Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Pgina 1 de 30
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 2 de 30
thus created allow high pressure gas to escape up the annulus to the wellhead - a very dangerous situation. Poor bond or poor fill-up can often be repaired by a cement squeeze, but it is sometimes impossible to achieve perfect isolation between reservoir zones. Gas worm holes are especially difficult to seal after they have been created. Poor bond can be created after an initial successful cement job by stressing the casing during high pressure operations such as high rate production or hydraulic fracture stimulations. Thus bond logs are often run in the unstressed environment (no pressure at the wellhead) and under a stressed environment (pressure at the wellhead). Cement needs to set properly before a cement integrity log is run. This can take from 10 to 50 hours for typical cement jobs. Full compressive strength is reached in 7 to 10 days. The setting time depends on the type of cement, temperature, pressure, and the use of setting accelerants. Excess pressure on the casing should be avoided during the curing period so that the cement bond to the pipe is not disturbed.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 3 de 30
expectations. An example is shown in Figure 50.01. The top of cement is located where the temperature returns to geothermal gradient. The log must be run during the cement curing period as the temperature anomaly will fade with time. Figure 50.01: Temperature log to locate cement top. Today, most wells are cemented to surface to protect shallow horizons from being disturbed by crossflows behind pipe. In this case, cement returns to surface are considered sufficient evidence for a complete cement fill-up.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 4 de 30
Where: Atten = Attenuation at any point on the log (db/ft or db/meter) ATTMAX = Maximum attenuation (db/ft or db/meter) The maximum attenuation can be picked from the log at the depth where the lowest amplitude occurs. On older logs attenuation and bond index were computed manually. On modern logs, these are provided as normal output curves. Bond Index is a qualitative indicator of channels. A Bond Index of 0.30 suggests that only about 30% of the annulus is filled with good cement.
INTERPRETATION RULE 1: Low Amplitude = Good Cement INTERPRETATION RULE 2: High Attenuation = Good Cement INTERPRETATION RULE 3: High Bond Index = Good Cement
A nomograph for calculating attenuation and bond index for older Schlumberger logs is given in Figure 50.03.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 5 de 30
Figure 50.03: Chart for calculating cement bond attenuation and cement compressive strength Figure 50.04: Zone isolation criteria versus casing size Zone isolation is a critical factor in producing hydrocarbons. In oil wells, we want to exclude gas and water; in gas wells, we want to exclude water production. We also do not want to lose valuable resources by crossflow behind casing. Isolation can reasonably be assured by a bond index greater than 0.80 over a specific distance, which varies with casing size. Experimental work has provided a graph of the interval required, as shown in Figure 50.04.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 6 de 30
The following examples illustrate the basic interpretation concepts of cement bond logs. Note that log presentations as clean and simple as this are no longer available, but these are helpful in showing the basic concepts. Figure 50.05: CBL with both good and bad cement; hand calculated compressive strength shown by dotted lines, labeled in psi; SP from openhole log. Note straight line on travel time curve and bumps indicating casing collars.
Figure 50.06: This log shows good bond over the oil and water zones, but poor cement over the gas zone, probably due to percolation of gas into the cement during the curing process. The worm holes are almost impossible to squeeze and this well may leak gas to surface through the annulus for life, because the bond is poor everywhere above the gas. A squeeze job above the gas may shut off any potential hazard.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 7 de 30
Figure 50.07: Cement bond log before and after a successful cement squeeze. Even though modern logs contain much more information than these examples, the basics have not changed for 40 years.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 8 de 30
The examples below show the various situations that the VDL is supposed to elucidate. These examples are taken from New Developments in Sonic Wavetrain Display and Analysis in Cased Holes, H.D. Brown, V.E. Grijalva, L.L. Raymer, SPWLA 1970.
