Water supply and sanitation in Brazil

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Brazil: Water and Sanitation

Data

Access to piped water supply

77% (2006) [1]

Access toimproved sanitation

77% (2006) [1]

Continuity of supply (%)

n/a

Average urban water use (l/c/d) 143

Average urban water and sanitation tariff (US$/m3)

0.82 (2006)[2]

Share of household metering

76% [3]

Share of collected wastewater treated

35% (2000) [4]

Annual investment in WSS

US$14/capita (2006)

Share of self-financing by utilities

51% (2004)

Share of tax-financing

n/a

Share of external financing

n/a

Institutions

Decentralization to municipalities

Substantial

National water and sanitation company

None

Water and sanitation regulator State-level multi-sector

Responsibility for policy setting Ministry of Cities

Sector law

Yes

Number of urban service providers

26 State Companies, >1500 municipalities for water, >4500 municipalities for sanitation

Number of rural service providers

n/a

Water supply and sanitation in Brazil is characterized by both achievements and challenges. Among the achievements is an increase in access to piped water supply from 66% to 77% between 1990 and 2006; an increase in access to improved sanitation from 71% to 77% in the same period;[1] a functioning national system to finance water and sanitation infrastructure; a high level of cost recovery compared to most other developing countries; as well as a number of notable technical and financial innovations such as condominial sewerage and an output-based subsidy for treated wastewater called PRODES. Among the challenges is the still high number of poor Brazilians living in urban slums and in rural areas without access to piped water or sanitation; water scarcity in the Northeast of Brazil; water pollution, especially in the South-East of the country; the low share of collected wastewater that is being treated (35% in 2000); and longstanding tensions between the federal, state and municipal governments about their respective roles in the sector.
Contents
[hide]

1 Access 2 Water use 3 Reaching the poor 4 Pollution 5 History and recent developments

o o
(1968-1986)

5.1 Municipal service provision (prior to 1968) 5.2 The National Water Supply and Sanitation Plan PLANASA

5.3 Gradual municipalization, some private sector participation (1986 - 2002)

5.4 The Lula administration (since 2003) 6 Responsibility for water supply and sanitation

o o o

6.1 Policy and regulation 6.2 Service provision 6.3 Utility associations 7 Efficiency 8 Financial aspects

o o o o

8.1 Tariffs 8.2 Revenue collection 8.3 Investment 8.4 Financing 9 External cooperation

9.1 Inter-American Development Bank

o o o

9.2 World Bank 9.3 Japan 9.4 Germany 10 See also 11 References 12 External links

[edit]Access

Urban (84% of the population) Rural (16% of the population) Total

Improved water source [5] 96% Water House connections 91%

57%

90%

17%

79%

Improved sanitation [6] Sanitation Sewerage

83%

37%

75%

53%

5%

45%

Access to piped water supply in Brazil stood at 77% and access to improved sanitation also at 77% in 2006. [1]
[7]

Coverage is significantly higher in urban areas, where 84% of the Brazilian population live. Urban coverage is

96% for water and 83% for improved sanitation, including 53% access tosewerage, the remainder being accounted for by on-site sanitation. Coverage in rural areas, where 16% of Brazils population lives, is much lower. It stands at 57% for improved water supply and only 37% for improved sanitation. Geographically coverage is lowest in the countrys poorest regions: particularly in predominantly rural North, Northeast, and Center-West.

[edit]Water

use

Clean drinking water...not self-evident for everyone

Average water use in Brazil for users served by utilities fell from 217 to 143 liter/capita/day over the past years (-34%). Water use in Brazilian cities is lower than in some other Latin American cities (370 in Buenos Aires, 259 across cities in Peru, 196 across cities in Chile) and is now much closer to levels in Central Europe (165 in France, 150 in England and 122 in Germany). Increased metering and a higher share of low-income users with low per capita water use may have played a role in the reduced water use.

[edit]Reaching

the poor

Favelas in Rio de Janeiro.

Reaching poor urban neighborhoods remains a challenge. This frequently requires non-conventional approaches. While Brazil has pioneered the use of low cost appropriate technology (such as condominial sewers) and active community participation it still faces the challenge of the many informal peri-urban settlements, called favelas, often situated on steep slopes or in flood plains. An example of how the government addresses these issues is the World Bank-supported Low Income Sanitation Technical Assistance Project PROSANEAR.

