08 Carbon Compounds

BA
C HA
ER T P
Sebatian Karbon
ISTILAH Pengantioksida Antioxidants Sebatian karbon Carbon compounds Tindakan pencucian Cleansing action Penggumpalan Coagulation Kebolehbakaran Combustibility Penyulingan Distillation Pengekstrakan Extraction Penapaian Fermentation Hidrokarbon Hydrocarbon Sebatian tak organik Inorganic compounds Keterlarutcampuran Miscibility Sebatian organik Organic compounds Lemak tepu Saturated fats Kelarutan Solubility Lemak tak tepu Unsaturated fats
Carbon Compounds
WORD Antioxidants Pengantioksida Carbon compounds Sebatian karbon Cleansing action Tindakan pencucian Coagulation Penggumpalan Combustibility Kebolehbakaran Distillation Penyulingan Extraction Pengekstrakan Fermentation Penapaian Hydrocarbon Hidrokarbon Inorganic compounds Sebatian tak organik Miscibility Keterlarutcampuran Organic compounds Sebatian organik Saturated fats Lemak tepu Solubility Kelarutan Unsaturated fats Lemak tak tepu
Konsep
PENTING!
The
BIG Picture!
UP!
CHAPTER
BAB
Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas SPM

Tahun 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Kertas 1 S3133 S2830, S47 S2932 S3438 S3638 S4 S4 S7 Kertas 2 Bhg. A Bhg. B S2 S8 Bhg. C S1 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
SPM Past-year Questions

Paper 1 Q3133 Q2830, Q47 Q2932 Q3438 Q3638 Q4 Q4 Q7 Paper 2 Sec. A Sec. B Q2 Q8 Sec. C Q1
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Objektif Pembelajaran
Learning Objective
4.1 Menganalisis pelbagai sebatian karbon
4.1 Analysing various carbon compounds
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
4.1
PUSTAKA
PENYELIDIKAN
Sebatian karbon dan hidrokarbon
Konstruktivisme
4.1
RESEARCH
LIBRARY
Carbon and hydrocarbon compounds
Constructivism
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
2007 Bhg. B, S7(a) & 7(c)
2007 Sec. B, Q7(a) & 7(c)
Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang sebatian karbon dan hidrokarbon. etanol karbon dioksida organik tak organik kanji karbon hidrogen petroleum karbon dan sebatian dan gas asli kalsium karbonat . Terdapat dua jenis tak organik . etanol , manakala karbon dioksida tak organik . Sebatian bukan
Fill in the blanks with the suitable words on carbon and hydrocarbon compounds. ethanol carbon dioxide organic inorganic starch carbon hydrogen petroleum natural gas calcium carbonate
Sebatian karbon ialah sebatian yang mengandungi unsur organik sebatian karbon, iaitu sebatian Contoh sebatian organik ialah kanji kalsium karbonat
contoh sebatian tak organik ialah dan organik berasal daripada benda hidup. Sebatian berasal daripada benda hidup. Sebatian hidrokarbon ialah hidrogen dan petroleum hidrokarbon ialah sebatian karbon , yang gas asli
carbon Carbon compounds are compounds that contain element. There are two types of organic inorganic carbon compounds i.e. compound and compound. Example starch ethanol of organic compound is and , whereas example of inorganic compound is calcium carbonate living things. and Inorganic carbon dioxide . Organic compounds originate from
compounds do not originate from living things.
mengandungi
unsur
sahaja. Sumber asli sebatian , dan arang batu.

CHAPTER
Hydrocarbon compounds are compounds that contain only hydrogen carbon and elements. Natural sources of petroleum natural gas hydrocarbon compounds are , and coal.
BAB
4
4.2 Menganalisis alkohol dan kesannya terhadap kesihatan
Learning Objective
4.2 Analysing alcohol and its effects on health
4.2
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS PROSEDUR
INKUIRI
Proses penghasilan etanol

2007 Bhg. B, S7(b)
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.2
INQUIRY
Process of producing ethanol

2007 Sec. B, Q7(b)
Inquiry-discovery
2008 Bhg. A, S4(c) & 4(d)
2008 Sec. A, Q4(c) & 4(d)
Menghasilkan etanol melalui proses penapaian Larutan glukosa, yis, air kapur Kelalang kon 250 ml, tabung uji, penyumbat bersama salur penghantar, bikar, spatula
AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE
To produce ethanol through the fermentation process Glucose solution, yeast, lime water 250 ml conical flask, test tube, stopper with delivery tube, beaker, spatula
kelalang kon
salur penghantar
MindROBICS
larutan glukosa + yis
bikar
air kapur
Alkohol: Sebatian kimia yang terdiri daripada unsur karbon, hidrogen, dan oksigen yang terdapat di dalam minuman keras. Etanol: Sejenis alkohol yang digunakan untuk membuat minuman keras.
conical flask
delivery tube beaker
glucose solution + yeast
lime water
Alcohol: A chemical compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen elements. Normally found in hard liquor. Ethanol: A type of alcohol used to make hard liquor.
MindROBICS
4.1 HP Menyatakan maksud sebatian karbon Menyatakan maksud sebatian organik dan tak organik Memberikan contoh sebatian organik dan tak organik
58
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Aktiviti Makmal 4.1, hlm. 92
4.1 LO State what carbon compounds are State what organic and inorganic compounds are Give examples of organic and inorganic compounds
58
Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Laboratory Activity 4.1, p. 92
4.1
4.1 Activity
RESEARCH
LIBRARY
Analysing various carbon compounds
6 State three elements contained in an organic carbon compound other than carbon element. (Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen/sulphur) 7 Give two examples of inorganic compounds. (Carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate) 8 State the type of carbon compound that produces carbon dioxide when burning in the air. (Organic compound) 9 Name the compound that only contains hydrogen and carbon elements. (Hydrocarbon compound) 10 Give three examples of hydrocarbon compounds. (Petroleum, natural gas and coal)
1 Name the compound that contains carbon elements. (Carbon compound) 2 State two types of carbon compounds. (Organic compounds and inorganic compounds) 3 Name the carbon compound that originates from living things. (Organic compound) 4 Give two examples of organic compounds. (Carbohydrate and protein/fat) 5 State one organic compound that can be used as fuel. (Petroleum/natural gas/coal/weed)
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Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
Sediakan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah. Masukkan 100 cm3 larutan glukosa ke dalam kelalang kon. Tambahkan dua spatula yis ke dalam larutan glukosa. Pasangkan penyumbat bersama salur penghantar pada mulut kelalang kon. Hujung salur penghantar yang satu lagi dimasukkan ke dalam air kapur. 5 Biarkan susunan radas pada suhu bilik selama satu hingga dua hari. 6 Catatkan pemerhatian anda tentang keadaan larutan dalam kelalang kon dan air kapur. 7 Simpan hasil penapaian untuk kegunaan bagi Eksperimen 4.3. 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Prepare the apparatus as shown in the diagram. Add 100 cm3 of glucose solution into the conical flask. Add two spatula of yeast into the glucose solution. Install a delivery tube to the stopper at the mouth of the conical flask. The other end of the delivery tube is inserted into the lime water. 5 Leave the set-up at room temperature for one to two days. 6 Record your observation on the condition of solution in the conical flask and the lime water. 7 Keep the product of fermentation for use in Experiment 4.3. 1 The apparatus as shown in the diagram was prepared. 2 100 cm3 of glucose solution was added into the conical flask. 3 Two spatula of yeast were added into the glucose solution. 4 A stopper with a delivery tube was installed at the mouth of the conical flask. The other end of the delivery tube was then submerged in the lime water. 5 The set-up was left at room temperature for one to two days. 6 Observations on the condition of the solution in the conical flask and lime water were recorded. 7 The product of fermentation was kept for use in Experiment 4.3.
CHAPTER
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
CARA KERJA
1 Radas yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah tersebut disediakan. 2 100 cm3 larutan glukosa dimasukkan ke dalam kelalang kon. 3 Dua spatula yis ditambahkan ke dalam larutan glukosa. 4 Penyumbat bersama salur penghantar dipasangkan pada mulut kelalang kon. Hujung salur penghantar yang satu lagi dimasukkan ke dalam air kapur. 5 Susunan radas dibiarkan pada suhu bilik selama satu hingga dua hari. 6 Pemerhatian tentang keadaan larutan dalam kelalang kon dan air kapur dicatat. 7 Hasil penapaian disimpan untuk kegunaan bagi Eksperimen 4.3.
STEPS
BAB
PEMERHATIAN
Eksperimen
OBSERVATION
Observation Experiment Solution in the conical flask Lime water
Pemerhatian Larutan dalam kelalang kon Air kapur
Awal eksperimen
Larutan berbau
tidak berwarna dan tidak Jernih
Beginning of the experiment
Colourless and odourless
solution
Clear
Akhir eksperimen
Larutan alkohol
keruh
dan berbau
Keruh
End of the experiment
Cloudy alcoholic
solution with an smell
Cloudy
ANALISIS
1 Apakah proses yang berlaku di dalam kelalang kon? Penapaian 2 Bagaimanakah yis bertindak ke atas larutan glukosa? Enzim zimase menguraikan dalam yis
ANALYSIS
1 What process occurs inside the conical flask? Fermentation 2 How does yeast act on the glucose solution? Zymase enzymes in the yeast 3 What gas causes the changes in the lime water? Carbon dioxide 4 What type of alcohol is produced? Ethanol
MindROBICS
MindROBICS
glukosa
decompose
glucose
3 Apakah gas yang menyebabkan perubahan yang berlaku ke atas air kapur? Karbon dioksida 4 Apakah jenis alkohol yang terhasil? Etanol
4.2 HP Menyatakan unsur dalam alkohol Memberi contoh alkohol Menghuraikan proses pembentukan alkohol
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4.2 LO State the elements found in alcohol Give examples of alcohol Describe the process of producing alcohol
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4.2
4.2 Experiment
INQUIRY
Analysing alcohol and its effects on health
4.3 Experiment
INQUIRY
5 Name processes X and Y below. Glucose X Ethanol Y Pure ethanol
1 State the process that produces alcohol. (Fermentation) 2 State the substance that is added into the carbohydrate in the process of fermentation. (Yeast) 3 Write a word equation to represent the fermentation process on glucose. (Glucose : ethanol + carbon dioxide) 4 Name the enzyme in yeast that reacts on carbohydrate during the fermentation. (Zymase)
4.4 Experiment
INQUIRY
(X: Fermentation; Y: Distillation) 6 Give two properties of alcohol. (Soluble in water and is a colourless liquid/Low boiling point/ Burns to produce soot-free blue ame) 7 Give one property of ester. (Has a fragrant smell/Does not dissolve in water)
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Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
5 Daripada jawapan anda di 3 dan 4, lengkapkan persamaan kimia dalam perkataan untuk mewakili tindak balas kimia yang berlaku di dalam kelalang kon. yis karbon dioksida etanol Glukosa + 6 Cadangkan dua bahan lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan larutan glukosa dalam eksperimen ini. Jus nanas dan jus tebu (atau sebarang karbohidrat yang lain) 7 Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi penapaian. karbon dioksida Penapaian adalah satu proses pembebasan
kepada suatu
KBSB
Mensintesis
5 From your answer in 3 and 4, complete the chemical equation in words to represent the chemical reaction that occurred in the conical flask. yeast ethanol + carbon dioxide Glucose 6 Suggest two other substances that can be used to replace glucose in this experiment. Pineapple juice and sugarcane juice (or any other carbohydrate) 7 State the operational definition of fermentation. carbon dioxide Fermentation is a process of releasing
TSTS
Synthesising
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
TSTS
Generating ideas
KBSB
Menjana idea
when yeast is added to a
apabila yis ditambah