INTERPRETATION RULE 1: Low Amplitude = Good Cement INTERPRETATION RULE 2: High Attenuation = Good Cement INTERPRETATION RULE 3: High Bond Index = Good Cement EXCEPT WHEN FAST FORMATION ARRIVALS APPEAR
Figure 50.09: CBL-VDL in free pipe (no cement). Notice straight line and high amplitude pattern on VDL pipe arrivals (railroad track pattern). Travel Time curve is constant and amplitude curve reads high. Note casing collar anomalies on travel time and amplitude curves, and more weakly on VDL display.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 9 de 30
Figure 50.10: Casing is still unbonded (high amplitude railroad tracks on early arrivals on VDL), amplitude curve reads high, BUT late arrivals on VDL have shape and track porosity log shape. This indicates free pipe laying on side of borehole and touching formation. The VDL arrivals with shape are the formation arrivals. Better casing centralization should be used on the next well. A cement squeeze will improve the scene but will probably not provide isolation on the low side of the pipe.
Figure 50.11: Well bonded pipe (low amplitude on early arrivals on VDL, good bond to formation (high amplitude late arrivals with shape). Mud arrivals would have high amplitude but no shape.
Figure 50.12: At Zone A, amplitude shows good bond, but VDL shows low amplitude formation signal. This indicates poor bond to formation. Travel time curve reads very high compared to baseline, indicating cycle skipping on casing arrivals but casing bond is still good. Travel time less than base line value would indicate fast formation. If you can detect fast formations, bond is still good, regardless of high early arrival amplitude.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 10 de 30
Figure 50.13: VDL on left shows poor bond but formation signal is fairly strong. When casing is put under pressure, bond improves (not a whole lot) as seen on lower amplitude early arrivals on right hand log. This is called a micro-annulus. Under normal oil production, the micro-annulus is not too big a problem unless bottom hole pressure is very low. Micro-annulus is caused by dirty or coated pipe, pressuring casing before cement is fully cured, or ridiculous pressures applied during stimulation.
Figure 50.14: When there is no CBL-VDL made under pressure, the un-pressured version can be used to interpret micro-annulus. High amplitude early arrivals (normally indicating poor bond) actually indicate good bond (with micro-annulus) IF formation signals are also strong.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 11 de 30
Figure 50.15: The travel time curve is lower than baseline (shaded areas, Track 1) indicating fast formation arrivals. If you see fast formation, you have a good bond to pipe and to formation. However, you cannot use the amplitude curve (labeled Casing Bond on this example) to calculate attenuation, compressive strength, or bond index, because the amplitude is measured on the formation arrivals, not the pipe arrivals.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 12 de 30
Figure 50.16: CBL-VDL shows the transition from normal to foam cement just above 4650 feet. The foam cement has lower compressive strength so the amplitude curve shifts to the right. Notice the use of the expanded amplitude scale (0 to 20 mv) to accentuate the change. The compressive strength is computed from a different algorithm than normal cement, shown in the nomograph in Figure 50.15.
Figure 50.17: Nomograph for calculating compressive strength in normal and foam cement. Note foam cement values on lower left side of compressive strength scale.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 13 de 30
ultrasonic acoustic pulses and measures radially instead of axially. This tool is described later in this Section. A third type of cement mapping tool, the rotating-head bond log (RBT) or ultrasonic imaging log (USI) is described in the next Section. On a CMT, the average amplitude curve is used in the same manner as a CBL to obtain attenuation, bond index, and cement compressive strength. A cement map is made from the amplitude of the individual receivers, to locate channels and voids in the cement. These logs are sometimes referred to generically as segmented cement bond logs.
Figure 50.18: CBL-CMT log example The cement evaluation tool (CET) tool investigates the cement radially instead of axially. Eight ultrasonic transducers, operating as both transmitters and receivers, are positioned radially around the CET sonde 45 degrees apart. Each transducer emits a beam of ultrasonic energy in a 300 to 600 kHz band, which covers the resonant frequency range of most oilfield casing thicknesses. These tools are also called pulse echo tools (PET). CET log presentations look similar to the CMT, but casing diameter and other information is obtained by processing the echo signal. The pulse echo concept is illustrated below in Figure 50.19.