[edit]Pollution

Brazils major and medium size metropolitan areas face increasing problems of water pollution. Coastal cities such as Rio de Janeiro, So Paulo and Recife suffer effects of upstream residential and industrial sewage contaminating feeder rivers, lakes, and the ocean. In 2000, only 35% of collected wastewater received any treatment.[4] For example, the Tiet River, which runs through the So Paulo metropolitan area (17 million inhabitants), has returned to its 1990 pollution levels. Despite the support from the IDB, the World Bank andCaixa Econmica Federal in a US$400 million clean up effort, the level of dissolved oxygen has returned to the critical level of 1990 at 0 mg per liter due to increased levels of unregulated sewerage, phosphorus, and ammonia nitrogen discharged into the river.[8] The state water company Sabesp projects that a minimum of R$3 billion (US$1.7bn) would be necessary to clean up the river.[9] See also Water management in the Metropolitan Region of So Paulo)

[edit]History

and recent developments

The water and sanitation sector has gradually evolved over time. The changes that have occurred have largely been the product of political, economic, social and cultural factors external to the sector. [10]

[edit]Municipal

service provision (prior to 1968)

Until 1968, the responsibility for water supply and sanitation was municipal. Service providers were municipal water and drainage companies, each of them with different financial and administrative structures. The federal role was limited to the Special Service for Public Health, which lacked funding as well as regulatory or enforcement capacity.[11] At that time coverage rates were low and there was no institutional structure to plan and finance an increase in coverage on the necessary scale. [12] The military regime that took power in 1964 initially did not intervene in the structure of the sector. The central role of municipalities in water supply and sanitation was thus confirmed by the 1967 Federal Constitution, only to be fundamentally altered a year later.

[edit]The

National Water Supply and Sanitation Plan PLANASA (1968-1986)

A water tower in Campinas, So Paulo.

To address the challenges in the sector, the National Water Supply and Sanitation System was created in 1968. It was supported by three newly created institutions:

the National Housing Bank (Banco Nacional de Habitao) or BNH; the Employment Guarantee Fund (FGTS), the main source of funds for Planasa; and 27 state-owned water and sanitation companies (Companhias Estaduais de Saneamento Bsico or CESBs).

Planasa was the first federal government initiative in water and sanitation in Brazil. BNH managed the FGTS and, by extension, national urban development policy.[12] Beginning in 1971 State Water and Sanitation Companies (CESBs) were set up in every Brazilian state. Until 1985, only these public companies could obtain financing from BNH for water supply and sanitation, being responsible for construction, operation and maintenance. In order for CESBs to operate in their respective states, they had to obtain municipal licenses to run the services under long-term contracts, because the Brazilian Constitution had already established that the power to grant licences for public water and sanitation services belonged to the municipalities. The favorable performance of the economy, the scale of the system being installed, the amount of funds available and the subsidized interest rates on loans, all helped services to expand quickly.
[12]

Between 1970

and 1990, PLANASA expanded coverage from 45% to 95% for water and 24% to 42% for sanitation among urban residents [13] Due to their larger territorial scope, state water companies were able to cross-subsidize between different classes of consumers, especially between grossly disparate neighboring municipalities. [14] The coverage expansion happened unequally. Investment in water services was given priority because it was less costly and produced a quicker return through water charges. In addition, although there was significant

expansion of services all over Brazil, Planasa gave priority to the country's richer regions of the South and South East; most of the investment was concentrated in the larger cities, and within these cities, in the betteroff sections of the population.[12] About 3,200 of Brazils municipalities took advantage of PLANASA (although often without formal contracts), granting concessions to these state companies for 20-30 years. 1,800 municipalities chose to continue providing services directly on their own or indirectly through municipal companies, most of them in the relatively wealthy South-eastern region, particularly in Minas Gerais and So Paulo.[15] Other municipalities retained partial autonomy, linked to a Health Ministry entity, now known as the National Health Foundation (Funasa). They operated in accordance with the model established by the Special Service for Public Health over 40 years ago. Services are operated by a municipal agency which is administratively, technically and financially autonomous, but in which there is considerable input from Funasa, whose functions range from administration to technical assistance. In 1993 about 6% of Brazilian municipalities functioned under this system in 625 locations. They are largely concentrated in the North-eastern region. [12] Planasa coincided with the period of military government in Brazil (1964-1985) (see also History of Brazil), which has left its mark on the corporate culture of the state water companies at the time. For example, Lemos and Oiveira labeled the state water and sanitation companies as "pre-democratic institutions" that perceived themselves as islands of competence, constituting an infallible technocracy which systemically warded off public involvement in policy-making.[16] PLANASA also reduced the role of many municipal governments to signing concession contracts with state water companies, leaving them with a sense of marginalization. [17] The return to democracy and the decline in federal funding encouraged many states and municipalities to devolve services to the local level. Some also began to seek private concessions. Water and sanitation policy thus entered a new era that was characterized by an environment of increasing legal uncertainty and political controversy.