KBSB
Menjana idea
karbohidrat
carbohydrate
.
TSTS
Generating ideas
8 Cadangkan cara untuk mengasingkan campuran bahan dalam kelalang kon bagi memperoleh alkohol tulen. penyulingan Melalui proses
8 Suggest a way to separate the contents of the conical flask to obtain pure alcohol. distillation Through process .
KESIMPULAN APLIKASI IDEA
Etanol dapat disediakan melalui tindakan Etanol membuat ubat
yis
ke atas
larutan glukosa
CONCLUSION APPLICATION oF IDEA
Ethanol can be prepared through the action of Ethanol

produce
yeast
on
glucose solution
yang dihasilkan melalui proses penapaian boleh digunakan untuk perisa tiruan dan .
CHAPTER
medicine
produced through the distillation process can be used to artificial flavouring and .
REFLEKSI
REFLECTION
Fermentation is carried out at room temperature because room temperature is the optimum growth temperature for the and reproduction
of yeast (fungi).
Beer normally contains approximately 3% of alcohol.
BAB
Proses penapaian sesuai dijalankan pada suhu bilik kerana suhu bilik adalah suhu optimum bagi pertumbuhan dan pembiakan yis (kulat).
Bir biasanya mengandungi kira-kira 3% alkohol.
4.3
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS
INKUIRI
Penghasilan etanol tulen melalui proses penyulingan Inkuiri-penemuan

1995 Bhg. B, S4
4.3
INQUIRY
AIM
Production of pure ethanol through the distillation process
Inquiry-discovery
Menghasilkan etanol tulen melalui proses penyulingan Hasil penapaian (campuran air dan etanol), air pili, serpihan porselin
To produce pure ethanol through the distillation process
1995 Sec. B, Q4
MATERIALS APPARATUS
Fermentation product (mixture of water and ethanol), tap water, porcelain pieces Distillation flask, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, thermometer, Liebig condenser, 100 ml beaker, rubber hose, retort stand
thermometer water outlet Liebig condenser
Kelalang penyulingan, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen, termometer, kondenser Liebig, bikar 100 ml, salur getah, kaki retort
termometer air keluar kondenser Liebig turus penyulingan
Jangan hidu sebarang bahan kimia di dalam makmal kecuali diarahkan oleh guru.
distillation column
Dont smell any chemical in the laboratory unless instructed by your teacher.
MindROBICS
MindROBICS
kukus air hasil turasan penapaian serpihan porselin
air masuk
water bath filtered fermentation product porcelain pieces heat

4.3 LO Describe the process of producing alcohol
water inlet
xxxxxxxxxxxx
etanol (hasil sulingan)
xxxxxxxxxxxx
ethanol (distilled product)
panaskan
4.3 HP Menghuraikan proses pembentukan alkohol
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11 State one use of ester. (To make perfume)
4.5 Activity
RESEARCH
ICT
8 Write a word equation to represent the process of esterication. (Alcohol + organic acid : ester + water) 9 State the catalyst used in esterication. (Concentrated sulphuric acid) 10 State two uses of alcohol. (As fuel and to make medicine/cosmetics/solvent)
12 State one effect of alcohol on stomach. (Causes gastritis) 13 State the effect of alcohol on the liver. (Damages the liver cells)
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PROSEDUR
1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti dalam rajah. 2 Masukkan hasil penapaian daripada eksperimen yang sebelumnya ke dalam kelalang penyulingan. 3 Panaskan hasil penapaian dan kutipkan cecair jernih yang terkeluar daripada kondenser Liebig. 4 Catat suhu pada termometer ketika cecair jernih tersuling keluar. 5 Perhatikan warna hasil penyulingan dan hidu baunya. 6 Catat pemerhatian anda tentang ciri-ciri hasil sulingan. 1 Susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah disediakan. 2 Hasil penapaian daripada eksperimen yang sebelumnya dimasukkan ke dalam kelalang penyulingan. 3 Hasil penapaian dipanaskan dan cecair jernih yang terkeluar daripada kondenser Liebig dikumpul. 4 Suhu pada termometer dicatat ketika cecair jernih tersuling keluar. 5 Warna hasil penyulingan diperhatikan dan baunya dihidu. 6 Pemerhatian tentang ciri-ciri hasil sulingan dicatatkan.
PROCEDURE
1 Prepare the apparatus as shown in the diagram. 2 Add the fermentation product from the previous experiment into the distillation flask. 3 Heat up the fermentation product and collect the clear liquid that comes out from the Liebig condenser. 4 Record the temperature as the clear liquid is distilled out. 5 Observe the colour and odour of the distilled product. 6 Record your observation on the characteristics of the distilled product. 1 The apparatus was prepared as shown in the diagram. 2 The fermentation product from the previous experiment was added into the distillation flask. 3 The fermentation product was heated and a clear liquid that comes out from the Liebig condenser was collected. 4 The temperature was recorded when the clear liquid was distilled out. 5 The colour and odour of the distilled product were recorded. 6 Observation on the characteristics of the distilled product was recorded.
CARA KERJA
STEPS
CHAPTER
BAB
PEMERHATIAN
1 Cecair jernih tersuling keluar pada julat suhu tidak berwarna 2 Hasil penyulingan adalah
7882 C dan berbau alkohol
. .
OBSERVATION
1 Clear liquid is distilled out at the temperature range of colourless 2 The distilled product is and smells like 1 What is the name of the process used in this experiment? Distillation 2 What is the function of the porcelain pieces? air bubbles To break in the mixture. 3 What is the role of the Liebig condenser? cool condense To and
7882 C alcohol
. .
ANALISIS
1 Apakah nama proses yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini? Penyulingan 2 Apakah fungsi serpihan porselin? Untuk memecahkan dalam cecair campuran. 3 Apakah peranan kondenser Liebig? menyejukkan Untuk dan kepada cecair. 4 Mengapakah air memasuki kondenser Liebig dari bahagian bawah tetapi bukan di sebaliknya? diisi penuh (a) Untuk memastikan kondenser Liebig dengan air. (b) Supaya haba tidak terperangkap di dalam kondenser. 5 Namakan hasil penyulingan itu. Etanol
KBSB 6 Apakah prinsip sains yang digunakan untuk memisahkan bahan di 5 Mengkonsepsikan daripada air? Takat didih berbeza etanol dan air adalah . 7 Carta aliran di bawah menunjukkan bagaimana etanol tulen dapat diperoleh daripada larutan glukosa. Apakah proses X dan Y? X Y X: Penapaian Larutan Etanol Etanol glukosa tulen Yis Y: Penyulingan KBSB
Menjana idea
ANALYSIS
KBSB
TSTS
Generating idea
gelembung udara
Menjana idea
KBSB
TSTS
mengkondensasikan
Menjana idea
vapour into liquid.
Generating idea
wap
4 Why does water flow into the Liebig condenser from the bottom and exit at the top? fully filled (a) To ensure that the Liebig condenser is with water. (b) So that the heat is not 5 Name the distilled product. Ethanol 6 What is the scientific principle used to separate the substance in 5 from water? boiling point different The of ethanol and water are . trapped in the condenser.
TSTS
Generating idea
TSTS
Conceptualising
7 The flow chart below shows how the pure ethanol can be obtained from a glucose solution. What are processes X and Y? Glucose solution
X Y
Ethanol
Yeast
Pure ethanol
X: Fermentation Y: Distillation
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KESIMPULAN APLIKASI IDEA REFLEKSI
Etanol tulen dapat diperoleh melalui proses hasil penapaian.
penyulingan
ke atas
CONCLUSION APPLICATION oF IDEA REFLECTION
Pure ethanol can be obtained through the product. Distillation
distillation
process on the fermented
penyulingan Proses dapat digunakan untuk memperoleh air suling di dalam makmal untuk menyediakan larutan bahan kimia.
Etanol yang diminum akan meresap ke dalam salur darah dan boleh menyebabkan seseorang menjadi mabuk .
Penyulingan: Proses pemanasan cecair menjadi wap (gas) diikuti dengan kondensasi wap itu untuk memperoleh cecair tulen.
process can also be used to obtain distilled water used in the laboratory to prepare chemical solutions.
Ethanol that is consumed will be absorbed into the blood stream and can cause a person to be drunk .
Distillation: The process of heating liquid into vapour (gas) and followed by the condensation of the vapour to get pure liquid.
4.4
TUJUAN
BAB
INKUIRI
Sifat-sifat alkohol
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.4
CHAPTER
INQUIRY
Characteristics of alcohol
Inquiry-discovery
2001 Bhg. B, S4
2001 Sec. B, Q4
Mengkaji sifat-sifat alkohol Cecair etanol, air, kayu uji, kertas turas, asid etanoik, asid sulfurik pekat, mancis Tabung uji, mangkuk penyejat, bikar 100 ml, kasa dawai, tungku kaki tiga, penunu Bunsen 1 Jalankan eksperimen seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah. 2 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual yang sama.
Jangan hidu sebarang bahan kimia kecuali diarahkan oleh guru.
AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS
To study the characteristics of alcohol Liquid ethanol, water, wooden splinter, filter paper, ethanoic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid, matches Test tube, evaporating dish, 100 ml beaker, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen burner 1 Carry out the experiment as shown in the following table. 2 Record your observation in the same table.
Dont smell any chemicals unless instructed by your teacher.
BAHAN RADAS
F5MR-ch4(57-82).indd 62
PROSEDUR
PROCEDURE
PEMERHATIAN
Eksperimen (a) Masukkan sedikit cecair etanol ke dalam tabung uji yang berisi air.
Pemerhatian
OBSERVATION
Experiment (a) Add a little liquid ethanol into a test tube filled with water.
Observation
Etanol dengan air.
terlarut campur
Ethanol in water.
dissolves
(b)
mudah terbakar Etanol dalam udara dengan nyala biru tanpa jelaga
mangkuk penyejat cecair etanol
(b)
.
evaporation dish liquid ethanol
easily combustible Ethanol is in the air. The combustion produces blue sootless flame.
1 Masukkan sedikit cecair etanol ke dalam mangkuk penyejat. 2 Nyalakan cecair etanol. 3 Letakkan sekeping kertas turas di atas nyalaan dan alihkannya dengan cepat.
4.4 HP Menyatakan sifat umum alkohol Menyenaraikan kegunaan alkohol Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Aktiviti Makmal 4.2, hlm. 93
1 Add a little liquid ethanol into the evaporation dish. 2 Light up the ethanol. 3 Put a piece of filter paper on top of the flame and remove it quickly.
4.4 LO State the general characteristics of alcohol List the uses of alcohol Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Laboratory Activity 4.2, p. 93
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Eksperimen (c)
etanol + asid etanoik + asid sulfurik pekat panaskan
Pemerhatian
Experiment (c)
Observation
Bau wangi
terhasil.
heat
ethanol + ethanoic acid + concentrated sulphuric acid
fragrant smell
is produced.
1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti di atas. 2 Masukkan 10 cm3 etanol dan 10 cm3 asid etanoik ke dalam bikar. 3 Titiskan beberapa titik asid sulfurik pekat ke dalam campuran itu. 4 Panaskan campuran dalam bikar sehingga mendidih. 5 Hidu bau yang terhasil.
1 Prepare the above apparatus. 2 Add 10 cm3 of ethanol and 10 cm3 of ethanoic acid into the beaker. 3 Add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid into the mixture. 4 Boil the mixture in the beaker. 5 Describe the smell produced.
ANALISIS
ANALYSIS
1 Mengapakah etanol terbakar dengan nyalaan tanpa jelaga dalam udara? lengkap Etanol terbakar dengan dalam udara. 2 Apakah hasil pembakaran etanol dalam udara? Karbon dioksida air dan 3 Lengkapkan persamaan kimia dalam bentuk perkataan bagi tindak balas pembakaran etanol dalam udara. air karbon dioksida Etanol + oksigen + 4 Apakah fungsi asid sulfurik pekat dalam eksperimen (c)? mangkin Sebagai 5 Apakah bahan yang berbau wangi itu? Ester 6 Apakah nama proses yang berlaku dalam eksperimen (c)? Pengesteran 7 Tulis satu persamaan kimia yang umum bagi tindak balas yang berlaku. + + Alkohol asid organik ester air 8 Nyatakan dua kegunaan alkohol. bahan api Digunakan sebagai dan pelarut terbakar . , dan bertindak balas
KBSB
Mensintesis
KBSB
Menjana idea
1 Why does ethanol burn without producing any soot? completely Ethanol burns in the presence of air. 2 What are the products of burning ethanol in the presence of air? carbon dioxide water and 3 Complete the chemical equation in words to represent the burning of ethanol in the presence of air. water carbon dioxide Ethanol + oxygen + 4 What is the function of concentrated sulphuric acid in experiment (c)? catalyst As a 5 What is the substance that produces the fragrant smell? Ester 6 What is the name of the process in experiment (c)? Esterification 7 Write a general chemical equation for the reaction that occurred. + + Alcohol organic acid ester water 8 State two uses of alcohol. fuel To be used as solvent combustible
TSTS
Generating idea
CHAPTER
BAB
TSTS
Synthesising
KBSB
Mensintesis
TSTS
Generating idea
KBSB
Menjana idea
TSTS
Synthesising
and
KESIMPULAN REFLEKSI
Alkohol
dalam air, mudah ester dengan asid organik untuk menghasilkan
terlarut campur
CONCLUSION REFLECTION
Alcohol
dissolves ester
in water, is easily .
, and reacts with organic
acid to produce
perisa Ester biasanya digunakan untuk membuat dalam industri makanan. Ester juga digunakan untuk membuat minyak wangi .
Ester is usually used to make
artificial flavouring perfume .
in
the food industry. Ester is also used to make
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4.5
ICT
PENYELIDIKAN
Kesan alkohol ke atas kesihatan manusia

