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CHAPTER 7: ELECTRICITY
7.1 Electric Fields and Charge Flow
7.1.1 Charge
There are two types of charges: positive charge and negative charge. Like charges attract whereas opposite charges repel. Stationary electric charges are also known as static electricity.
7.1.2 Current
Current: The rate of charge flow.
I= Q t
where Q = charge [Coulomb] I = current [Ampere] t = time [seconds] Electric current consists of a flow of electrons.
Positive charge
Negative charge
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When the power supply is turned on, the likopodium powder will map the electrical field lines Sesame oil is used because it conducts electricity only at extremely high potential difference The density of the field lines represent the intensity of the electric field
A ping pong ball coated with metallic point is placed centrally between two metallic plates connected to a very high voltage source. The ball is suspended with nylon string which is an electrical insulator. When the power supply is turned on, the ball will not move as it is initially neutral. The charges on both sides neutralize each other. When the ball is pushed to one of the plates, the ball will oscillate between the plates until the power supply is turned off. The frequency of oscillation increases if: Potential difference of voltage source is increased. The metallic plates are closer.
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A candle is placed centrally between two metallic plates connected to a high voltage power source. The candle flame splits into two opposite directions and is biased towards the negative plate. This is because negative ions are lighter and move more quickly than the positive ions. Negative ions are attracted towards the positive plate whereas the positive ions are attracted towards the negative plate.
7.1.8 Photocopiers
An image of the original document is projected onto the plate. The bright areas lose their charge.
A blank sheet of paper is pressed against the plate and picks up the powdered ink
The paper is heated so that the powdered ink melts and sticks to the paper
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7.2
V=
where V = potential difference [Volt] E = energy released / work done [Joule} Q = charge [Coulomb]
E Q
Charges move from high potential to low potential Potential difference can be measured with a voltmeter connected in parallel across two points within an electric circuit
V = Constant = Resistance I Charges encounter resistance from the atoms in the conductor when current is flowing through. V = IR where V = potential difference [V] I = current [A] R = resistance []
I/A
Non-ohmic conductors: Non-ohmic conductors are conductors which do not obey Ohms Law. E.g., a light bulb whose resistance increases over time due to temperature increase (heating effect of current)
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7.2.4 Superconductors
Superconductors are conductors with zero resistance The conductors are cooled down to critical temperatures Special properties: Allows the flow of electric current with minimal loss of energy Negates any applied external magnetic fields Superconductors are used in transportation, electronic components, energy storage, power cables, etc.
7.3
Circuit
I I I1 R1 I2 R2
I1
R1
V1 I2 R2
V1
V2 V2
R = R1 + R2
V = V1 + V 2 I = I1 = I2
1 1 1 = + R R1 R2 V = V1 = V 2 I = I1 + I 2
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7.4
Before the switch is turned on The battery does not supply current to the light bulb Voltmeter reading = E.m.f. of battery R After the switch is turned on The battery supplies current which flows around the circuit Voltmeter measures the potential difference across the terminals of the battery The voltmeter reading drops due to internal resistance of the battery EMF = IR + Ir EMF = V + Ir EMF = I (R + r)
where EMF = electromotive force [V] I = current flowing through the circuit [A] R = total resistance of the circuit [] r = internal resistance of the batteries [] V = potential difference of the circuit [V]
E = y-intercept r = - gradient
Circuit setup
Graph of V against I
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7.5
P=
E t
where P = power [Watt] E = electric energy used / dissipated [Joule] t = time [seconds]
P = IV
where P = power [Watt] I = current [Ampere] V = potential difference [Volt] From P = IV and V = IR,
P = I 2R V2 P= R
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7.5.4 Efficiency
Efficiency = Output power 100% Input power
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