Cathylyn Aniban VITAMINS & MINERALS VITAMINS - Are organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and, occasionally, nitrogen

and other elements that are needed in small quantities - Was originated by Casimir Funk in 1912 - vitamine- vita- necessary for life and amine- an antiberi-beri factor contained nitrogen. CLASSIFICATION OF VITAMINS Water Soluble - are absorbed directly into the bloodstream and move freely within the cells. They must be consumed daily in the diet 1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 3. Vitamin B3 (Niacin) 4. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 5. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) 6. Vitamin C (Ascorbic) 7. Biotin 8. Folate (Folic acid) 9. Pantothenic acid Fat soluble - are absorbed with fat into the lymphatic system, and the bloodstream. They attached into the lipoproteins to be transported. 1. Vitamin A (Retinol) 2. Vitamin D (Calciferol) 3. Vitamin E (Tocopherol) 4. Vitamin K (menadione) TERMS A. B. C. D. E.

Bone pain

FOOD SOURCE ANIMAL - Liver - Dairy products - Dilis - Tahong - Fish Liver oil PLANT - Dark green and yellow-orange fruits and vegetables VITAMIN D CALCIFEROL - 5 ug FUNCTIONS - CALCIUM and PHOSPHOROUS ABSORPTION - Bone mineralization - Prevention of tetany DEFICIENCY - RICKETS (CHILDREN) - OSTEOMALACIA (ADULT) - Hypocalcemia - OSTEOPOROSIS TOXICITY - Growth retardation - Kidney damage and stones - Deposits in soft tissue - Hypercalcemia FOOD SOURCE ANIMAL DAIRY PRODUCTS EGG YOLK Fish Liver oil PLANT- none XEROPHTHALMIA AND BITOTS SPOT ALOPECIA RICKETS VITAMIN E TOCOPHEROL FUNCTIONS - ANTIOXIDANT- prevents cell damage RBCs DEFICIENCY - Red blood cell and nerve destruction (hemolysis) TOXICITY - None FOOD SOURCE ANIMAL- None PLANT - VEGETABLE OIL - Nuts and seeds - Whole grain

Avitaminosis- lack of vitamin Hypervitaminosis- vitamin toxicity Vitamin Malnutrition- lacking and toxicity Antivitamins- vitamin antagonists Vitamers- multiple forms of vitamin

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMIN A RETINOL 1ug FUNCTIONS - Maintenance of vision in dim Growth of hair , nails, bones, and glands and epithelium - Prevents infection DEFICIENCY - NIGHT BLINDNESS - XEROPHTHALMIA or BITOTS SPOT - Retarded growth - Toad skin (phrynederma) - Respiratory infection TOXICITY - FETAL MALFORMATION - HAIR LOSS (alopecia) - Skin changes

VITAMIN K (MENADIONE) - 120ug (Men) - 90ug (women) FUNCTIONS - BLOOD CLOTTING clotting factors 10, 9, 7. 2 DEFICIENCY - Hemorrhage( newborn) - Prolonged blood clotting (adults) TOXICITY - Hemolytic anemia - Kernicterus FOOD SOURCE ANIMAL - Liver and milk - GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES (broccoli and cabbage) KERNICTERUS

- mg (male) FUNCTIONS - Essential for CHO, CHON, COOH metabolism DEFICIENCY - ARIBOFLAVINOSIS - Cheilosis - glossitis - seborrheic dermatitis - pellagra TOXICITY - When given by injection FOOD SOURCE ANIMAL - Meats - Fish PLANT - Grains - Cereals - Green- leafy vegetables

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE) - Mg (female) - mg (male) FUNCTIONS - MUSCLE NERVE FUNCTION - CHO metabolism - Maintains good appetite DEFICIENCY EARLY STAGE - Loss of appetite - Constipation secondary to gastric atony LATER STAGE - BERI- BERI - Wet- edema on lower extremities, CHF, ascites - DRY- peripheral nerves are in pins and needles- PARESTHESIA, Toe and wrist drop - WERNICKES- KORSOKOFF SYNDROME- thiamin deficiency in alcoholics TOXICITY - none FOOD SOURCE ANIMAL - LEAN PORK - Organ meats (LIVER) PLANT - Whole grains - legumes DRY BERI-BERI WET BERI-BERI VITAMIN B2 RIBOFLAVIN - mg (female)