2003 Bhg. C, S2(a)
Kontekstual
4.5
RESEARCH
ICT
Effects of alcohol on human health

2003 Sec. C, Q2(a)
Contextual
2007 Bhg. B, S7(b)
2007 Sec. B, Q7(b)
Petikan di bawah telah diubah suai daripada laman web yang berikut: http://home.howstuffworks.com/alcohol.htm Alkohol adalah salah satu jenis bahan yang paling kerap digunakan dalam pelbagai bentuk seperti wain, bir, dan spirit. Penagih alkohol menyalahgunakan alkohol. Dalam keadaan tersebut, alkohol bertindak sebagai satu depresan. Dalam kuantiti yang kecil, alkohol adalah tidak berbahaya. Namun demikian, meminum dalam kuantiti yang banyak akan menyebabkan muntah, kekeringan badan (dehydration) dan sebagainya. Baca petikan di atas dengan teliti. Kemudian, kumpulkan maklumat daripada laman web yang lain dengan kata kunci alcohol dalam enjin gelintar tentang kesan buruk alkohol ke atas kesihatan. pemikiran parut penglihatan lambat sirosis hati mengantuk pendengaran kehilangan haba mengakis ulser gastritis keseimbangan badan mengembang tindakan terkawal
The excerpt below is adapted from the website below: http://home.howstuffworks.com/alcohol.htm
Alcohol is a common substance that is used in various forms such as wine, beer and spirit. An alcoholic abuses alcohol. In that condition, alcohol acts as a depressant. In small quantities, alcohol is harmless. However, in large quantities, it can cause vomiting, dehydration and so on. Read the above excerpt carefully. Then, gather relevant information on the effects of alcohol on the health of humans from various websites, using the keyword alcohol in the search engine. thinking sight scarred slower liver cirrhosis heat loss sleepy erodes hearing ulcer gastritis expand body balance voluntary action
1 Effects on the brain 1 Kesan ke atas otak

BAB
Kesan terhadap serebelum Koordinasi otot terganggu menyebabkan keseimbangan badan turut terjejas.
Kesan terhadap serebrum Mengganggu pemikiran dan tindakan terkawal . pendengaran Deria penglihatan dan menjadi kurang baik.
Effects on cerebellum Coordination of muscles is disturbed, affecting body balance .
Effects on cerebrum thinking Disturbs and voluntary action Hearing sight impaired and become
CHAPTER
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2 Kesan ke atas sistem saraf dan organ badan Kesan terhadap hati Merosakkan sel-sel hati menyebabkan sirosis hati , iaitu kemerosotan tisutisu hati menjadi tisuparut tisu yang berbahaya. Kesan terhadap perut mengakis Alkohol permukaan dalam perut dan gastritis . menyebabkan Dalam keadaan teruk, ulser terjadi.
4.5 HP Menghuraikan dengan contoh kesan alkohol ke atas kesihatan
2 Effects on the nervous system and body organs. Kesan terhadap sistem saraf Peminum kurang peka terhadap rangsangan menyebabkan gerak lambat balasnya . Peminum berasa mengantuk Kesan terhadap kulit Arteri kulit mengembang dan mengakibatkan kehilangan haba yang banyak dari badan. . Effects on the liver Damages the liver cells liver causing cirrhosis where liver tissues degenerate into damaging scarred tissues. Effects on the stomach erodes Alcohol the internal surface of the stomach to cause gastritis . ulcer In serious cases, is formed.
4.5 LO Explain with examples the effects of alcohol on health
Effects on the nervous system The reflexes of a drunkard become slower . He feels sleepy .
Effects on the skin The arteries in the skin expand and cause massive heat loss from the body.
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4.3 Menganalisis lemak dan kesannya ke atas kesihatan
Learning Objective
4.3 Analysing fats and their effects on health Masteri
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
4.6
PERBINCANGAN
Perbandingan antara lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu
4.6
DISCUSSION
Activity
Comparison between saturated fats and unsaturated fats
Mastery
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
Bandingkan dan bezakan lemak tepu dengan lemak tak tepu. Lemak tepu Persamaan Terbina daripada unsur karbon hidrogen oksigen , dan , Lemak tak tepu
Compare and contrast saturated fats with unsaturated fats. Saturated fats Similarity Consist of carbon , hydrogen , oxygen and elements Unsaturated fats
CHAPTER
Perbezaan Lemak haiwan Pepejal Lebih tinggi Lebih tinggi Kesan buruk Lemak ayam Sumber Keadaan pada suhu bilik Takat lebur Kandungan kolesterol Kesan ke atas kesihatan Contoh Minyak tumbuhan Cecair Lebih rendah Hampir tiada Baik kepada kesihatan Minyak sawit
Differences Animal fats Solids Higher Higher Negative effect Chicken fats Source Condition at room temperature Melting point Cholesterol content Effect on health Example Vegetable oils Liquid Lower Almost nil Good effect Palm oil
BAB
MindROBICS
Pengambilan lemak tepu yang berlebihan boleh menyebabkan penyakit jantung dan
tekanan darah tinggi . Excessive consumption of saturated fats can cause heart attack . high blood pressure and
MindROBICS
4.6 HP
Memberi contoh lemak Menyatakan sumber lemak Menyatakan unsur dalam lemak Menyatakan maksud lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu
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4.6 HP Membanding dan membezakan lemak tepu dengan lemak tak tepu Menghuraikan dengan contoh kesan memakan makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu ke atas kesihatan
4.6 LO
Give examples of fats State the sources of fats State the elements found in fats State what saturated fats and unsaturated fats are
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4.6 LO Compare and contrast saturated fats and unsaturated fats Explain with examples the effects of consuming food rich in saturated fats on health
4.3
4.6
DISCUSSION
Activity
Analysing fats and their effects on health
6 State the type of plant fat. (Unsaturated fat) 7 Compare the hydrogen content in saturated fat molecules and in unsaturated fat molecules. (The saturated fat molecules contain more hydrogen atoms as compared to unsaturated fat molecules) 8 Give two examples of saturated fat. (Chicken fat and cow fat) 9 Give two examples of unsaturated fat. (Groundnut oil and coconut oil/palm oil) 10 Explain briey how to change an unsaturated fat (palm oil) to a saturated fat (margarine). (By adding hydrogen atoms to the unsaturated fat in a hydrogenation reaction)
1 What are the elements of fat? (Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) 2 Name the liquid state of fat. (Oil) 3 State two examples of fats in solid state. (Chicken fat and cow fat) 4 State two types of fats. (Saturated and unsaturated fats) 5 State the type of animal fat. (Saturated fat)
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4.7
Carbon Compounds
KOLABORATIF
PROJEK
Kesan memakan makanan yang mengandungi lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan
Masteri
4.7
PROJECT
COLLABORATIVE
Effects of consuming food rich in saturated and unsaturated fats on health
Mastery
Chapter 4
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
TUJUAN
Menimbulkan kesedaran pelajar untuk memilih makanan yang sihat dalam gizi harian
AIM
To create awareness among students on choosing healthy food in their daily diet
1 Jalankan projek dalam kumpulan yang terdiri daripada dua atau tiga orang. 2 Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki mengumpulkan maklumat tentang kesan memakan makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan.
Contoh-contoh makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu Contoh-contoh makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tak tepu Kesan memakan makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan badan
1 Carry out the project in groups of two to three persons. 2 Each group is required to collect information on the effects of consuming food rich in saturated and unsaturated fats on health.
Effects of consuming food rich in saturated and unsaturated fats on health
Examples of food rich in saturated fats
Examples of food rich in unsaturated fats
3 Satu pelan tindakan bagi aktiviti pengumpulan maklumat dicadangkan di bawah.

CHAPTER Peringkat I Aktiviti Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang contohcontoh makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang contohcontoh makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tak tepu Mengumpulkan maklumat tentang kesan memakan makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan badan Tempoh (Tarikh) Tindakan BAB
3 An action plan for the gathering of information is proposed below.

Stage I Activity Collect information on examples of food rich in saturated fats Collect information on examples of food rich in unsaturated fats Collect information on the effects of consuming food rich in saturated and unsaturated fats on human health Period (Date) Action
4
II III
II
III
MindROBICS
4 Pelajar dikehendaki mengumpul maklumat yang relevan mengikut pelan. Pelan tindakan ini dibahagikan kepada tiga peringkat untuk memastikan pengumpulan maklumat tindakan dijalankan secara sistematik. 5 Maklumat boleh dikumpulkan daripada pusat sumber atau daripada Internet. 6 Kemudian, satu folio yang mempunyai kira-kira 10 muka surat disediakan. Folio anda perlu mengandungi perkara-perkara berikut. (a) Tajuk (b) Senarai nama ahli kumpulan (c) Pendahuluan dan penghargaan (d) Objektif projek Apakah sikap saintifik (e) Pelan tindakan projek dan nilai murni anda (f) Isi kandungan pelajari semasa menjalankan projek ini? (g) Kesimpulan (h) Refleksi (i) Lampiran (Bahan rujukan) 7 Anda boleh memasukkan foto atau rajah yang sesuai di dalam folio anda. 8 Folio perlu dibuat dengan menggunakan perisian komputer seperti Microsoft Word. 9 Masa selama seminggu diberi untuk menyiapkan folio ini. 10 Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki membentangkan hasil projek di dalam kelas.
4.7 HP Menghuraikan dengan contoh kesan memakan makanan yang kaya dengan lemak tepu dan lemak tak tepu ke atas kesihatan
4 You are required to gather the relevant information according to the action plan. The action plan is divided into three stages to ensure that the information are gathered systematically. 5 The information can be collected from the resource centre or through the Internet. 6 Then, an approximately 10-page folio must be prepared. It must contain the following: (a) Title (b) List of members names (c) Introduction and acknowledgement (d) Projects objective What scientific and (e) Projects action plan moral values have you learnt while carrying out (f) Contents this project? (g) Conclusion (h) Reflection (i) Bibliography 7 You may insert suitable photos or diagrams in your folio. 8 Your folio must be prepared using software such as Microsoft Word. 9 The time given to complete your folio is one week. 10 Each group is required to present the outcome of the research to the whole class.
4.7 LO Explain with examples the effects of consuming food rich in saturated fats and unsaturated fats on health
MindROBICS
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11 Which type of fat is not good for health? Explain your answer. (Saturated fat. It is rich in cholesterol.) 12 Which type of fat is good for health? Explain your answer. (Unsaturated fat. It will lower the cholesterol content in the blood.)
13 State three diseases that a person may suffer from if he/she consumes excessive saturated fats. (Stroke, high blood pressure and heart attack) 14 State the type of fat that is able to eliminate cholesterol in saturated fat and carries it to the liver to be decomposed. (Unsaturated fat)
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Learning Objective
4.4 Menganalisis minyak sawit dan kepentingannya kepada perkembangan negara
4.4 Analysing oil palm and its importance to the national development
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
4.8
PERBINCANGAN
Struktur buah kelapa sawit dan pengekstrakan minyak sawit

