Acoustics Applications for Wind Turbines

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Tony Spica

Tony Spica Western Region Application Engineer

z

Application Engineer and Sound Power Solution Manager z Graduate of the University of Michigan
Studied Sound Engineering
z z

Worked for Bruel and Kjaer in Detroit and relocated to the Los Angeles area in August, 2008. Prior to Bruel and Kjaer, worked for Advanced Technology and Testing in Detroit as an NVH Engineer designing and qualifying NVH test systems. Also worked for DLC Design testing loud speakers and qualifying acoustic spaces in vehicles. Pro-audio hobbyist and soccer player.

z z

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Agenda

- Brief overview of new Bruel and Kjaer products - Introduction to Sound Power testing - Review of IEC 61400-11 - Noise Source Identification Techniques - Using Acoustic Arrays with Turbines - Noise Monitoring

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Latest B&K Hardware

z

LAN-Xi Hardware
Dyn-X technology up to 160 dB dynamic range for narrowband measurements. Robust made for field and lab use. Use with TEDS transducers. One cable operation with PoE and PTP. Use in a rack or distributed system save on cable costs. Use stand alone for computer-less recording direct to SD card.

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B&K Hardware cont.

World Class Sound Level Meters z 2250 and 2270 feature:
Frequency analysis FFT Analysis Full logging capability Recording and triggered recording No gain range setting always in range Building acoustics measurements Annotation microphone Complete remote control and access via internet even 3G wireless!

z 2270:

Dual channel building acoustics Intensity probe measurements Noise source mapping

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B&K transducers
Microphones
z z z z z

Worlds most respected microphones Titanium and stain-less steel construction Extreme long term stability estimated spec in dB/1000 years Excellent environmental stability High Precision
Each Microphone comes with correction curves for microphone incidence and acoustic space. Allows use of a Pressure-field microphone in a diffuse field with confidence and accuracy at high frequencies.

Worlds first multi-field microphone Type 4961

Accelerometers
z z z

Excellent stability and accuracy Req-X allows for extended frequency response and correction for internal resonance frequency as well as various mounting techniques. Measure frequencies from DC and up to 26 kHz.

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LDS Wind Energy Shaker Suite

Small Parts -Transducers -Electronic devices -Blades Medium Size Parts -Electronic parts -Cooling fans Heavy Duty Parts -Gearbox -Generator

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Introduction to Acoustics and Sound Power Testing

www.bksv.com Brel & Kjr Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S. Copyright 2009. All Rights Reserved.

Basic Parameters of Sound (cont.)

Lp = 10 log10
Receiver Sound Pressure Level

p2 po2

po = 2 105 N / m2
= 20Pa

Path

Sound Intensity Level

Li = 10 log10

I I0 Io = 1pW / m2

Source

Sound Power Level

Lw = 10 log10
Wo = 1pW

W Wo

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What is Sound Power?

z

Sound Power, W [ Watts ] : The rate per unit time at which airborne sound energy is radiated by a source

Sound Intensity, I [ W/m2 ] : The rate of acoustic energy flow per unit area

I W

W = In dS
S

Sound Power Level,

LW = 10 log

W W0

where W0 = 1 pW

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Sound Pressure vs. Sound Power

Sound Source :
Power W [Watt] Pressure p [N/m2]

Electrical Heater :
Power W [Watt] Temperature t [C]

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Sound Pressure vs. Sound Power

z

Sound Pressure - Is dependent on the acoustic environment - Is the product of the sound source(s) and the acoustic environment

Sound Power - Is independent of the acoustic environment - Is therefore a good parameter for making comparisons

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Sound Levels Under Free-field Conditions

Example:
r = 1.5 m
Sound Power = 0.01 Watt

W p2 = 2 2r c

Where 2 the is the area of hemisphere

2r

Sound Power
W = 0.01 Watt

Sound Intensity
W 0.01 = = 2r 2 2 1.5 2 = 0.000707 W m2
L = 10 log10 = 10 log10 L = 88.5 dB dB 0 7.07 10 4 dB 10 12

Sound Pressure
p= c = 0.000707 400 = 0.532 Pascal
Lp = 10 log10 = 10 log10 p2 dB 2 p0

L W = 10 log10 = 10 log10 L W = 100 dB

W dB W0 0.01 dB 10 12

(20 10 )