VITAMIN B3 (NIACIN) - 14 mg (female) - 16 mg (male) FUNCTIONS - Co- enzyme in energy metabolism DEFICIENCY - PELLAGRA - D-dermatitis - D-Dementia - D-Diarrhea - D- Death - GLOSSITIS - ANGULAR STOMATITIS TOXICITY - Vasodilation and liver damage, hyper motility and acidity of stomach, paralysis of respiratory system FOOD SOURCE ANIMAL - FISH - Meats - Eggs PLANT - Whole grain VITAMIN B6 (PYRIDOXINE) - Supplemented in anti-TB therapy as drugs complete with absorption of B6 - 1.3-1.5 mg (males) - 1.3-1.7 mg (females) FUNCTIONS - Amino acid metabolism - It catalyzes urea production - NEUROTRANSMITTER SYNTHESIS DEFICIENCY - HEADACHE - Anemia

- Convulsion - Nausea - PERIPHERAL NEURITIS TOXICITY - NERVE DESTRUCTION if given 3 gms/kg weight FOOD SOURCE ANIMAL - Pork - Fish - Poultry - Liver - Kidney PLANT - Whole grain - High protein foods - Spinach - Broccoli PATHOTHENIC ACID - from everywhere or from all sides - Vitamin B5 - 4-7 mg FUNCTIONS - Co- enzyme of energy metabolism DEFICIENCY - Fatigue - Headache - Nausea - vomiting TOXICITY - Generally non- toxic occasionally causes diarrhea FOOD SOURCE - LIVER - Most foods of plants and animal in origin VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN) - 2-4ug FUNCTIONS - FOLATE METABOLISM - ERYTHROCYTE MATURATION FACTOR (EMF)- prevents pernicious anemia more appropriately called microcytic hyperchromic anemia - NERVE FUNCTION bec. It maintains the myelin sheath DEFICIENCY - PERNICIOUS ANEMIA - POOR NERVE FUNCTION TOXICITY NONE FOOD SOURCE MOST FOODS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN BIOTIN - 30ug FUNCTIONS - Coenzyme in the synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids DEFICIENCY - Nausea

- Anorexia - depression - Pallor - Dermatitis - Increase serum cholesterol TOXICITY NOT DOCUMENTED FOOD SOURCE ANIMALS - Liver - Meats - Egg yolk - Milk PLANTS - Whole grains - Nuts - legumes VITAMINC (ASCORBIC ACID) - also known as anti- scorbutic vitamin - 75mg (female) - 90 mg (male) FUNCTIONS - REQUIRED FOR IRON ABSORPTION - ANTIOXIDANT- prevents cell damage; causes collagen formation; affects health of teeth and gums - Conversion of folic acid to folinic acid - Healing of wounds - Resistance against infection - Prevents hemorrhages - Prevents MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA DEFICIENCY - SCURVY - Poor wound healing - Weakness - Impaired immune response - Pinpoint hemorrhage- petechial rashes - Bleeding gums TOXICITY - RARE- easily excreted - >2g/Kg of weight can cause diarrhea, kidney stone formation and GI upsets FOOD SOURCE CITRUS FOODS - PUERTO RICO CHERRY- ARECOLA - KASUY - BAYABAS - DATILES - KAMATSILE - ORANGE - SILI - MUSTASA - REPOLYO COOKED - MALUNGGAY LEAVES - GABI LEAVES - AMPALAYA LEAVES

 SCURVY FOLIC ACID - Pteroylglutamic acid - Folate - Folacin - 400ug FUNCTIONS - Important in the synthesis of DNA, protein metabolism and formation of hemoglobin DEFICIENCY - NEURAL TUBE DEFECT - Megaloblastic Anemia - mental confusion - Heartburn - Glossitis - Depression Anencephaly TOXICITY - Masks Vit B12 deficiency - Uremia FOOD SOURCE ANIMAL - Liver - Glandular organs PLANT - Legumes - cereals SPINA BIFIDA Minerals Six Classes of Nutrients 1. Carbohydrate 2. Protein 3. Fat 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals 6. Water The Minerals - small, naturally occurring, inorganic, chemical elements - Inorganic: being or composed of matter other than plant or animal - serve as structural components and in many vital processes in the body Major vs. Trace Major minerals LARGEr Quantities (>5g) Calcium Chloride Magnesium Potassium Phosphorous Sodium Sulfur