2004 Bhg. B, S2
Masteri
4.8
DISCUSSION
Activity
Structure of an oil palm fruit and extraction of palm oil

2004 Sec. B, Q2
Mastery
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
2005 Bhg. B, S8
2005 Sec. B, Q8
Kaji keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit yang diberikan di bawah. Kemudian, jawab soalan yang diberikan.
Study the cross-section of the oil palm fruit given below. Then, answer the questions given.
Mesokarp (sabut)
Kelapa sawit: Buah yang dapat menghasilkan minyak masak yang berwarna jingga.
Kernel (isirung)
Oil palm: The fruit that can produce an orange coloured cooking oil.
Mesocarp Kernel
Tempurung
Shell
1 Label keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit dengan menggunakan perkataanperkataan berikut. Kernel (isirung) Mesokarp (sabut) Tempurung
Hampir 90% daripada hasil minyak sawit digunakan dalam industri makanan.
1 Label the cross-section of the oil palm fruit with the following words. Kernel Mesocarp Shell
2 Bahagian manakah pada buah kelapa sawit yang menghasilkan minyak yang paling banyak? Mesokarp (Sabut) 3 Apakah jenis lemak yang terkandung di dalam minyak sawit? Lemak tak tepu 4 Bahagian lain yang manakah pada buah kelapa sawit dapat membekalkan minyak? Kernel (Isirung) 5 Apakah bahan yang memberi warna jingga minyak sawit? beta-karotena Pigment
Almost 90% of the palm oil product is used in the food industry.
CHAPTER
2 Which part of the oil palm fruit produces the most oil? Mesocarp 3 What type of fats is contained in the palm oil? Unsaturated fats 4 Which other part of the oil palm fruit produces oil? Kernel 5 What substance provides the orange colour in plam oil? Beta-carotene pigment 6 You are given the palm oil extraction methods. Match the methods to its corresponding process. Method Sterilisation Separation Digesting Extraction Filtration Purification Process Oil is pressed from the husk by presser Separates fruits from bunch Removes oil impurities Dehusking of fruit
BAB
6 Anda diberikan kaedah pengekstrakan minyak sawit. Padankan kaedah itu dengan proses yang betul. Kaedah Pensterilan Pemisahan Pencernaan Pengekstrakan Proses Minyak diperah daripada sabut oleh penekan Memisahkan buah daripada tandan Menyingkirkan bendasing daripada minyak Memisahkan sabut daripada tempurung Membunuh bakteria dan kulat dan melembutkan buah Stim dialirkan melalui minyak untuk menghilangkan bau. Minyak dialirkan menerusi karbon yang diaktifkan untuk menyingkirkan warna.
MindROBICS
MindROBICS
Penapisan Penulenan
Kills bacteria and fungi and softens the fruit
Steam is flowed through the oil to eliminate its smell. Oil is flowed through activated carbon to eliminate its colour.
4.8 HP Menghuraikan struktur buah kelapa sawit Menghuraikan proses pengekstrakan minyak sawit daripada buah kelapa sawit
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4.8 LO Describe the structure of an oil palm fruit Describe the process of extracting palm oil from the oil palm fruit
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4.4
4.8
DISCUSSION
Activity
Analysing oil palm and its importance to the national development

4.9
THINKING
Activity
6 What is the purpose of owing palm oil through activated carbon? (To remove its colour) 7 State two uses of palm oil. (As cooking oil and to make soap/candle/condensed milk/margarine) 8 State two types of vitamins that palm oil contains. (Vitamins A and E) 9 What is the advantage of consuming palm oil as cooking oil? (Palm oil does not contain cholesterol.) 10 State one potential use of palm oil in transportation. (To produce a type of fuel to replace diesel for heavy vehicles)
1 State the part in an oil palm fruit which supplies a lot of oil. (Mesocarp) 2 State the part in an oil palm fruit which produces a little oil but of high quality. (Kernel) 3 Name the process of obtaining oil from oil palm fruit. (Extraction) 4 Name the process where oil palm fruits are steamed in hot vapour to kill bacteria and fungi. (Sterilisation) 5 Name the process where oil palm fruits are removed from the bunches. (Threshing)
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4.9
BERFIKIR
Kegunaan minyak sawit dan nutriennya

2004 Bhg. B, S3
Kontekstual
4.9
Uses of palm oil and its nutrients

2004 Sec. B, Q3
Contextual
2005 Bhg. B, S8
2005 Sec. B, Q8
Buah kelapa sawit mempunyai banyak kegunaan. Kaji foto yang berikut dengan teliti dan jawab soalan di bawah. Hasil minyak sawit
Oil palm fruits have many uses. Study the photos below carefully and answer the following questions. Oil palm products
sabun
marjerin
soap
margarine
CHAPTER
lilin minyak masak
candle cooking oil
F5MR-ch4(57-82).indd 68
BAB
4
susu pekat krim rambut 1 Namakan barang yang dibuat daripada minyak sawit dalam rajah di atas. 2 Nyatakan tiga kegunaan minyak sawit yang lain. minyak pelincir (a) Membuat (b) Membuat (c) Membuat dakwat bahan kosmetik 3 Minyak sawit digunakan sebagai minyak masak. Nyatakan dua kelebihannya. tidak berbuih (a) Minyak sawit apabila dididihkan. (b) Minyak sawit tidak mengandungi kolesterol . 4 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan vitamin yang terkandung dalam minyak sawit dan fungsinya.
Vitamin A E Untuk mencegah Untuk mencegah Fungsi
condensed milk
hair cream
1 Name the things that are made from palm oil in the diagram above. 2 State three other uses of palm oil lubricant (a) To make (b) To make (c) To make ink cosmetics
3 Palm oil is used as cooking oil. State two advantages of such a use. does not foam (a) Palm oil while boiling. (b) Palm oil does not contain cholesterol .
4 Complete the table below with vitamins that are contained in palm oil and its function.
Vitamin A E To prevent To prevent Function
rabun malam penyakit jantung
night-blindness heart attack
5 Minyak sawit mengandungi beta-karotin. Apakah jenis penyakit yang dapat dicegah oleh beta-karotin? Penyakit kanser
4.9 HP Menyenaraikan kegunaan minyak kelapa sawit 4.9 HP Menyenaraikan bahan berkhasiat dalam minyak kelapa sawit
5 Palm oil contains beta-carotene. What type of disease can be prevented by beta-carotene? Cancer
4.9 LO List the uses of palm oil 4.9 LO List the nutritional substances found in palm oil
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4.5 Menganalisis proses pembuatan sabun daripada minyak dan tindakan pencucian sabun
Learning Objective
4.5 Analysing the process of making soap from oil and the cleansing action of soap
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
4.10
TUJUAN BAHAN RADAS
INKUIRI
Proses pembuatan sabun
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.10
INQUIRY
Process of making soaps
Inquiry-discovery
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
1996 Bhg. B, S5
1996 Sec. B, Q5
Mengkaji proses pembuatan sabun melalui tindak balas minyak dengan larutan natrium hidroksida Minyak sawit, larutan natrium hidroksida pekat (4 mol dm3), serbuk natrium klorida, kertas litmus merah, air suling Bikar 250 ml, tungku kaki tiga, kasa dawai, penunu Bunsen, rod kaca, spatula, silinder penyukat 10 ml dan 100 ml, tabung uji
AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS
To study the process of making soap from the reaction of oil with sodium hydroxide solution Palm oil, concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (4 mol dm3), sodium chloride powder, red litmus paper, distilled water 250 ml beaker, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, glass rod, spatula, 10 ml and 100 ml measuring cylinders, test tube
PROSEDUR
rod kaca
PROCEDURE
glass rod
minyak sawit + larutan natrium hidroksida pekat panaskan
palm oil + concentrated sodium hydroxide solution
CHAPTER
BAB
heat
1 Masukkan 5 cm3 minyak sawit ke dalam sebuah bikar. 2 Tambahkan 30 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida ke dalam bikar yang sama. 3 Didihkan dan kacaukan campuran itu selama lima minit. Elakkan campuran itu daripada berbuih. 4 Tambahkan 50 cm3 air suling dan dua spatula garam biasa (natrium klorida). 5 Didihkan dan kacau campuran selama beberapa minit. 6 Biarkan campuran dalam bikar menyejuk dan turaskan pepejal putih yang terhasil. 7 Jalankan ujian yang berikut ke atas pepejal putih itu. (a) Gosok pepejal putih di antara dua jari. (b) Goncang sedikit pepejal putih bersama-sama air dalam tabung uji. (c) Uji dengan kertas litmus merah lembap. 8 Catat pemerhatian anda tentang ciri-ciri hasil yang diperoleh.
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Put 5 cm3 of palm oil into a beaker. Add 30 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution into the same beaker. Boil and stir the mixture for five minutes. Avoid the mixture from foaming. Add 50 cm3 of distilled water and two spatulas of table salt (sodium chloride) into it. Boil the mixture. Stir it for several minutes. Let the mixture in the beaker cool before filtering the white solid that is produced. Carry out the following tests on the white solid. (a) Rub the white solid between your fingers. (b) Shake a little white solid together with water in a test tube. (c) Test the white solid with a moist red litmus paper. 8 Record your observation on the characteristics of the product obtained. 1 5 cm3 of palm oil was put into a beaker. 2 30 cm3 of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution was added into the same beaker. 3 The mixture was boiled and stirred for five minutes. Foaming of the mixture was prevented. 4 50 cm3 of distilled water and two spatulas of table salt (sodium chloride) were added. 5 The mixture was boiled and stirred for several minutes. 6 The mixture in the beaker was left to cool before the white solid that was produced is filtered.
CARA KERJA
1 5 cm3 minyak sawit dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah bikar. 2 30 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida pekat ditambahkan ke dalam bikar yang sama. 3 Campuran itu dididihkan dan dikacau selama lima minit. Campuran itu dielakkan daripada berbuih. 4 50 cm3 air suling dan dua spatula serbuk garam biasa (natrium klorida) ditambahkan.
STEPS
MindROBICS
MindROBICS
5 Campuran dididihkan dan dikacau selama beberapa minit. 6 Campuran dalam bikar dibiarkan sejuk dan pepejal putih yang terhasil dituraskan.
4.10 HP Menghuraikan proses pembuatan sabun Menyatakan minyak terdiri daripada asid lemak dan gliserol Menyatakan sabun ialah garam hasil daripada tindak balas antara natrium hidroksida dengan asid lemak
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4.10 LO Describe the process of making soap State that oils contain fatty acids and glycerol State that soap is a salt produced by the reaction between sodium hydroxide and fatty acids
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4.5
4.10 Experiment
INQUIRY
Analysing the process of making soap from oil and the cleansing action of soap
4 Name the process where an alkali is boiled together with vegetable oil during the process of making soap. (Hydrolysis) 5 State the purpose of adding sodium chloride powder in the mixture of palm oil and concentrated sodium hydroxide during the soap making. (To lower the solubility of soap in water) 6 State a washing agent that is used to remove dirt or grease from organic materials. (Soap)
1 State two substances that made up fats or oils. (Fatty acids and glycerol) 2 State two types of oil that can be used in the manufacture of soap. (Palm oil and coconut oil/olive oil) 3 Name the soap making process. (Saponication)
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7 Ujian yang berikut dijalankan ke atas pepejal putih itu. (a) Digosok di antara kedua jari. (b) Sedikit pepejal putih digoncang bersama-sama air dalam tabung uji. (c) Diuji dengan kertas litmus merah lembap. 8 Pemerhatian tentang ciri-ciri hasil yang diperoleh dicatat.
7 The following tests were carried out on the white solid. (a) Rubbed between the fingers (b) A little white solid was mixed with water in a test tube and shaken (c) The white solid was tested with moist red litmus paper 8 Observation on the characteristics of the product were recorded.
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
PEMERHATIAN
Ujian ke atas pepejal putih Rasa dengan jari Goncang dengan air Kertas litmus merah lembap Licin
Pemerhatian
OBSERVATION
Test on the white solid Feel with your fingers Smooth
Observation
Banyak
buih
terhasil biru
Shake in water Moist red litmus paper
A lot of Turns to
bubbles blue
are produced
Berubah kepada warna
ANALISIS
1 Apakah nama pepejal putih yang terhasil? Sabun 2 Namakan satu bahan lain yang dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan larutan natrium hidroksida. Larutan kalium hidroksida 3 Apakah tindak balas yang berlaku antara larutan natrium hidroksida dengan minyak sawit? Hidrolisis 4 Cadangkan satu contoh minyak lain yang dapat menggantikan minyak sawit. Minyak kelapa 5 Apakah fungsi natrium klorida? keterlarutan Untuk mengurangkan
CHAPTER
ANALYSIS
1 What is the name of the white solid produced? Soap 2 Name one other substance that can be used to replace the sodium hydroxide solution. Potassium hydroxide solution 3 What is the reaction that occurs between sodium hydroxide solution and palm oil? Hydrolisis 4 Suggest one example of another oil that can replace palm oil. Coconut oil 5 What is the function of sodium chloride? solubility To reduce the of soap in water. 6 Based on your observation, what is the chemical characteristic of soap? Alkaline 7 Oil is a natural ester and its molecules are made up of a combination of two substances. What are they? Fatty acids glycerol and 8 Complete the following chemical equation in words to represent the reaction of soap making in this experiment. sodium fatty acid salt glycerol Palm oil + sodium hydroxide +
BAB
4
KESIMPULAN
sabun dalam air.
6 Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, apakah sifat kimia sabun? Beralkali 7 Minyak adalah ester semula jadi dan molekulnya terdiri daripada gabungan dua bahan. Apakah bahan itu? Asid lemak gliserol dan 8 Lengkapkan persamaan kimia di bawah untuk mewakili tindak balas pembentukan sabun dalam eksperimen ini. gliserol Minyak sawit + natrium hidroksida garam natrium asid lemak + Sabun dapat disediakan melalui tindak balas minyak dengan hidroksida . Air tidak dapat menyingkirkan kotoran berminyak. Oleh itu, digunakan untuk membersihkan kotoran berminyak. larutan natrium
CONCLUSION
Soap can be prepared through the reaction between oil and
sodium hydroxide solution .
MindROBICS
MindROBICS
APLIKASI IDEA REFLEKSI
sabun
APPLICATION oF IDEA REFLECTION
Water cannot eliminate oily dirt. Therefore, oily dirt.
soap
is used to clean up biodegradable
Sabun tidak mencemarkan alam terbiodegradasikan , iaitu dapat
sekitar
kerana diuraikan
sabun
ialah
bahan
Soaps do not pollute the environment because they are decomposed i.e. it can be by bacteria.
oleh bakteria.
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7 State two parts that made up a soap molecule. (Ionic head and hydrocarbon tail) 8 State the part of soap molecule that dissolves in water. (Ionic head/Head part/Hydrophilic part) 9 State the part of soap molecule that dissolves in oil or grease. (Hydrocarbon tail/Tail part/Hydrophobic part)
70
10 How do the soap molecules act on the surface tension of water during the cleansing action? (The soap molecules reduce the surface tension of water.) 11 Name parts X and Y for the soap molecule below. (X: Hydrophilic/Head; Y: Hydrophobic/Tail)
water X Y grease
4.11
DISCUSSION
Activity
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4.11 PERBINCANGAN
Tindakan pencucian sabun
Kontekstual
4.11
DISCUSSION
Activity
Cleansing action of soap
Contextual
2003 Bhg. C, S2(b)
2003 Sec. C, Q2(b)
Kaji molekul sabun dengan teliti. Lukis dan lengkapkan maklumat tentang tindakan pencucian sabun.
Molekul sabun
Sabun mula dibuat oleh orang Rom pada 2 000 tahun dahulu.
Study the soap molecule carefully. Draw and complete the information on the cleansing action of soap.
Soap molecule
Soap was first made by the Romans 2 000 years ago.
Bahagian ekor (hidrokarbon/organik) Larut dalam minyak atau gris
Bahagian kepala (ion) Larut dalam air
Tail portion (hydrocarbon/organic) Dissolves in oil or grease
Head portion (ionic) Dissolves in water
kepala
ekor
air
pergerakan
tertanggal
gris
head
tail
water
movement
removed
grease
Tindakan pencucian sabun

