Cellular Division

Function of Meiosis
• Sexual reproduction
– Produce eggs and sperm (haploid cells)

Sexual Reproduction
• Two parents
• Sex (sperm and
egg)
• DNA comes from
both parents
• Offspring genetically
unique

1
18.3 Meiosis

Overview of meiosis
• Two nuclear divisions
occur to make 4 haploid
cells

• Used to make gametes

(egg and sperm)

• Has 8 phases (4 in each

meiosis I & II)

Cellular Division Vocabulary

• Sex Cells/Gametes
– Sperm
– Egg

• Somatic Cells
– “Body Cells”
– i.e. neuron

Somatic Cell Sex Cell

• Autosomes • Autosomes
– 22 pair (or 44) – 22 (no pairs)

• Sex Chromosomes • Sex Chromosomes

– 1 pair (or 2) – 1 (no pairs)
– XX in females – X in egg cells
– XY in males – X or Y in sperm cells

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18.3 Meiosis

Meiosis
M akes
E ggs
I
Or
S perm
I
4 S ex

Meiosis
• Has two stages
of divisions
– Meiosis I
• Prohase I
• Metaphase I
• Anaphase I
• Telophase I
– Meiosis II
• Prophase II
• Metaphase II
• Anaphase II
• Telophase II

18.3 Meiosis

Meiosis I
• Prophase I
– Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) and crossing-
over occurs (exchange of genetic information)

• Metaphase I
– Homologous pairs line up at the middle of cell

• Anaphase I
– Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards
opposite poles

• Telophase I
– 2 daughter cells result each with 23 duplicated chromosomes

3
18.3 Meiosis

Meiosis I

Meiosis I

18.3 Meiosis

Meiosis II
• Prophase II
– Chromosomes condense again

• Metaphase II
– Chromosomes align at the middle of the cells

• Anaphase II
– Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles

• Telophase II
– 4 daughter cells (gametes) result each with 23 unduplicated
chromosomes

4
18.3 Meiosis

Meiosis II

Meiosis II

18.4 Comparison of meiosis and mitosis

Mitosis vs. Meiosis

• Growth and repair of • Formation of gametes
cells

• Occurs in body cells • Occurs in sex cells ONLY

• 1 duplication of DNA • 1 duplication of DNA

• 1 cell division • 2 cell divisions

• Results in 2 diploid • Results in 4 haploid

genetically identical cells genetically different cells

5
 Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Meiosis
• Making of cells with 1/2 the number of
chromosomes in resulting daughter cells

• Reduction Division

• Makes sex cells or gametes that vary in

genetic information

Synapsis

6
 Crossing Over

Rates of Cell Division

• Divide Constantly and Rapidly
• Skin
• Epithelial (most)
• Bone Marrow Cells
• Spermatogonia (after puberty)
• Divides under certain circumstances
• Liver Cells
• Epithelial Cells surrounding egg
• Do Not Divide in Adulthood
• Most Nerve Cells
• Osteocytes
• Most Muscle Cells

Karyotype

7
 Non-disjunction

Abnormal Number of
Chromosomes
Monosomy
The condition of having one homologous
chromosome - not two
Trisomy
the condition of having three homologous
chromosome - not two
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome

8
Amniocentesis

Genetic
Testing

Chorionic Villus
Sampling