Figure 50.19: Sound paths for pulse echo (CET) type cement bond log The energy pulse causes the casing to ring or resonate in its thickness dimension, as shown in Figure 50.18, perpendicular to the casing axis. The vibrations die out quickly or slowly, depending on the material behind the casing. The majority of the energy is reflected back to the transducer where it is measured, and the remainder passes into the casing wall and echoes back and forth until it is totally attenuated. Each time the pulse is reflected off the inner casing wall, some energy passes through the interface and reaches the transducer. A ninth transducer continually measures acoustic travel time of the casing fluid column so that the other eight transducer travel times can be converted to distance measurements. This fluid travel time can be presented on the log, if desired, to
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 14 de 30
indicate the type of casing fluid. CET logs record attenuation of the acoustic signal directly by computing the decay of energy on each waveform by comparing the energy in an early-time window W1 and a later-time window W2, as shown on Figure 50.19.
Figure 50.19: Reflection waveforms and measurement gates for CET calculations
INTERPRETATION RULE 1: Low Amplitude = Good Cement INTERPRETATION RULE 2: High Attenuation = Good Cement INTERPRETATION RULE 3: High Bond Index = Good Cement INTERPRETATION RULE 4: High Compressive Strength = Good Cement
Minimum and maximum compressive strength are computed from the minimum and maximum attenuations on the 8 transducers. These are displayed as continuous log curves. The cement map is created from the energy of the early arrivals of the acoustic waveform in the 8 radial directions. A gas flag is generated when late arrivals are very low energy and a fast formation flag is generated when late arrivals are high energy. The tool can be oriented to the low side of the borehole or to true north. In addition, measurements of casing diameter, casing roundness, and tool eccentering are derived from the arrival times of the 8 transducers. These caliper curves show casing wear, corrosion, or collapse. Experience has shown that when there is good cement around the pipe, the bond to the formation is usually good, too. When the cement sheath is very thin, the CET tool responds to formation arrivals. However, when the cement is thick the formation reflections may be too small to measure. So, if good pipe bond but bad formation bond is suspected, the best interpretation can be made by combining the Cement Evaluation log with the Cement Bond/Variable Density log.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 15 de 30
Figure 50.20: Layout of CET log. The important curves are the attenuation and compressive strength values in Track 2 and the cement map in Track 3. Other data is annotated on the side of the plot.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 16 de 30
Figure 50.21: CET with CBL-VDL before and after squeeze. Note improved cement map, higher compressive strength, and formation signal on VDL.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 17 de 30
Figure 50.22: Casing diameter, casing thickness, and ovality logs from CET tool are use for casing inspection.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 18 de 30
Figure 50.23: Data from CBL-VDL and CET are combined in Schlumbergers Cement Advisor program to generate a more informative cement map and zone isolation flags (Track 2) in both neat and foam cement. A section of well with neat cement is shown at left and a section of foam cement on the right. Track 1 contains colour coded cement volume map and Track 3 shows a computed cement impedance map. The colour code is dark for good cement shading to yellow for gas (nitrogen in the case of foam cement). Colour code thresholds vary from job to job.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 19 de 30
INTERPRETATION RULE 1: Low Amplitude = Good Cement INTERPRETATION RULE 2: High Attenuation = Good Cement INTERPRETATION RULE 3: High Bond Index = Good Cement INTERPRETATION RULE 4: High Compressive Strength = Good Cement INTERPRETATION RULE 5: High Acoustic Impedance = Good Cement
RAYL: A unit of specific acoustic impedance in the centimeter-gram-second system of units, = 10 pascal-seconds per meter. A specific acoustic impedance has a magnitude of 1 rayl when a sound pressure of 1 microbar produces a linear velocity of 1 centimeter per second. The unit is named for John William Strutt, third Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919). Like the CET, the USI tool analyzes the decay of the thickness-mode resonance signal contained in the reflected acoustic pulse, but the analysis is performed in a different manner. The CET tool has eight fixed transducers in a helical array, 45 degrees apart azimuthally each seeing only a small segment of the casing. The USI tool has a single rotating transducer that looks all around the casing. As the acoustic impedance of the casing material and of the borehole fluid are essentially constant, the signal inside the casing decays at a rate that is dependent on the acoustic impedance of the material outside the casing. In contrast to CET processing, which uses traditional energy windows, USI processing derives acoustic impedance directly from the fundamental resonance to measure the following: 1. The acoustic impedance of the cement or whatever material is between the casing and the formation. 