BAB
Cleansing action of soap

CHAPTER
4
water
air
gris
permukaan surface
grease
ekor Bahagian molekul sabun larut dalam gris manakala bahagian kepala larut dalam air.
Pergerakan
air
menyebabkan bahagian kepala molekul sabun yang larut dalam air dibawa bersama oleh air. Seterusnya, ekor bahagian yang larut dalam ditarik. Kotoran gris tertanggal .
tail The portion of the soap molecules dissolve in grease whereas the head portion dissolves in water.
The
movement head
of water
causes the portion of the soap molecules water dissolved in the to be carried upwards. So, the tail portion dissolved in pulled. The dirt is grease removed is .
4.11 HP Menyatakan ciri-ciri komponen dalam satu molekul sabun
71
4.11 HP Menerangkan tindakan pencucian oleh molekul sabun
4.11 LO State the characteristics of the components of a soap molecule
4.11 LO Explain the cleansing action of soap molecules
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4.6 Memahami polimer asli
Learning Objective
4.6 Understanding natural polymers
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
4.12 PERBINCANGAN
Polimer
Konstruktivisme
4.12
DISCUSSION
Activity
Polymers
Constructivism
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
1 Lengkapkan peta konsep tentang polimer berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi. polimer asli polimer sintetik protein glukosa isoprena plastik nilon monomer politena pempolimeran
1 Complete the concept map on polymers based on the given information. natural polymer synthetic polymer protein glucose isoprene plastic Polymers Polymerisation classified into nylon monomers polythene polymerisation
terbentuk daripada penggabungan
Polimer Pempolimeran dikelaskan kepada
are formed from the combination of
Monomer
Polimer asli
Polimer sintetik
dibentuk melalui
Monomers
Natural polymer
Synthetic polymer
is formed through
contoh
BAB
dibahagi kepada
CHAPTER
example
is divided into
Getah
Protein
Kanji Plastik
Rubber
Protein
Starch Plastic
Getah sintetik
Gentian sintetik
Synthetic rubber
Synthetic fibre
4
terbentuk daripada terbentuk daripada terbentuk daripada Isoprena Asid amino Glukosa penyahpolimeran monomer Pempolimeran
contoh
contoh
contoh
formed from
formed from
formed from
example
example
example
Politena
Neoprena
Nilon
Isoprene
Amino acid
Glucose
Polythene
Neoprene
Nylon
2 Label rajah yang berikut tentang proses pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran. pempolimeran
2 Label the following diagram on polymerisation and depolymerisation. depolymerisation monomer polymerisation
Polymerisation
Satu rantai panjang molekul polimer mungkin mengandungi 5 000 hingga berjutajuta monomer.
MindROBICS
A long-chained polymer molecules may contain 5 000 to millions of monomers.
MindROBICS
Monomer
Penyahpolimeran
Polimer
Monomer
Depolymerisation
Polymer
4.12 HP Menyatakan maksud polimer dan monomer Berikan contoh polimer dan monomer Menghuraikan pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran
72
4.12 HP Menyatakan maksud polimer asli dan polimer sintetik Berikan contoh polimer asli dan polimer sintetik
4.12 LO State what polymers and monomers are Give examples of polymers and monomers Describe polymerisation and depolymerisation
72
4.12 LO State what natural polymers and synthetic polymers are Give examples of natural polymers and synthetic polymers
4.6
4.12
DISCUSSION
Activity
Understanding natural polymers

State the long molecule chains that consist of smaller molecules (monomers). (Polymer) State the small molecules that combine to form polymers. (Monomer) Name the type of polymer that is produced naturally by living things. (Natural polymer) Name the type of polymer that is made by humans through chemical reactions. (Synthetic polymer) State two examples of natural polymer. (Starch and protein) State two examples of synthetic polymer. (Plastic and nylon)
4.13 Experiment
INQUIRY
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 Name the process of combining small molecules (monomers) together to form a long chain of molecules (polymer). (Polymerisation) 8 Name the process of splitting a polymer molecule into its monomers. (Depolymerisation) 9 State the monomer of the following natural polymers. (a) Starch (Glucose) (b) Protein (Amino acid) (c) Fat (Fatty acid and glycerol) (d) Natural rubber (Isoprene)
72
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4.13
Carbon Compounds
INKUIRI
Proses pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.13
INQUIRY
AIM
Polymerisation and depolymerisation processes
Inquiry-discovery
Chapter 4
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
Mengkaji proses pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran Benang, manik Gunting

benang manik
To study the polymerisation and depolymerisation processes Thread, beads Scissors 1 Thread the beads to form a long chain. 2 Cut the chain at the centre and record your observation. 1 A long chain
MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE OBSERVATION ANALYSIS

KBSB
Membuat analogi
bead
thread
1 Masukkan benang ke dalam manik-manik untuk membentuk rantai yang panjang. 2 Gunting rantai tersebut di bahagian tengah dan catatkan pemerhatian anda. 1 Satu rantai manik yang terpisah panjang dibentuk.
PEMERHATIAN ANALISIS
2 Manik-manik akan
dari satu sama lain apabila benang digunting.
2 The beads will
of beads is formed. detach from each other when the thread is cut.
1 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah untuk membentuk analogi. Bahan/Proses Manik Rantai manik yang panjang Proses merantaikan manik-manik Proses memisahkan manik-manik 2 Apakah itu polimer? besar Molekul Analogi Monomer Polimer
BAB
1 Complete the table below to form an analogy. Material/Process Bead Long chain of beads Process of threading beads Process of separating the beads Analogy Monomer Polymer Polymerisation Depolymerisation
TSTS
Making analogy
CHAPTER
Pempolimeran Penyahpolimeran
4
2 What are polymers? Large molecules that are made up of many 3 Name the following processes based on its explanation. Process
Pempolimeran: Penyambungan molekul-molekul kecil menjadi rantai molekul yang besar.
yang terdiri daripada gabungan molekul-molekul 3 Namakan proses yang berikut berdasarkan penerangannya. Proses Pempolimeran Penyahpolimeran Penerangan Monomer-monomer bergabung untuk membentuk polimer Polimer terurai kepada monomer-monomer
kecil
smaller
molecules.
Explanation Monomers combine to form polymer Polymers break down into monomers
Polymerisation: Combination of smaller molecules to form a large molecular chain.
Polymerisation Depolymerisation
KESIMPULAN
Polimer mononer-monomer
terhasil daripada gabungan .
CONCLUSION
polymer monomers
is produced from the combination of .
4.14
INKUIRI
Sifat-sifat getah asli
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.14
INQUIRY
AIM
Characteristics of natural rubber
Inquiry-discovery
MindROBICS
Mengkaji sifat-sifat getah asli Gelang getah Penyepit, penunu Bunsen, sel kering, wayar penyambung, klip buaya, mentol, suis 1 Jalankan eksperimen seperti yang disenaraikan dalam jadual halaman sebelah. 2 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual yang sama dan berikan inferens.
MindROBICS
To study the characteristics of natural rubber Rubber band Tongs, Bunsen burner, dry cell, connection wire, crocodile clips, bulb, switch 1 Carry out the experiment as listed in the table given in the next page. 2 Record your observation in the same table and give the inferences.
MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE
4.13 HP Menerangkan proses pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran
73
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, monomer, polimer, pempolimeran dan penyahpolimeran, hlm. 104
4.13 LO Describe polymerisation and depolymerisation
73
Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Monomers, polymers, polymerisation and depolymerisation, p. 104
10 State the monomer of the following synthetic polymers. (a) Polythene (Ethene) (b) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (Chloroethene)
4.14 Experiment
INQUIRY
4.15Experiment
GUIDED
PEKA
13 State structures P, Q and R for the rubber particle below. (P: Negative charge; Q: Protein membrane; R: Rubber molecule)
P Q
11 State three properties of natural rubber. (Soft, elastic and non-heat resistant/does not conduct electricity) 12 What made up rubber particle? (Rubber molecules that are covered by protein membranes with negative charges)
R
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PEMERHATIAN
Eksperimen 1 Regangkan gelang getah dan kemudian lepaskannya.
Pemerhatian Gelang getah menjadi panjang apabila ditarik dan kembali kepada bentuk asal apabila dilepaskan .
Inferens
OBSERVATION
Experiment 1 Stretch the rubber band before letting go.
Observation
Inference
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
Getah adalah kenyal .
The rubber band becomes long when stretched and recovers its original shape when it is released .
Rubber is elastic
Carbon Compounds
Chapter 4
2
penyepit penunu Bunsen
gelang getah
Gelang getah melebur
dan
Panaskan gelang getah seperti dalam rajah di atas. 3