0.532 2

6 2

dB

Lp = 88.5 dB
LI = Lp under free-field conditions

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Methods for Sound Power Testing

z Free Field Method ISO 3744

Allows measurement in an essentially free field Measure Sound Pressure to obtain Sound Power
z Reverberation Room

Requires a reverb chamber Measure Sound Pressure to obtain Sound Power Compares a known sound power source to object under test
z Intensity Method

Can be performed in most environments Does not require a special room Calculates Sound Power from Sound Intensity measurements

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Why Use Standards in Acoustic Testing?

z Acoustic measurements are highly standardised

To make sure people use the same methods To simplify comparison of results
z Standards for sound power determination

Three grades of sound power determination Precision (most accurate) Engineering (medium accuracy) Survey (least accurate)

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General view of ISO standards for Sound Power

Standard ISO 3741 Accuracy Precision T est environment Reverberation room Volume of sound source Character of noise Sound power levels obtainable Optional information available Preferably less Steady, broad-band, than 2 % of test narrow-band or room volume discrete frequency Preferably less Any, but no isolated than 1 % of test bursts room volume A-weighted and in one-third- Other frequency weighted octave or octave bands sound power levels A-weighted and in octave bands

ISO 3743-1 Engineering Hard-walled room ISO 3743-2 Engineering Special reverberation room ISO 3744 Engineering

Using sound pressure

Essentially free- No restrictions; field over a limited only by reflecting plane available test Anechoic or hemianechoic room No special test environment Characteristic dimension less than half No restrictions; limited only by available test environment

Any

ISO 3745

Precision

A-weighted and in one-third- Directivity information and octave or octave bands sound pressure levels as a function of time; single-event sound pressure levels; other frequency weighted sound power levels A-weighted Sound pressure levels as function of time

ISO 3746

Survey

ISO 3747

Engineering Essentially reverberant field in or survey

situ, subject to stated qualification req.

Steady, broad-band, narrow-band or discrete frequency Broadband, narrowband or discrete frequency, if stationary in time

A-weighted from octave bands Positive and/or negative Band limited (one-thirdpartial sound power octave 50 Hz-6 300 Hz) Aweighted and in 1/3-octave concentration or octave bands. Grade of accuracy is determined from field indicators

Using sound intensity

ISO 9614-1 Precision, Any engineering or survey ISO 9614-2 Engineering or survey

No restrictions

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PULSE Free Field Method

z

Sound power determination according to:

ISO 3744 (engineering) ISO 3745 (precision) ISO 3746 (survey)

Based on Sound Pressure measurements in a Free-Field or Essentially Free-Field Quick and easy to follow Do not require a special acoustic test facility (when following ISO 3744 and ISO 3746) Scalable solution
Move the microphone(s) to complete the measurement or measure simultaneously in all the microphone positions

z z

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Sound Power Determination in a Free-Field

z

Measure sound pressure at different microphone positions over a closed measurement surface totally enveloping the source or ending on a reflecting plane
Z Z Y
d c l3 c l1 l2 2b

X
Hemisphere

2a Parallelepiped

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Sound Power Determination in a Free-Field

z

At each microphone position measure also the background noise, that is the noise with the measurement object switched off Determine the corrected surface sound pressure level Lpf, that is the average sound pressure level corrected for background noise and environmental correction factor The sound power level is:

LW = L pf + 10 log( S / S 0 )
where:

S is the area of the measurement surface [m2] S0 = 1 m2

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Free Field Method - choice of ISO standards

3744 (engineering) 3745 (precision) 3746 (survey)

Parallelepiped Hemisphere User Defined

ISO 3744 Engineering method Grade 2 Outdoors or in a large room

Equal Unequal

Parameter

ISO 3745 Precision method Grade 1 Anechoic or semianechoic room

ISO 3746 Survey method Grade 3 Outdoors or indoors

Test environment Criterion for test environment Limitation for background noise Minimum number of microphone positions

K2 2 dB L 6 dB K1 1.3 dB
9

K2 0.5dB
L 6 dB K1 1.3 dB
10

K2 7 dB
L 3 dB K1 3 dB
4

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Intensity scanning method

z z z

Intensity Scanning Method according to ISO 9614-2 do not require a special acoustic test facility gives directional information tolerant of high background noise levels a number of field indicators are calculated to indicate:

z z

the quality of the determination, actions to increase the grade of accuracy of determination

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Sound Power from Sound Intensity

z Sound Power equals the Surface integral of Sound Intensity

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Effects of External Sources

r r I dS = W
S
Stationary Sources

r r I dS = 0
S

Sound Power based on Sound Intensity is insensitive to background noise

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The Sound Power (Intensity) Standards