Trace Minerals SMALLer Quantities (<5g) Iron Zinc Copper Fluoride Selenium Iodine Chromium Manganese Magnesium Molybdenum STRUCTURAL BONE HEALTH (calcium, phosphorous, magnesium) BLOOD HEALTH (IRON, zinc, copper) DIGESTION (chlorine) SUPPORTS REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH (iodine) REGULATORY A. ACID- BASE BALANCE Acid forming P- Phosphorous C- Chlorine S- Sulfur B. Base Forming C- Calcium P- Potassium M- Magnesium S- Sodium C. CATALYSTS OF METABOLISM D. MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY (magnesium, POTASSIUM, sodium, CALCIUM) E. NERVE IMPULSES (SODIUM AND POTASSIUM) Normal Values of Electrolytes in the body Sodium: 135-145 mEq/L Potassium: 3.5-5 mEq/L Calcium: 4.5-5.5 mEq/L Magnesium: 4.5-5.5 mEq/L Phosphate: 1.7-2.6 mEq/L Chloride: 98-108 mEq/L CALCIUM 99% -BONES 1%- TEETH FUNCTIONS - BONE AND TEETH FORMATION - Blood coagulation - Nerve transmission - Catalyst of biological reactions - BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION DEFICIENCY - RICKETS - OSTEOMALACIA - HYPOCALCEMIA- tetany

- OSTEOPOSIS - STUNTING TOXICITY - RENAL CALCULI FOOD SOURCE - DAIRY PRODUCTS - Milk - Kesong puti - GREEN- LEAFY VEGETABLES - BROCCOLI - Malunggay - Saluyot - SEA FOODS - Kuhol - Hipon - Talangka - Sea weeds - SALMON - SARDINES WITH BONES PHOSPHOROUS FUNCTIONS - BONES AND TEETH FORMATION - Acid- base balance - Compo-nent of coenzymes DEFICIENCY - HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA - Weakness - Demineraliza-tion of bone TOXICITY - HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA DOWAGERS HUMP - depressed absorption of calcium FOOD SOURCE - Milk products - Poultry - Meat - Eggs - Legumes - Nuts - cheese POTASSIUM (K) KALIUM - major intracellular cation FUNCTIONS - Maintains fluid and electrolyte balance - Important for CHO and COOH metabolism - Muscle and nerve function DEFICIENCY - HYPOKALE-MIA - Muscle weakness - Fatigue - Confusion - Cardiac irregularities - Poor respiration TOXICITY

HYPERKALEMIA Cardiac arrest Nerve damage

FOOD SOURCE - BANANA - FRUIT JUICE - Nuts - Legumes - Milk - PAPAYA SULFUR FUNCTIONS - Co- factor of protein - ENERGY METABOLISM DEFICIENCY TOXICITY FOOD SOURCE - All foods rich in protein SODIUM (Na) - Water goes to where sodium is - Major cation extracellular FUNCTIONS - MAINTAIN FLUID BALANCE - Acid- base balance - Nerve impulse transmission DEFICIENCY - HYPONATREMIA - Vein collapse - Hypotension - Tachycardia - Confusion (LETHARGY) TOXICITY - HYPERNATRE-MIA - edema - hypertension - excitability and restlessness FOOD SOURCE One mEq Na contains 23 mg sodium ANIMAL>PLANT - Carrots - Spinach - Celery CHLORIDE (Cl ) - Major anion extracellular FUNCTIONS - ACID- BASE BALANCE (Na or K) - FORMATION OF GASTRIC JUICE DEFICIENCY - MUSCLE CRAMPS - Poor appetite - Poor growth in children TOXICITY - VOMITING

FOOD SOURCE - TABLE SALT - All foods rich in sodium MAGNESIUM (Mg ) FUNCTIONS - Component of co-enzyme - Cellular metabolism - Muscular contraction - Increase the stability of calcium in tooth enamel DEFICIENCY - HYPOMAG-NESEMIA - Weakness - Growth failure - confusion TOXICITY - HYPERMAG-NESEMIA - Hypotension - Arrhythmia - Decrease tendon reflex - Coma - Renal insufficiency - DIARRHEA FOOD SOURCE - Nuts - Soybeans - Meat - Milk - Cocoa - Seafood - Whole grains - Dried beans - Peas - Green- leafy vegetables IRON (Fe) - The most abundant trace element in the body. *60-75%-hemoglobin *5%- myoglobin *25%- liver, spleen, bone marrow (ferritin or hemosiderin) *5%- enzymes FUNCTIONS - Carrier of oxygen needed for cellular respiration - Necessary for hemoglobin formation - Component of tissue enzymes *beta- carotene to Vit. A *oxidation of glucose to energy DEFICIENCY - NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA OF MICROCYTIC TYPE - HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA - PERNICIOUS ANEMIA - MALABSORPTION ANEMIA - Pallor - Easily fatigue - Dizziness - Insomnia - Lack of appetite