gelang getah
menjadi . apabila dipanaskan Apabila pembakaran kerana getah mempunyai diteruskan, gelang getah takat lebur yang terbakar dengan rendah . nyala kuning berjelaga.
melekit
melebur Getah dan menjadi melekit
rubber band
The rubber band melts and becomes sticky . If the burning continues, the burns rubber band with a sooty yellow flame.
The bulb
melts Rubber and becomes sticky when heated because it low has a melting point.
tongs
Bunsen burner
Heat the rubber band as shown in the above diagram. 3

rubber band
tidak Mentol menyala .
tidak Getah mengkonduksikan arus elektrik.

CHAPTER
does not light up

.
Rubber electricity.
does not conduct
BAB Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan di atas. Hidupkan suis dan catat pemerhatian anda.
KBSB
Prepare the apparatus as shown above. Turn on the switch and record your observation.
4
ANALISIS KESIMPULAN
ANALYSIS
1 Berikan definisi secara operasi bagi getah asli. kenyal Getah asli ialah bahan yang dan menjadi
Membuat inferens
1 Give an operational definition for natural rubber. elastic Natural rubber is an substance that becomes
TSTS
Making inference
sticky
when heated.
melekit
apabila dipanaskan.
2 Natural rubber is a natural polymer. What is the monomer of natural rubber? Isoprene 3 Is rubber suitable as a fuel? Explain your reason. No . Rubber produces too much the environment when it is burnt. soot pollute
2 Getah asli merupakan satu polimer semula jadi. Apakah monomer bagi getah asli? Isoprena 3 Adakah getah sesuai digunakan sebagai bahan api? Berikan alasan anda. Tidak jelaga mencemarkan . Getah menghasilkan banyak yang alam sekitar apabila terbakar. Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen ini? kenyal , mudah melebur , dan menjadi melekit Getah adalah apabila dipanaskan, serta tidak mengkonduksikan arus elektrik.
that will
CONCLUSION
Pada tahun 1770, Joseph Priestley menjalankan eksperimen dengan suatu bahan yang dapat memadamkan tanda pensel. Beliau menamakan bahan itu 'Pemadam' (Rubber).
What conclusion can be made from this experiment? elastic Rubber is , melts easily and become when heated, and does not conduct
sticky electricity.
In 1770, Joseph Priestley carried out an experiment with a substance that can erase pencil marks. He called it Rubber.
MindROBICS
APLIKASI IDEA
Getah asli adalah sesuai digunakan untuk membuat sarung tangan. Ini adalah kerana getah asli adalah kenyal .
APPLICATION oF IDEA
MindROBICS
Natural rubber is suitable to be used to make glove. This is because natural rubber is elastic .
4.14 HP Menyatakan sifat-sifat getah asli
74
4.14 LO State the characteristics of natural rubber
74
14 State one substance that can coagulate latex. (Ethanoic acid/Any acid) 15 State one substance that can prevent the coagulation of latex. (Ammonia solution/Any alkali) 16 How does alkali react with latex to prevent the coagulation of latex? (Hydroxide ions in ammonia solution neutralise the acid produced by bacteria in the latex) 17 Name the process where sulphur is added to natural rubber to strengthen it. (Vulcanisation)
18 Name the rubber obtained through the vulcanisation. (Vulcanised rubber) 19 How do the suphur atoms act on the rubber polymers during the process of vulcanisation? (Form cross linkages among rubber polymers) 20 State three properties of vulcanised rubber compared to unvulcanised rubber. (Stronger or harder, more elastic and more heat resistant)
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4.15 TERBIMBING
TUJUAN
PEKA
Tindakan asid dan alkali ke atas lateks
Inkuiri-penemuan
4.15
AIM
SECTION
PEKA
Actions of acid and alkali on latex
Inquiry-discovery
2004 Bhg. C, S1
2004 Sec. C, Q1
Mengkaji penggumpalan lateks oleh tindakan asid dan pencegahan penggumpalan lateks C1P1 oleh alkali
To study latex coagulation by the action of acid and the prevention of latex coagulation by alkali C1P1
BAHAGIAN
A
Asid (a) yang dimalarkan (b) yang dimanipulasikan (c) yang bergerak balas dapat menggumpalkan lateks : Isi padu lateks : Kehadiran asid : Penggumpalan lateks
C1P3 C1P2
Lateks: Susu getah yang berwarna putih dan melekit yang diperoleh daripada pokok getah.
A
Acid can coagulate latex
C1P2
Latex: White and sticky rubber milk obtained from the rubber tree.
HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH
HYPOTHESIS VARIABLES
(a) that is kept constant : Volume of latex (b) that is manipulated : Presence of acid (c) that responds : Latex coagulation
C1P3
BAHAN RADAS PROSEDUR
Lateks, asid etanoik Bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, silinder penyukat 10 ml
C1P4
MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE
Latex, ethanoic acid 100 ml beaker, glass rod, 10 ml measuring cylinder

C1P4 ethanoic acid
1 Tuang 20 cm3 lateks ke dalam sebuah bikar. 2 Tambahkan 5 cm3 asid etanoik ke dalam lateks. 3 Kacau campuran dalam bikar dan catat pemerhatian tentang keadaan lateks selepas 10 minit. 1 20 cm3 lateks dituangkan ke dalam sebuah bikar. 2 5 cm3 asid etanoik ditambahkan ke dalam lateks.
asid etanoik
rod kaca
1 Pour 20 cm3 of latex into a beaker. 2 Add 5 cm3 of ethanoic acid into the latex. 3 Stir the mixture in the beaker and record your observation on the condition of latex after 10 minutes. 1 20 cm3 of latex was poured into a beaker. 2 5 cm3 of ethanoic acid was added into the latex. was recorded after 10 minutes.
glass rod
CHAPTER
BAB
CARA KERJA
C2 P 1 2 3 4 S
lateks C2P4
STEPS
C2 P 1 2 3 4 S
latex C2P4
3 Campuran dalam bikar dikacau dan pemerhatian tentang keadaan lateks dicatat selepas 10 minit.
3 The mixture in the beaker was stirred and the observation on the condition of the latex
C1P5 C1P5
BAHAGIAN
B
Alkali dapat mencegah penggumpalan lateks
C1P2
SECTION
HIPOTESIS PEMBOLEH UBAH
B
Alkali (a) that is kept constant (b)that is manipulated can prevent latex coagulation : Volume of latex : Presence of alkali : Prevention of latex coagulation
C1P3 C1P2
HYPOTHESIS VARIABLES
(a) yang dimalarkan : Isi padu lateks (b) yang dimanipulasikan : Kehadiran alkali (c) yang bergerak balas : Pencegahan penggumpalan lateks
C1P3
(c) that responds
BAHAN RADAS PROSEDUR CARA KERJA
Lateks, larutan ammonia Bikar 100 ml, rod kaca, silinder penyukat 10 ml
C1P4
MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE STEPS

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Eksperimen 4.5, hlm. 107
Latex, ammonia solution 100 ml beaker, glass rod, 10 ml measuring cylinder

C1P4
Eksperimen di Bahagian A diulang dengan menggunakan larutan ammonia bagi menggantikan asid etanoik. 1 20 cm3 lateks dituangkan ke dalam sebuah bikar.
The experiment in Section A is repeated using ammonia solution to replace ethanoic acid. 1 20 cm3 of latex was poured into a beaker.
4.15 HP Menerangkan tindakan asid ke atas lateks Menerangkan tindakan larutan ammonia ke atas lateks
75
4.15 LO Explain the action of acids on latex Explain the action of ammonia solution on latex
75
Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Experiment 4.5, p. 107
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C2 P 1 2 3 4 S
2 5 cm3 larutan ammonia ditambahkan ke dalam lateks. 3 Campuran dalam bikar dikacau dan pemerhatian tentang keadaan lateks dicatat selepas 10 minit.
C1P5
C2 P 1 2 3 4 S
2 5 cm3 of ammonia solution was added into the latex. 3 The mixture in the beaker was stirred and the observation on the condition of the latex was recorded after 10 minutes.
C1P5
PEMERHATIAN
C3 P 1 2 3 S
Eksperimen Lateks + asid etanoik Lateks + larutan ammonia
Penggumpalan lateks Lateks menggumpal Lateks tidak menggumpal

C3P1 C3P2 C3P3
OBSERVATION
C3 P 1 2 3 S
Experiment Latex + ethanoic acid Latex + ammonia solutuion
Coagulation of latex Latex coagulates Latex does not coagulate

C3P1 C3P2 C3P3
ANALISIS
1 Label struktur zarah getah di bawah.

cas negatif
ANALYSIS
Panduan:
1 Label the structure of a rubber particle below.

negative charge
Guide:
protein membrane
membran protein
molekul getah zarah getah
molekul getah membran protein cas negatif

rubber particle
rubber molecule
rubber molecule protein membrane negative charge
CHAPTER
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BAB
2 Mengapakah lateks dalam keadaan semula jadi tidak akan menggumpal? Zarah-zarah getah menolak antara satu sama lain kerana mempunyai cas yang
sama
2 Why latex does not coagulate naturally? repel The rubber particles one another as they carry the
same
electrical charge.
3 Lengkapkan carta alir di bawah untuk memberi inferens kepada pemerhatian anda apabila asid dicampurkan kepada lateks. KBSB pecah dineutralkan menggumpal hidrogen berlanggaran bergabung
asid etanoik
Membuat inferens
3 Complete the flow chart below to give inferences on your observation when the acid is added to the latex. break coagulates collide neutralised hydrogen combine
TSTS
Making inference
4
C4 P 1 2 3 S
Asid etanoik mengandungi ion bercas positif.
hidrogen
yang
The ethanoic acid contains positive charges
hydrogen
ions with
Cas negative pada membran protein getah dineutralkan .

