vehicIes aie alandoned and uncaied-foi, and no iesponsilIe peison is
piesenl lo caII poIice.
Keeping ouldooi Iighling in good voiking condilion aIIovs foi lellei naluiaI
suiveiIIance and heIps pievenl ciininaI aclivily on youi piopeily.




CPTED Security Handbook 13
Lighting
Lighling ly ilseIf does nol pievenl ciine. Lighling piovides lhe oppoilunily foi
choice, lhe choice lo vaIk foivaid lecause you can see cIeaiIy lhal lhe palh is cIeai
and fiee of dangei. If lhe usei can see a polenliaI dangei (a peison hiding, a gioup of
nislehaving kids al lhe coinei), lhey nay choose lo vaIk a diffeienl vay.
Hovevei, Iighling can iIIuninale a laigel foi a ciininaI as easiIy as il aIIovs a
Iegilinale usei lo see a polenliaI lhieal oi ciininaI. Ioi lhis ieason, Iighling nusl le
appIied piopeiIy. UnIess you have naluiaI suiveiIIance of an aiea, Iighling nay nol
aIvays pievenl ciine. In facl, good Iighling vilhoul suiveiIIance nay acluaIIy
encouiage ciininaI aclivily.
Lighling is a poveifuI looI lhal nanagenenl and iesidenls can use lo conlioI and
ieduce lhe feai and oppoilunily of ciine.

Goals of lighting
Security lighting should be
Lneigy efficienl (used consislenlIy)
Non-lanpeialIe (use speciaI scievs)
ieak-iesislanl Iens (IoIycailonale-Lexan)
Building lighting should
IIIuninale luiIding nunleis
IIIuninale luiIding accesses
IIIuninale fionl and lack aieas
IIIuninale poich Iighls undei conlioI of luiIding, nol apailnenl usei.
IIIuninale lhe coineis as veII as vaIIs.

Grounds lighting should
Iiovide a cone of Iighl dovnvaid lo vaIkvays, piefeialIy fion lhe side.
Iiovide a IeveI of Iighling lelveen luiIdings lo dislinguish foins and
novenenl.
Common types of outdoor lighting fixtures
Lneigy-efficienl Iighling fixluies heIp you cul youi eIecliic liII. AddilionaIIy, nosl
pioducls aie easy lo inslaII lecause nany nodeIs cone pie-viied and pie-
assenlIed. Lach slyIe cones vilh a Ianp and you can aIso choose lo add a pholoceII
on sone designs.



CPTED Security Handbook 1+




High Pressure Sodium
HeinelicaIIy seaIed, lhis high-piessuie sodiun Ianp offeis 24,OOO
houis of dependalIe Iife. uiIl foi ouldooi uses, il alsoils vind and
vilialion, is insuIaled againsl high voIlage puIses and has nininaI
fieezing oi iusling in lhe sockel. CIeai oi coaled. (Ioi use in high
piessuie sodiun fixluies onIy.)



Dusk-To-Dawn High-Pressure Sodium
15O vall
YeIIov Iighl


High-Pressure Sodium Flood
15O vall
YeIIov Iighl


High-Pressure Sodium Wall Light
7O vall
YeIIov Iighl


Quartz Light Metal Halide
5OO vall
iiIIianl vhile Iighl


Incandescent Bulbs
Supiene incandescenl luIls aie ialed lo Iasl 5OOO houis conpaied
lo 75O houis foi ieguIai luIls. CooIei luin vilh 85 Iongei Ianp
Iife. Wilhslands voIlage fIuclualions, and ils liass lase offeis
ieduced sockel fieezing. Iiosled oi cIeai avaiIalIe. 4O, 6O, 1OO vall
vaiielies.
While Iighl


Incandescent Flood Light
One-piece vealheipioof consliuclion vilh a liass lase lo ieduce
sockel fieezing. CooIei luin.
While Iighl


Fluorescent Tubes
Casl cooI, liighl, econonicaI Iighl indoois.
Pictured: Circular, one of the many fluorescent tubes available.
While Iighl

Color rendering
Anolhei key peifoinance chaiacleiislic, cc|cr rcndcring, is lhe aliIily of a Iighl souice
lo iepiesenl coIois in oljecls. This is inpoilanl foi naluiaI suiveiIIance



CPTED Security Handbook 15
consideialions, lecause diffeienl lypes of Iighling cause coIois lo appeai diffeienlIy
al nighl. Ioi exanpIe, a ciininaI veaiing a vhile svealei and giay svealpanls
undei a high-piessuie sodiun Iighl vouId Iook Iike he vas veaiing a lan svealsuil.
CoIoi iendeiing and lhe pIanned Iocalion foi secuiily Iighling nusl aIvays le
consideied lefoie lhe finaI inslaIIalion of a Iighl fixluie.
Purposes of security lighting
Reduce ciines
Reduce liespasseis
Reduce conceaInenl
Incieases secuiily
Incieases confidence
Inciease leiiiloiiaIily
Inciease suiveiIIance
Proper use of various lights
MelaI HaIide: Reciealion aieas, paiking Iols
High Iiessuie Sodiun: Iaiking Iols, connon aieas
IIuoiescenl: Coveied paiking, poich Iighls, vaIk palhs
Incandescenl: Ioich Iighls, inside unils
Lov Iiessuie Sodiun: Dunpsleis, nainlenance shops
Lighting terminology
Iool CandIe: LquaIs Iighl fion one candIe al one fool avay
Lux: Luiopean scaIe foi fool candIe
Lunen: Quanlily of Iighl fion souice
Wall: Anounl of eneigy consuned
Life: Nunlei of houis luIl viII Iasl
Light and lamp comparison
WhiIe nany Ianps viII offei vaiying degiees of efficiency and effecliveness, lhis is a
geneiaI guide lo discuss advanlages and disadvanlages vilh ceilain Ianps. Conlacl
a piofessionaI Iighling consuIlanl if you have any queslions.

Type DescriptionJUse
Incandescenl Lov iniliaI cosl
High opeialing cosl
Lov efficiency
Shoil luIl Iife
Cood coIoi iendeiing
IIuoiescenl Modeiale iniliaI cosl
Modeiale opeialing cosl
Modeiale efficiency
Modeiale luIl Iife
Iooi lo good coIoi iendeiing (depends on
phosphoious in lule)
High !ntensity Dischaige
(MelaI HaIide & High
Pressure Sodium)
High iniliaI cosl
Lov opeialing cosl
High efficiency



CPTED Security Handbook 16
Long luIl Iife
Cood lo exceIIenl coIoi iendeiing
MelaI HaIide: LxceIIenl
High Iiessuie Sodiun: Cood
Lov Iiessuie Sodiun Mosl efficienl of aII lypes
Iooiesl coIoi iendeiing of aII lypes








CPTED Security Handbook 17