[edit]Gradual

municipalization, some private sector participation (1986 -

2002)
In 1986 the Housing Bank BNH was dissolved and management of the FGTS, the key financing instrument for the sector, was passed on to the Caixa Econmica Federal (CEF), under the supervision and control of the Supervisory Council of the FGTS (CCFGTS). However, the sector policy functions of BNH were not passed on to CEF and national policy for sanitation became the responsibility of various bodies in charge of urban management. PLANASA was formally abolished in 1992, making it more difficult for state governments to finance state water companies. The 1988 Federal Constitution does not clearly assign the responsibility for water supply and sanitation to either munitipalities or states.[13] Both can implement programs, provided the basic guidelines issued by the Federal Government are followed. A complicated web of un-enforced or weakly enforced statutory

requirements (e.g. permit requirements) persisted. [13] An effect of the new constitution was to render the responsibility for water provision less clearly defined.[14] Article 30 of the 1988 constitution allows municipal government to legislate in matters of local interest and to organize and provide, directly or by concession or permit, the public services of local interest, but does not resolve a variety of unclear property rights questions relating to the concession authority of municipalities. Nevertheless, state water companies continue to be regulated almost exclusively by state governments. State governments have adopted different strategies during the 1990s. Some, such as those of Rio de Janeiro and of Esprito Santo, attempted to grant concessions to the private sector. Others, such as Mato Grosso do Sul, returned the operation of services to the municipalities. Other states, such as So Paulo, Paran and Cear, took a series of measures to strengthen their state companies. This strategy also included diversifying the origin of the funds, opening the company's capital to private investors, as well as contracting out the management of systems to local private operators. [12] Main article: Water privatization in Brazil In February 1995 The Public Concession Act was passed. It cast additional legal uncertainty on swathes of public concession contracts with state water companies and eviscerated relevant states on contract law.
[12]

Nevertheless, since 1996 some 65 municipalities in 10 states have granted concessions to private

operators, serving about 7 million people, or 4% of the population of Brazil.

[edit]The

Lula administration (since 2003)

In January 2003 President Luiz Incio Lula da Silva assumed office. In the same year his government created a Ministry of Cities with a National Department of Environmental Sanitation, entrusted with the responsibility to monitor sector performance and to establish directives for "basic sanitation" (including water supply, sewerage, wastewater treatment and solid waste management, which are all covered by the Portuguese term saneamento bsico).[10] At the same time the Council of Cities was established, which has an important role in advising on sanitation policy and in approving it. The strengthening of the sector policy authority at the federal and municipal levels represented "a major departure from the past, when the provincial states had the leadership in basic sanitation policy." [10] In January 2007, at the beginning of his second term, the President signed a new federal water and sanitation law (Lei 11.445/07 para o saneamento bsico) that outlines federal policies in the sector. The law aims at increasing investments to provide universal access to water and sanitation, while taking into account local specificities and using appropriate technologies that are in line with users' ability to pay. It also aims at increasing transparency and "social control". The law is a compromise between diverging interests of a broad array of stakeholders. It thus leaves some important issues undefined. One of these issues is the responsibility for service provision in large metropolitan areas, where some municipalities have challenged the constitutionality of service provision by state companies. The Supreme Court is expected to rule soon on two

such cases. Nevertheless, the law fills a void by providing a legal basis for the role of the federal government in water and sanitation that had remained undefined during the previous 20 years. [18] Lo Heller, professor of sanitary and environmental engineering at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, even called it "arguably the most important legislative innovation in basic sanitation sector in decades." [10] In the same month, the President announced a new Program for the Acceleration of Growth (PAC) that includes major investments in highways, airports, ports, energy, as well as providing housing, water and sewage that would benefit poor Brazilians. The program calls for a total of 504 billion real (235 billion U.S. dollars) through 2010, of which about 205 billion U.S. dollars would be provided by state-owned companies and the private sector, while the rest would come from the federal government. [19]

[edit]Responsibility [edit]Policy

for water supply and sanitation

and regulation

At the national level the Ministry of Cities coordinates sector policies, which are implemented by various Ministries. For example, the Ministry of Health has certain attributions related to sanitation, and the Ministries of Regional Development and of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform have attributions in rural areas. Water resources management is the responsibility of the national water agency ANA. [20] The Council of Cities is "a consultative and decision-making body with the purpose of 'proposing goals for the formulation and implementation of national urban development policy, as well as monitoring and assessing its execution". It includes a Consultative Technical Committee for Environmental Sanitation. Similar structures exist at the state and municipal levels.[10] The National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, approved by the Council of Cities, has identified six steps to improve service coverage and efficiency by encouraging a more competitive and better regulated environment: (1) the institutional separation of service providers and service regulators: (2) promotion of different decentralized alternatives for service provision; (3) promotion of social participation in service regulation and control; (4) use of low-cost technologies; (5) development of financially sustainable pricing schemes which include subsidies for low-income families where required to assure universal access to basic services; and (6) greater cooperation between federal and local authorities and civil society. Regulation of service provision is a responsibility of the municipalities. Nevertheless, 14 Brazilian states have established regulatory agencies for public services that cover, among other sectors, water supply and sanitation. Given that the legal mandate for regulation rests with the municipalities, however, the role of these regulatory agencies in water and sanitation is minimal.