latex
+
ethanoic acid
The negative charges on the rubber protein membrane

H + H
+
lateks

H + H
are
neutralised
Zarah-zarah getah membran protein
berlanggaran pecah
menyebabkan .
Rubber particles protein membranes to
collide break
causing the .
zarah getah
rubber particle
C4P1
Molekul-molekul getah yang terbebas menggumpal antara satu sama lain. Lateks .
bergabung combine The released rubber molecules coagulates with one another. Latex .
4 Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda apabila alkali (larutan ammonia) dicampurkan kepada lateks. hidroksida Larutan ammonia mengandungi ion-ion yang bercas negatif yang dapat meneutralkan sebarang asid yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria dalam lateks.
C4P1
C4P1
C4 P 1 2 3 S
4 Give an inference to your observation when alkali (ammonia solution) is added to the latex. hydroxide negative Ammonia solution contains ions with charges, which neutralise any acid produced by bacteria in the latex.
C4P1
5 Cadangkan dua bahan lain yang dapat digunakan dalam makmal untuk menggantikan hidroklorik sulfurik (a) asid etanoik : Asid dan asid
5 Suggest two other substances that can be used in the laboratory to replace Hydrochloric sulphuric (a) ethanoic acid : acid and
acid
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(b) larutan ammonia : Larutan
natrium hidroksida kalium hidroksida
dan larutan
(b) ammonia solution
Sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide
solution and solution
6 Namakan jenis asid yang digunakan di ladang getah untuk menggumpalkan lateks. Asid formik (asid metanoik) 7 Bolehkah hipotesis yang dibuat diterima? Ya
C4P2
6 Name the type of acid used in rubber estates for latex coagulation. Formic acid (Methanoic acid) 7 Can this hypothesis be accepted? Yes
C4P2
KESIMPULAN
Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen ini? menggumpalkan Asid dapat lateks manakala alkali dapat penggumpalan lateks. Asid formik
CONCLUSION
mencegah
C4P3
What is the conclusion that can be made from this experiment? Acid cause latex to coagulates whereas alkali ammonia solution prevent latex coagulation.
C4P3
APLIKASI IDEA REFLEKSI
larutan ammonia dan masing-masing digunakan untuk menggumpalkan lateks dan mencegah penggumpalan lateks dalam industri getah. Lateks yang dibiarkan semalaman akan menggumpal kerana di asid dalam lateks menghasilkan yang menyebabkan penggumpalan lateks. bakteria
APPLICATION oF IDEA REFLECTION
and prevent latex coagulation, in the rubber industry.
Formic acid
are used to coagulate latex and
bacteria Latex that is left overnight will coagulate because acid produce that causes latex coagulation.
in the latex will
4.16 PERBINCANGAN
Pemvulkanan getah
4.16
STM
DISCUSSION
Activity
Vulcanisation of rubber
STS
2000 Sec. B, Q4
CHAPTER
2000 Bhg. B, S4
The diagram below shows the process of making vulcanised rubber from latex. mixed with Latex substance X Solid rubber process Y Vulcanised rubber
BAB
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan proses pembuatan getah tervulkan daripada lateks. dicampur dengan Lateks bahan X Pepejal getah proses Y Getah divulkan
1 Namakan monomer bagi getah asli. Isoprena 2 Apakah bahan X? Asid formik (atau sebarang asid yang lain) 3 (a) Apakah proses Y? Pemvulkanan (b) Terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana proses Y boleh dijalankan. dipanaskan Pepejal getah dengan 4 Apakah yang terjadi kepada molekul getah semasa proses Y? atom-atom sulfur Molekul getah bergabung dengan 5 Lukiskan rajah untuk menunjukkan struktur molekul getah tervulkan.
S S
1 Name the monomer for natural rubber. Isoprene 2 What is substance X? Formic acid (or any acid) 3 (a) What is process Y? Vulcanisation (b) Explain briefly how process Y can be carried out. heated Solid rubber is with sulfur . 4 What happens to the rubber molecules during process Y? The rubber molecules are linked to . sulphur atoms . sulphur
5 Draw a diagram to show the structure of vulcanised rubber molecules.
S
S atom sulfur molekul getah
sulphur atom rubber molecule
S S
6 Nyatakan dua kelebihan getah tervulkan jika dibandingkan dengan getah asli. (a) Lebih kuat/keras (b) Lebih tahan kepada haba
4.16 HP Menerangkan proses pemvulkanan getah Menghubungkaitkan sifat getah tervulkan dengan struktur molekulnya 4.16 HP Menyenaraikan kegunaan getah tervulkan
6 State two advantages of vulcanised rubber as compared with natural rubber. (a) Stronger/Harder (b) More heat resistance
77
4.16 LO Describe the vulcanisation of rubber Relate the characteristics of vulcanised rubber to the structure of its molecule
4.16 LO List the uses of vulcanised rubber
77
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SPM Kunci Kejayaan

Glukosa + yis etanol Enzim zimase
Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan SPM. Pastikan anda boleh menjawab semua soalan berikut.
SPM Key To Success

Glucose + yeast ethanol Zymase enzyme yeast in decomposes glucose.
Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that are frequently tested in the SPM exam. Make sure you can answer all the questions correctly.
1 Lengkapkan persamaan penapaian di bawah dan isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai. + karbon dioksida (mengeruhkan air kapur) Proses yang berlaku disebut penapaian
1 Complete the fermentation equation below and fill in the blanks with the correct words. + carbon dioxide (clouds lime water) The process that occurs is called fermentation .
yis dalam menguraikan glukosa.
Proses penapaian Glukosa etanol
Proses penyulingan etanol tulen
Fermentation process Glucose ethanol
Distillation process pure ethanol
2 Nyatakan tiga sifat alkohol dan tiga kegunaan alkohol (contoh: etanol). Sifat Kegunaan (a) Larut dalam air (a) Membuat ubat (b) Cecair tidak berwarna (c) Mudah terbakar 3 Lengkapkan persamaan pengesteran di bawah. (b) Membuat bahan kosmetik (c) Sebagai bahan api Kegunaan: (a) Membuat minyak wangi (b) Membuat perisa Mangkin: Asid sulfurik pekat Alkohol + asid organik panaskan Ciri-ciri: (a) Berbau wangi (b) Tidak larut dalam air ester + air
2 State three characteristics and three uses of alcohols (example: ethanol). Characteristics (a) Dissolves in water (b) Colourless liquid (c) Burns easily 3 Complete the esterification equation below. Uses (a) Manufacturing of medicine (b) Manufacturing of cosmetics (c) As fuel Uses: (a) Manufacturing of perfume (b) Manufacturing of flavouring Catalyst: Concentrated sulphuric asid Alcohol + organic acid heated Reaction that takes place is called esterification . Characteristics: (a) Pleasant smell (b) Not soluble in water 4 Label the structure of the oil palm fruit below and state three uses and three nutritional substances of palm oil. Mesocarp Produces oil but it is of quality. little high ester + water
Tindak balas yang berlaku disebut pengesteran .
4 Labelkan struktur buah kelapa sawit dan nyatakan tiga kegunaan serta tiga bahan berkhasiat dalam minyak sawit. Mesokarp/Sabut menghasilkan paling banyak minyak. Kegunaan minyak sawit (a) Membuat minyak sawit (b) Membuat lilin (c) Membuat marjerin Sabut Tempurung Kernel/Isirung Menghasilkan sedikit
minyak tetapi berkualiti tinggi .
husk The produces the most oil.
Shell Kernel
Bahan berkhasiat dalam minyak sawit (a) Mengandungi lemak tak tepu (tanpa kolesterol) (b) Mengandungi vitamin E (c) Mengandungi vitamin A
Uses of palm oil (a) Manufacturing of cooking oil (b) Produces candles (c) Manufacturing of margarine
Nutritional substances of palm oil (a) Contains unsaturated fats (cholesterol free) (b) Contains vitamin E (c) Contains vitamin A
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5 Lengkapkan proses pembuatan sabun di bawah.

rod kaca
5 Complete the process of soap production, as shown below. hidrolisis

glass rod
Proses
Hydrolysis garam asid lemak (sabun) + gliserol

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
process + alkali fatty acid salt (soap) + glycerol
Minyak sawit
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
alkali
Palm oil
haba
Natrium klorida ditambah untuk mengurangkan keterlarutan sabun dalam air.
Sodium chloride in water.
is added to reduce the solubility of soap
heat
6 Lengkapkan tindakan pencucian sabun dibawah. Ekor hidrokarbon larut dalam gris.
gris kain gris
6 Complete the cleansing action of soap, as shown below. Semasa membilas , gris akan tertanggal. Hydrocarbon tail dissolves in grease.
grease cloth grease cloth
Grease will be removed rinsing . during
Kepala ion larut dalam air.

kain
Ionic head dissolves in water.
7 Padankan polimer semula jadi dengan monomernya. Polimer semula jadi Kanji Protein Getah asli 8 Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang lateks. (a) Penggumpalan lateks:
lateks Tambahkan
7 Match the natural polymers with its monomer. Monomer Isoprena Glukosa Asid amino Natural polymer Starch Protein Natural rubber 8 Fill in the blanks with correct words regarding latex. (a) Latex coagulation: asid formik
latex
Add
Monomer Isoprene Glucose Amino acid
Asid
, contoh:
Acid
, example:
formic acid
(b) Lateks tidak menggumpal:

lateks Tambahkan
(b) Latex does not coagulate: Alkali , contoh: larutan ammonia

latex
Add
Alkali
, example:
ammonia solution
(c) Getah tak tervulkan
panaskan bersama
sulfur Getah tervulkan (sedia digunakan untuk membuat tayar) (c) Unvulcanised rubber
heated with
sulphur vulcanised rubber (ready to be made into tyres)
Proses pemvulkanan (d) Lukiskan struktur getah tervulkan.

S S S S molekul getah atom sulfur
Vulcanisation process (d) Draw the structure of vulcanised rubber.

S S S S rubber molecules sulphur atom
(e) Bandingkan getah tervulkan dengan getah tak tervulkan. Getah tervulkan Kuat dan keras Kenyal Tahan haba Lembut Kurang kenyal Menjadi lekit apabila dipanaskan Getah tak tervulkan
(e) Compare vulcanised rubber with unvulcanised rubber. Vulcanised rubber Tough and hard Elastic Heat resistant Soft Less elastic Sticky when heated Unvulcanised rubber
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SPM Sudut Pengukuhan 4

KERTAS
SPM Enhancement Corner 4

PAPER
1
5 Rajah 1 menunjukkan rentas buah kelapa sawit. keratan Apakah yang diwakili oleh bahagian X dan Y pada molekul sabun? X Y A Ekor organik Kepala ion B Kepala ion Ekor organik C Ekor organik Bahagian molekul D Kepala ion Bahagian molekul A 9 Rajah 3 menunjukkan lateks yang tidak membeku walaupun dibiarkan beberapa minggu.
lateks + larutan Y
1
5 Diagram 1 shows the cross-section of an oil palm fruit.
X Z
CLONE 2003
Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
1 Bahan di bawah dibuat daripada bahan X. Sabun Lilin Perapi rambut Apakah bahan X? A Alkohol B Minyak sawit C Petrol D Kerosin
KLON 2003
Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
1 The products below are made from substance X. Soap Candle Hair conditioner What is X? A Alcohol B Palm oil C Petrol D Kerosene What do X and Y represent? X Y A Organic tail Ionic head B Ionic head Organic tail C Organic tail Molecular section D Ionic head Molecular section A 9 Diagram 3 shows that latex does not coagulate even after a few weeks.
X Z Y
Rajah 1 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah mewakili X, Y, dan Z? X Y Z A Tempurung Mesokarp Sabut B Mesokarp Tempurung Kernel C Kernel Tempurung Mesokarp D Mesokarp Kernel Tempurung B 6 Apakah monomer untuk getah asli? A Politena B Isoprena KLON 2003 C Neoprena D Kloroetena B 7 Persamaan perkataan di bawah menunjukkan proses pembuatan sabun.
panaskan
Diagram 1 Which of the following represents X, Y and Z? X Y Z A Shell Mesocarp Husk B Mesocarp Shell Kernel C Kernel Shell Mesocarp D Mesocarp Kernel Shell B 6 What is the monomer of natural rubber? A Polythene CLONE B Isoprene 2003 C Neoprene D Chloroethene B 7 The word equation below shows the process of making soap. Fat + X soap + glycerol What is X? A Ester B Organic acid C Yeast D Alkali
CLONE 2006 CLONE 2007 CLONE 2008
heated
2 Persamaan kimia di bawah menunjukkan tindak balas antara asid organik dan alkohol. Asid organik + alkohol X + air Didapati sebatian X yang dihasilkan A larut dalam air KLON B mempunyai pH 2001 kurang daripada 7 C berbau sedap seperti buah D terbakar dengan nyalaan C biru dalam udara 3 Persamaan perkataan di bawah menunjukkan suatu tindak balas kimia. Glukosa X + karbon dioksida Antara yang berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan proses dan bahan X yang terbentuk? Proses Bahan X A Pengesteran Ester B Pengoksidaan Etena C Penapaian Etanol C D Pengekstrakan Antibiotik
KLON 2003 KLON 2006
yis
2 The chemical equation below shows the reaction between organic acid and alcohol. Organic acid + alcohol X + water Compound X CLONE 2001 A dissolves in water B has a pH less than 7 C has a fragrant fruity smell D burns with a blue flame in air C 3 The word equation below shows a chemical reaction. Glucose X + carbon dioxide Which of the following correctly describes the process and substance X formed? Process Substance X A Esterification Ester B Oxidation Ethene C Fermentation Ethanol D Extraction Antibiotic C LONE LONE
C 2003 C 2006
yeast
latex + solution Y
Diagram 3 What is solution Y? A Ethanoic acid B Distilled water C Lead(II) nitrate solution D Ammonia solution
Rajah 3 KLON 2007 Apakah larutan Y ? A Asid etanoik KLON 2008 B Air suling C Larutan plumbum(II) nitrat D Larutan ammonia D 10 Rajah 4 menunjukkan perubahan kimia.
X Y
CLONE 2007 CLONE 2008
sejenis
KLON 2004
10 Diagram 4 shows a type of chemical change. CLONE