Point Measurements Sweeps

ISO 9614 Part 1

ISO 9614 Part 2

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Intensity, scanning, ISO 9614-2

z

Advantages
Easier to follow than point-based methods Can be used in-situ, no special acoustic test facility required Gives directional information Isolates the test object and allows segmentation of an object

Disadvantages
Only gives engineering or survey grade measurements, no precision grade Experience required to acquire good scanning technique Will (usually) take longer then the pressure-based methods

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Reverberation Room Method

z z

Pressure-based sound power method according to:

ISO 3741 (precision) ISO 3743 (engineering)

z z z

Very simple to follow Both multiple microphones and the traversing microphone are supported Scalable solution
Move the microphone(s) to complete the measurement or measure simultaneously in all the microphone positions

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Sound Power Measurement

z

Comparison Method:
Utilize a Reference Sound Source (B&K 4204)

LW

is known for each 1/3 octave band

Measure LP with RSS Operating Measure LP with Test Object Operating

LW = LW(RSS) - LP(RSS) + LP
where

LW LP LW(RSS) LP(RSS)
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Sound Power of Test Object Sound Pressure Level produced by Test Object Sound Power of Reference Sound Source Sound Pressure Level produced by Reference Sound Source

Diffuse-field Methods, ISO 3741, ISO 3743

z

Advantages
Comparison method (using reference sound source) very simple to follow Fast, when rotating microphone boom is used ISO 3741 gives precision measurements, (ISO 3743 gives engineering)

Disadvantages
Require use of a reverberation room meeting specified requirements Measurement of noise sources having narrowband content places additional requirements on the room Other uses of reverberation room are very limited

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Testing Wind Turbines for Sound Power and tonality with IEC 61400:11

www.bksv.com Brel & Kjr Sound & Vibration Measurement A/S. Copyright 2009. All Rights Reserved.

IEC 61400:11 Acoustics Emissions of Turbines

z Wind Turbine Noise Emissions are characterized

Provides the apparent A-weighted sound power levels, spectra, and tonality at integer wind speeds from 6-10 m/s (13-22 mph) for one turbine. With respect to a range of wind speeds and directions Specifies location of acoustic measurement positions Requires acquisition of meterological and wind turbine operational data
z Pre-requisites and related standards:

IEC 60651 SLM IEC 60688 Microphones/transducers IEC 60804 Integrating-averaging SLMs IEC 61260 Oct. and 1/3 Oct. filters IEC 61400-12 Turbine Power Performance Testing

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IEC 61400:11
z Acoustics Instruments

Must meet SLM Type 1 requirements and use a microphone with a diameter that is not larger than 13 mm (1/2 in.) All measurements must be recorded Constant frequency response from 45 Hz to 11.2 kHz. Fractional octave filters must meet IEC 61260 requirements for Class 1 filters. Narrow band spectra analysis must meet IEC 60651 type 1 requirements from 20 Hz 11.2 kHz. Microphone is used with a primary wind screen with a diameter of 90mm. A secondary wind screen may be used. This wind screen should consist of a hemispherical wire frame at least 450 mm in diameter covered with a 13 to 25 mm layer of open cell foam.
If a secondary windscreen is used, the influence on frequency response must be documented and corrected for.

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What instrumentation fits the bill?

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IEC 61400:11
z Non-acoustic Instruments

Anemometer
Should be within +/- .2 m/s from calibration value for the range of test.

Electric power transducer

Must meet accuracy requirements of IEC 60688 Class 1.

Wind direction transducer

Must be accurate to +/- 6 degrees.

Atmospheric pressure
+/-1 kPa

Temperature
+/- 1 degree C

All instrumentation should be calibrated at regular intervals with traceability to a national or primary standards lab.

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IEC 61400:11
Microphone positions - Primary position (1) is directly downwind +/- 15 degrees. -Additional microphone positions at same distance R as primary position +/- 20%. -Distance R=H+D/2

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IEC 61400:11
Microphone Board z The microphone is placed lying on a circular board at least 1 meter in diameter. z It must be acoustically hard
Plywood > 12mm thick Metal > 2mm
z A larger board is recommend for

soft ground.