2. Casing thickness from the natural resonant frequency of the casing, which is approximately inversely proportional to the wall thickness. 3. Internal casing radius. The time between the firing and the major peak of the echo is measured by locating the waveform peaks. Time is converted to a measurement of the internal radius using the fluid properties measurement to compute the velocity of sound in mud, taking into account the transducers own dimensions. 4. Casing inspection. The inside and outside diameters are determined from the transit time and casing thickness measurements. The maximum amplitude of the waveform provides a qualitative measure of the internal surface rugosity of the casing. Several presentations are available to address specific applications. Negative conditions are indicated by the color red. For example, red curves represent outputs for tool eccentering, minimum amplitude, maximum internal radius, minimum thickness, gas index, and so on. Increasing intensity of red in the images represents increasingly negative conditions such as low amplitude, metal loss, and the presence of gas in the cement map. The gas may be intentional, as in foam cement, or unintentional from gas invasion as the cement cures. The following log presentations are available from USI recordings: 1. Fluid properties presentation, including fluid acoustic velocity, acoustic impedance of fluid, and thickness of reference calibrator plate. 2. Cement Presentation, including cement properties curves, cement map, and casing dimensions, plus synthetic bond index and minimum, maximum and average values of acoustic impedance. Two cement images are generated, one with and one without impedance thresholds. 3. Corrosion Presentation with casing profile, casing reflectivity, casing Internal radii, thickness image, Internal and external radii, average and maximum thickness, 4. Composite Presentation, with cement, corrosion measurements, and processing flags. Two acoustic impedance images are presented: one on a linear scale and one with thresholds
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 20 de 30
corresponding to the acoustic impedance of gas and mud. 5. Impedance Images: Linear color scale White < 0.5 MRayl = no cement. Colors from yellow to brown represent steps of 0.5 MRayl. Black < 8 MRayl - good cement. With thresholds Red < 0.3 MRayl = gas intrusion from formation or gas breakout in foam cement. Blue < 2.6 MRayl = fluid water or mud in cement. Yellow < 3 MRayl = foam cement or very contaminated neat cement. Colors from yellow to brown represent steps of 0.5 MRayl and indicate solids, eg. Cement or cement extenders. Black < 8 MRayl = high quality neat cement. These thresholds can be varied for conditions such as light cement (where lower acoustic impedance indicates lower fluid cutoff) and heavy mud (with a higher fluid threshold cutoff). Check the colour scale on each log. 6. Amplitude images: The amplitude image, derived from the amplitude of the main echo of each waveform, represents the reflectivity of the internal surface of the casing. The image is normalized with respect to the maximum value at a given depth, and all points are presented in terms of attenuation from the maximum amplitude at that depth. Normalized minimum amplitude curves are plotted. Linear color scale Black = low signal (-6 dB) = good bond Colors from dark red to white represent steps of 0.5 dB White = high signal (0 dB) = no bond 7. Diagnostic images: Processing flags diagnostics for the field engineer. 8. Internal radius images: The internal radius image shows the variations around IRAV, the average radius at each depth. Two color scales are used blue to white for internal radii less than IRAV and white to red for internal radii greater than IRAV. Each color step represents 0.008 in. 9. Thickness images: The thickness image shows the variations around THAV, the average value of the thickness at each depth. Two color scales are used red to white for thicknesses less than THAV and white to blue for thicknesses greater than THAV. Alternate images that plot internal radius and thickness versus API specifications of the casing are available. The acoustic impedance of the mud must be accurately known to within 10 percent in order to obtain a 0.5-MRayl accuracy in cement. The acoustic impedance of the mud is provided by the downhole fluid properties measurement, which is normally acquired while tripping into the well. A microannulus affects the apparent cement acoustic impedance. Laboratory experiments show that a 100-micron (0.004 inch) microannulus results in a 50 percent loss in apparent impedance. Even the smallest liquid-filled microannulus causes the loss of shear coupling into the cement and a drop of approximately 20 percent in impedance. Whenever the presence of a microannulus is suspected, the USI tool should be run under pressure to obtain an improved acoustic
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 21 de 30
impedance measurement. A dry microannulus is called micro-debonding and gives a patchy looking cement The USI tool can resolve the impedance of the material filling a channel down to 1.2 inches, which is therefore the minimum quantifiable channel size. The angular resolution improves for larger diameter casing, from 30 degrees in 4.5-in. casing to 10 degrees in 13 3/8-in. casing. However, interpretation is required since channels are not always surrounded by highimpedance cement nor are they always filled with low impedance material. The following examples are courtesy of Schlumberger.