2004
X Y
Lemak + X sabun + gliserol Apakah X? A Ester B Asid organik C Yis D Alkali

KLON 2006 KLON 2007 KLON 2008
Rajah 4 Apakah proses X dan Y? X Y A Pempolimeran Pemvulkanan B Penyahpolimeran Pempolimeran C Pempolimeran Penyahpolimeran D Pemvulkanan Pembakaran C 11 Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan kesan pengambilan X yang berlebihan terhadap kesihatan. Gastritis Sirosis hati Menjejaskan keseimbangan badan Antara yang berikut, yang manakah X? A Lemak C Alkohol B Morfin D Garam biasa KLON C
2007
Diagram 4 What are processes X and Y? X Y A Polymerisation Vulcanisation B Depolymerisation Polymerisation C Polymerisation Depolymerisation D Vulcanisation Combustion C 11 The information below shows the effects of excessive consumption of X on health. Gastritis Liver cirrhosis Affecting body balance Which of the following is X? C2007 A Fat C Alcohol B Morphine D Table salt C
LONE
4 Apakah yang akan berlaku jika beberapa titik asid sulfurik pekat ditambahkan pada campuran asid organik dan alkohol dan kemudian dipanaskan? A Cecair berbau harum terhasil. B Larutan menjadi berbuih. C Cecair berwarna kuning terhasil. D Gas berbau sengit terbebas. A KLON
2004
8 Rajah 2 menunjukkan penyingkiran kotoran minyak daripada suatu permukaan oleh molekul sabun.
molekul sabun minyak X Y
4 What will happen if several drops of concentrated sulphuric acid are added to a mixture of organic acid and then heated? A A fragrant liquid is produced. B The solution turns frothy. C A yellow liquid is produced. D A pungent gas is released. A
CLONE 2004
8 Diagram 2 shows the elimination of oily filth from a certain surface by soap molecules.
soap molecule oil
X Y
Rajah 2
Diagram 2
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12 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah kaya dengan lemak tak tepu? A Minyak sawit KLON KLON B Minyak sapi 2007 2008 C Minyak lembu D Lemak ayam A
13 Antara bahan yang berikut, yang manakah terkandung dalam minyak sawit? A Vitamin C B Vitamin E KLON 2007 C Kolesterol D Gliserol B
12 Which of the following is rich in unsaturated fat? A Palm oil CLONE CLONE B Ghee 2007 2008 C Cow fat D Chicken fat A
13 Which of the following substances is contained in palm oil? A Vitamin C CLONE B Vitamin E 2007 C Cholesterol D Glycerol B
KERTAS
2
KLON 1995
PAPER
2
CLONE 1995
Bahagian A Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini. 1

Rajah 1 menunjukkan radas yang digunakan untuk menyediakan sejenis bahan kimia di dalam makmal.
Section A Answer all the questions in this section.

Bhg. B, S4
Diagram 1 shows the apparatus used to prepare a type of chemical in the laboratory.
Sec. B, Q4
jus tebu + yis
air kapur
sugarcane juice + yeast
lime water
Diagram 1 Rajah 1 (a) Name the chemical. Ethanol (b) (i) What is your observation of the lime water? It turns cloudy (ii) Give an inference to your observation. Carbon dioxide is released (c) Write one equation in words for the chemical reaction that occurred. yeast Sugarcane juice ethanol + carbon dioxide Glukosa/Jus nanas (d) Give one other example that can replace sugarcane juice in this experiment. Through distillation (e) How do we purify the product collected? Glucose/Pineapple juice
(a) Namakan bahan kimia itu. Etanol (b) (i) Apakah yang dapat diperhatikan pada air kapur? Air kapur menjadi keruh (ii) Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda. Karbon dioksida terbebas (c) Tulis satu persamaan dalam perkataan bagi tindak balas kimia yang berlaku. yis Jus tebu etanol + karbon dioksida (d) Berikan satu contoh lain yang dapat menggantikan jus tebu dalam eksperimen ini. (e) Bagaimanakah hasil yang dikutip dapat ditulenkan? Melalui proses penyulingan
Bahagian B Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini. 2

Rajah 2 menunjukkan keratan rentas buah kelapa sawit.
KLON 2004 KLON 2005
Section B Answer all the questions in this section.

Bhg. B, S2
CLONE 2004 CLONE 2005
Sec. B, Q2 Sec. B, Q8
2
Bhg. B, S8
Diagram 2 shows a cross-section of an oil palm fruit.
P: X
Tempurung X
P:
Shell
Q:
Kernel
Q:
Kernel
Diagram 2 Rajah 2 (a) Labelkan bahagian P dan Q dalam Rajah 2. (b) Labelkan bahagian yang menghasilkan paling banyak minyak dengan huruf X dalam Rajah 2. (a) Label parts P and Q in Diagram 2. (b) Label with letter X the part which produces the most oil in Diagram 2.
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(c) Apakah nama proses untuk menghasilkan minyak sawit daripada buah kelapa sawit? Pengekstrakan (d) Namakan peringkat di (c) yang mikroorganisma pada buah kelapa sawit dimusnahkan. Pensterilan (e) Apakah kelebihan minyak sawit kepada kesihatan? Tiada kolesterol/Mengandungi vitamin E (f) Namakan satu vitamin yang terkandung dalam minyak sawit. Vitamin A/Vitamin E (g) Tandakan ( ) bahan yang diperbuat daripada minyak sawit.
(c) What is the process to produce palm oil from the fruit? Extraction (d) Name the stage in (c) where the microorganisms in the oil palm fruit are destroyed. Sterilisation (e) What is the advantage of palm oil to health? Cholesterol free/Contains vitamin E (f) Name one vitamin found in palm oil. Vitamin A/Vitamin E (g) Tick ( ) the items which are made from palm oil.
Bahagian C Jawab soalan yang berikut.

3 (a) Terangkan secara ringkas bagaimana ester dapat disediakan daripada suatu alkohol dan asid organik dalam makmal. Namakan alkohol dan asid organik yang digunakan. [4 markah] (b) Seorang pelajar ingin menukarkan getah asli kepada getah tervulkan dalam makmal. Terangkan bagaimana pelajar itu boleh mendapatkan getah tervulkan daripada cecair lateks yang dibekalkan. Penerangan anda mestilah mengandungi perkara berikut: Tujuan pelajar Namakan kaedah yang digunakan Langkah-langkah yang perlu dilakukan dalam kaedah itu [6 markah]
Section C Answer the following questions.

3 (a) Explain briefly how ester can be prepared using an alcohol and an organic acid in the laboratory. [4 marks] (b) A student plans to convert natural rubber to vulcanised rubber in the school laboratory. Explain how the student can produce a vulcanised rubber from the latex that is provided to him. Your explanation must include: The aim of the student The name of the process involved The steps involved in carrying out the above process [6 marks]
Jawapan: 3 (a) 10 cm3 cecair etanol (alkohol) dan 10 cm3 asid etanoik (asid organik) dimasukkan ke dalam suatu bikar. Titiskan beberapa titis asid sulfurik pekat ke dalam campuran bahan. Didihkan campuran bahan. (b) Tujuan Menukarkan getah asli kepada getah tervulkan Nama kaedah Pemvulkanan Langkah-langkah Sedikit asid etanoik (atau sebarang asid) ditambahkan ke dalam cecair lateks. Campuran lateks dan asid dikacau. Pepejal lateks dicelupkan ke dalam larutan sulfur monoklorida. Getah tervulkan yang terhasil dikeringkan.
Answer: 3 (a) 10 cm3 of liquid ethanol (alcohol) and 10 cm3 of ethanoic acid (organic acid) are added into a beaker. Add several drops of concentrated sulphuric acid into the mixture. Boil the mixture. (b) Aim To change natural rubber to vulcanised rubber Name of the process involved Vulcanisation Steps A little ethanoic acid (or other acids) is added into the latex. The mixture of latex and acid is stirred. The solidified (colligated) latex is dipped into some sulphur monochloride solution. The vulcanised rubber produced is left to dry.
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08 Carbon Compounds

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BA

Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas SPM

SPM Past-year Questions

4.1 Menganalisis pelbagai sebatian karbon

4.1 Analysing various carbon compounds

Sebatian karbon dan hidrokarbon

Carbon and hydrocarbon compounds

2007 Bhg. B, S7(a) & 7(c)

2007 Sec. B, Q7(a) & 7(c)

compounds do not originate from living things.

sahaja. Sumber asli sebatian , dan arang batu.

4.2 Analysing alcohol and its effects on health

Proses penghasilan etanol

Process of producing ethanol

2008 Bhg. A, S4(c) & 4(d)

2008 Sec. A, Q4(c) & 4(d)

AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS PROCEDURE

larutan glukosa + yis

delivery tube beaker

glucose solution + yeast

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Aktiviti Makmal 4.1, hlm. 92

Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Laboratory Activity 4.1, p. 92

Analysing various carbon compounds

Pemerhatian Larutan dalam kelalang kon Air kapur

tidak berwarna dan tidak Jernih

Beginning of the experiment

Colourless and odourless

End of the experiment

solution with an smell

Analysing alcohol and its effects on health

5 Name processes X and Y below. Glucose X Ethanol Y Pure ethanol

when yeast is added to a

apabila yis ditambah

KESIMPULAN APLIKASI IDEA

Etanol dapat disediakan melalui tindakan Etanol membuat ubat

CONCLUSION APPLICATION oF IDEA

Ethanol can be prepared through the action of Ethanol

Bir biasanya mengandungi kira-kira 3% alkohol.

Penghasilan etanol tulen melalui proses penyulingan Inkuiri-penemuan

Production of pure ethanol through the distillation process

To produce pure ethanol through the distillation process

kukus air hasil turasan penapaian serpihan porselin

water bath filtered fermentation product porcelain pieces heat

etanol (hasil sulingan)

ethanol (distilled product)

4.3 HP Menghuraikan proses pembentukan alkohol

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Aktiviti Makmal 4.1, hlm. 92

Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Laboratory Activity 4.1, p. 92

7882 C dan berbau alkohol

vapour into liquid.

KESIMPULAN APLIKASI IDEA REFLEKSI

Etanol tulen dapat diperoleh melalui proses hasil penapaian.

CONCLUSION APPLICATION oF IDEA REFLECTION

Pure ethanol can be obtained through the product. Distillation

process on the fermented

AIM MATERIALS APPARATUS

Etanol dengan air.

ethanol + ethanoic acid + concentrated sulphuric acid

dalam air, mudah ester dengan asid organik untuk menghasilkan

, and reacts with organic

Ester is usually used to make

artificial flavouring perfume .

the food industry. Ester is also used to make

Kesan alkohol ke atas kesihatan manusia