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IEC 61400:11
z Anometer and wind direction transducer are placed upwind at a

distance of 2D-4D and a height from 10m to the rotor center. z They should not be placed in the wake of another wind turbine. The wake is considered to be 10 rotor diameters downwind of the wind turbine.
z Preferred Method:

Wind speed may be derived from electric output of turbine using a power vs. speed curve. This data does not have to come from the turbine under test but it is preferred that it is. If the data is collected from another turbine, it should be of the same type and have the same components as the turbine being tested.

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IEC 61400:11
Measurements at Position 1
z LAeq, background noise, and 1/3rd octave measurements (center

frequencies from 50 Hz to 10 kHz) at each wind speed.

z Two minutes of Narrowband wind turbine noise and background

noise are required at each integer wind speed. These measurements should be as close to integer wind speeds as possible.

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IEC 61400:11 Apparent Sound Power

Measurements

Create a second order regression of the 30+ measurements of the turbine at different wind speeds and another for background measurements. z These regressions are used to determine corrected SPL levels at integer wind speeds which are used to calculate sound power.

80

75

70 y = 0.0413x2 +8.6601x - 10.793 R2 = 0.9802 65

60

dB(A)

55

50

45

40

35

30 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Wind Speed (m/s)

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IEC 61400:11 Apparent Sound Power

Sound Power can now be calculated using the formula:

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IEC 61400:11 Tonality

z Tonality is determined from the narrowband analysis over the

same wind speed range as the sound power level measurements.

The narrowband analysis is performed with frequency resolution between 2 and 5 Hz for frequencies less than 2 kHz and 2-12.5 Hz for 2 kHz 5 kHz.

z Tones are identified by comparing levels of adjacent bands in the

same critical band and correcting for background noise.

The calculation itself is intensive and not simple to perform manually.

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Wouldnt it be nice
If someone made a system that made this test easy?

It is a standard application in Pulse! Type 7914

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Noise Source Identification Techniques

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Noise Source Identification Techniques

z

Sound Pressure Map

Does not represent energy flow Poor resolution Easy to misinterpret

Sound Pressure Map

Sound Intensity Map

Directly represents energy flow Good resolution

Sound Intensity Map

Selective Intensity Map

Calculates the part of the full intensity that is coherent with a reference signal

Selective Intensity

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Array Hardware and Applications

z Arrays for Beamforming
Wheel arrays and Random arrays Optimized array geometry Acoustical camera

Modular Rectangular Arrays

Holography (STSF, robot option) Transient Holography (NS-STSF)

z Combo Arrays
Low-frequency Holography (SONAH) High-frequency Beamforming Engine, Gearbox,

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Beamforming versus Non-Stat/STSF

Beamforming
Frequency range Resolution Area covered Measured quantities Measurement distance (z) 500-20 kHz

NS/STSF
50 - 6.4 kHz Min{z,} Size of array Pressure, Particle velocity, Intensity (calibrated)

60 deg. opening angle Relative pressure

L< z<

z grid spacing

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Noise Source Identification in R&D and Production

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Quick general solution for outdoor directional NSI

z z z z

30 integrated microphones, 3.5 m diam. Suppresses noise from back Resolution at 100 m and 1 kHz: 10 m Can separate contributions from different wind turbines and buildings z Can distinguish noise from hub and outer part of blades at medium-high frequencies Pentangle

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Actual measurement data...

Delay-And-Sum NNLS deconvolution

500 Hz

630 Hz

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Actual measurement data...

Delay-And-Sum NNLS deconvolution

800 Hz

1000 Hz

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Actual measurement data...

Delay-And-Sum NNLS deconvolution

1250 Hz

1600 Hz

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Actual measurement data...

Delay-And-Sum NNLS deconvolution

2000 Hz

2500 Hz

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Actual measurement data...

Delay-And-Sum NNLS deconvolution

3150 Hz

4000 Hz

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Noise Monitoring Solutions

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Why Perform Noise Monitoring?

z Requirement by local government z Ease concerns of wind farm noise for neighboring communities z Feedback for future site planning z Use the same system during installation

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Noise Sentinel Option for noise monitoring

Subscription Based Service
z

z z

Provides everything needed to meet ongoing noise monitoring obligations without having to own expensive equipment We set up and manage the entire system 24 hours a day with automatic data recovery We check the data and make clear any data limitations or concerns Delivered by a professional services organization with decades of experience in noise monitoring solutions. Lower cost of operation during the life of the service vs. purchasing and operating your own system

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Predictor Software for Noise Contours of Farms

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Questions?

Tony Spica Application Engineer Tony.Spica@bksv.com

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