Figure 50.24: Typical USI composite presentation with cement images, synthetic bond index, and casing image.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 22 de 30
Figure 50.25: Combination of USI and CBL-VDL gives more complete picture high resolution from USI and formation arrivals on VDL.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 23 de 30
Figure 50.26: Good cement low amplitude on CBL, high Acoustic Impedance on USI, no serious channels on image.
Figure 50.27: Poor cement high amplitude on CBL, low Acoustic Impedance (blue colour) on image indicates large void space filled with liquid (mud).
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 24 de 30
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 25 de 30
Figure 50.30: Microannulus high amplitude on CBL and VDL, medium to high acoustic impedance on USI.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 26 de 30
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 27 de 30
Figure 50.32: Samples of cement jobs with problems, and possible cures.
50.07 In Conclusion
This Chapter illustrates the three dominant cement bond log presentations. There are hundreds of variations of the theme, so you will have to read the log headings carefully. You may have to talk to a service company representative to get the current interpretation methods and local usage. You need to know what the cementing program was supposed to be, especially if foamed or extended cement was used. Like many facets of log analysis and interpretation, experience, and research make the job easier.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 28 de 30
Figure 51.X01: Log segment for Exercise 50.01 Exercise 50.02: Write a brief report on the apparent cement condition illustrated in the 3 image log segments below.
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 29 de 30
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013
Spectrum 2000
Pgina 30 de 30
7. Guidelines for improved monitoring of cementing operations, B.F. McGhee, H.L. Vacca, SPWLA 1980 8. Cement evaluation tool a new approach to cement evaluation, B. Froelich, D. Pittman, B. Seeman, SPE 1981 9. The cement bond tool, L.H. Gallwitzer, J.P. Masson, SPWLA 1982 10. Evaluating neat and foam cements, G. Uswak, R. Dennis, Petr Engr April 1991 11. The fluid-compensated cement bond log, T.H. Nayfeh, W.B. Wheelis Jr., SPE 1984 12. A combination of acoustic measurements to evaluate cementations, G.N. Catala, I.D. Stowe, D.J. Henry, SPE 1984 13. A single tool for corrosion and cement evaluation, A. Dumont, J-B. Patin, G. Le Floch, SPE 1984 14. A comparison of CBL, RBT, and PET logs in a test well with induced channels, L.E. Albert, T.E. Standley, G.T. Alford, SPE 1987 15. Cement bond logs of fiberglass casing, V.E. Maki Jr., L. Hamilton, SPE 1988 16. The segmented bond tool: A pad-type cement bond device, R.A. Lester, Atlas Wireline 1990 17. Segmented bond tool- a new generation cement bond logging device, J.H. Tyndall, CWLS 1991 18. High-resolution cementation and corrosion imaging by ultrasound (USI), A.J. Hayman, R. Hutin, P.V. Wright, SPWLA 1991 19. Ultrasonic imaging, Schlumberger 1993
His textbook, "Crain's Petrophysical Handbook on CDROM" is widely used as a reference to practical log analysis. Mr. Crain is an Honourary Member and Past President of the Canadian Well Logging Society (CWLS), a Member of Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts (SPWLA), and a Registered Professional Engineer with Alberta Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists (APEGGA) About Spectrum 2000 Consulting Software Courseware Sample Report Home Learning Center Resume Publications Career Projects Clients
mhtml:file://E:\QADM_SCHLUMBERGER\curso cbl.mht
4/16/2013