TOXICITY - Hemosiderosis - Hemochromatosis - GI Upset FOOD SOURCE HEME - PORK LIVER (14mg/100gm.) - Enriched rice - Seafoods - Red meat - Egg yolk - Legumes - Green- leafy vegetables Blood Health: Iron Animal biological function: Bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells Helps transport O2 Deficiency: ANEMIA Fatigue Headaches Shortness of breath Iron Sources: Animals - heme iron MORE readily absorbed Meats, poultry, fish (clams) Plant - NON heme iron Enriched cereals, tofu, spinach Interfering with absorption Bioavailability - may be reduced due to other foods consumed at the same time ZINC FUNCTIONS - Essential component of metallo-enzymes - Growth factor - Making of sperm - Acceleration of wound healing and sense of taste - Production of insulin - Immune defense - Blood health DEFICIENCY - Growth failure - Scaly dermatitis - Reproductive failure - Impaired immune function - Taste and smell deficits TOXICITY ACUTE - Nausea - Vomiting - Diarrhea CHRONIC - Adversely affects copper metabolism - Anemia

Affects immune function

Oysters Whole grains Nuts cherries

FOOD SOURCE - Meat - Fish - Poultry - Whole grains - Cereals - breads SELENIUM FUNCTIONS - Component of glutathione peroxidase - Antioxidant properties - Works with Vitamin E DEFICIENCY TOXICITY FOOD SOURCE - Organ and muscle meats - Dairy products - Whole grains - Garlic *Selenium component of plant depends on the selenium level present in the soil MANGANESE FUNCTIONS - Helps regulate bone and mineral status cofactor DEFICIENCY - Decrease growth rate of hair, bones and nails - Muscle control loss - Confusion TOXICITY - Respirato-ry failure - Arrhythmia - Hypoten-sion FOOD SOURCE - NUTS AND WHOLE - GRAINS - Green- leafy vegetables COPPER FUNCTIONS - WORKS WITH IRON - WORKS WITH VITAMIN C - Component of RBC- erythro-cuprein DEFICIENCY - HYPOCUPRE-MIA associated with anemia, neutropenia, and leukopenia - MENKEs disease TOXICITY HYPERCUPRE-MIA Wilsons disease FOOD SOURCE - Organ meats

IODINE FUNCTIONS - Component of thyroid hormone- thyroxin DEFICIENCY - Enlarged thyroid - Weight gain - CRETINISM (infant) - MYXEDEMA (adult) TOXICITY - THROTOXICO-SIS- iodide goiter FOOD SOURCE - SEAFOODS and iodized salt Iodine Supports energy regulation Critical for synthesis of Thyroid hormone Supports reproduction and growth Deficiency AND Excessive Intakes Goiter enlargement of thyroid gland Present in very few foods Think SALT (fortified) and salt water saltwater fish, salty foods MOLYBDENUM FUNCTIONS - Integral part of - Xanthine oxidase - Liver aldehyde oxidase - Sulfur oxidase DEFICIENCY TOXICITY - GOUT like symptoms FOOD SOURCE - Legumes - Lean meats - Milk products - Whole grains - Dark green leafy vegetables COBALT FUNCTIONS - Constituent of Vitamin B12 - Normal functioning of all cells of bone marrow, nervous and gastrointestinal system DEFICIENCY - PERNICIOUS ANEMIA TOXICITY - POLYCYTHE-MIA - Goitrogenic effect FOOD SOURCE - Liver - Kidney - Oyster

Clams Lean beef Veal poultry

CHROMIUM (Cr) FUNCTIONS - METABOLISM OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES DEFICIENCY - Glucose intolerance TOXICITY - Bronchial cancer FOOD SOURCE - CORN OIL - Clams, whole grains, vegetables FLOURIDE FUNCTIONS - Reduces dental carries and minimizing bone loss DEFICIENCY - DENTAL FLUORO-SIS TOXICITY - CRIPPLING SKELETAL FLUOROSIS FOOD SOURCE Water Chinese tea Ordinary tea Coffee Soybeans Seafood