[edit]Service

provision

According to the Brazilian constitution the provision of water and sanitation services is the responsibility of the countrys 5,560 municipalities (see List of major cities in Brazil). However, state water and sewer companies in each of Brazils 26 states (see States of Brazil) are in charge of water services in about 3,887 municipalities with a population of 103 million, corresponding to about 75% of Brazil's urban population with water connections. They are also in charge of sewer services in 893 municipalities with a population of 45 million, corresponding to about 55% of the population with access to sewerage. Most state water and sewer companies are mixed public-private companies with the majority of shares owned by the respective state government. Three state water companies - Sabesp in So Paulo, Copasa in Minas Gerais and Sanepar in Paran - have floated shares in the Brazilian stock market and one of them - Sabesp - also at the New York Stock Exchange. One state company, Saneatins in Tocantins, is majority-owned by the private sector with the state government owning only a minority of shares.[21] Some state companies operate under concession contracts with municipalities, while others operate under the authority of state governments. In some cases municipalities have challenged the legality of service provision by state companies that do not have concession contracts with municipalities.

Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean North Region Northeast Region Central-West Region Southeast Region South Region Acre Amazonas Par Roraima

Amap Rondnia Tocantins Maranho Bahia Piau Cear Rio Grande do Norte Paraba Pernambuco Alagoas Sergipe Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Federal District Gois Minas Gerais So Paulo Rio de Janeiro Esprito Santo Paran Santa Catarina Rio Grande do Sul Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela

See also: Water privatization in Brazil Since 1996 65 municipalities in 10 states (Rio de Janeiro, So Paulo, Paran, Esprito Santo, Mato Grosso and Par among others) that serve 7 million customers signed concession contracts with private service providers either to provide only water services, only sewer services or both. [22] According to the World Bank's Private Participation in Infrastructure database, investment commitments by the private sector in Brazil's water and sanitation sector reached US$ 3 bn in 1994-2004 through 52 projects. 3 projects were divestitures, 39 were concessions and 10 were greenfield projects in wastewater treatment plants.[23] Some public service providers, both at the state and the municipal level, perform very well, while other perform poorly. Likewise, some private concessions are quite successful, while others have not lived up to expectations and their obligations.

[edit]Utility

associations

Municipal service providers are associated in the National Association of Municipal Water and Sanitation Service Providers ASSEMAE.[24] State water and sanitation companies have formed the Association of State

Companies for Water Supply and Basic Sanitation AESBE [25] In 1996 private service providers have formed the Brazilian Association of Private Water and Sanitation Concessionnaire (ABCON). [26]

[edit]Efficiency
Two common indicators of the operating efficiency of water and sanitation utilities are the level of non-revenue water (NRW) and labor productivity. Non-revenue water in Brazil varies between 21% and a staggering 81%, reflecting huge differences in efficiency between service providers. [27] The average level of NRW in Brazil in 2006 was 40%[28], roughly the same for state and municipal public water companies. The level has remained unchanged since 2000. The average NRW for private utilities, however, was only 30% in 2000. [29] Labor productivity. Many public utilities in Brazil are overstaffed. In 2000 the staff ratio was lowest for state utilities (3.7), much higher for municipal utilities (5.8) and - surprisingly - highest for privately operated utilities (6.4).[29] Average labor productivity has since then increased from 4.4 to 3.7 employees/1000 water connections.

[edit]Financial [edit]Tariffs

aspects

Tariff level. Water and sanitation tariffs in many Brazilian cities are relatively high compared to other Latin American cities. According to the urban water and sanitation information system SNIS the average water tariff of utilities participating in the system (which provide water services to 95% of the urban population) was the equivalent of US$ 0.68/m3 and the average sanitation tariff was US$ 0.67/m3, for a total of US$$ 1.35/m3 for those connected to the sewer network. This compares to US$ 0.81/m3 in Chilean cities, US$0.79/m3 in Argentine cities and US$0.51/m3 in Peruvian cities. The ratio of sanitation to water tariffs of almost 1:1 is very high for Latin America and close to the ratio of the actual cost of the two services, while in most other Latin American countries sewer tariffs remain much lower than water tariffs. Water and sewer tariffs vary substantially between cities. According to a 2005 study by the Latin American association of water and sanitation regulators ADERASA the typical monthly residential water bill for a consumption of 20 cubic meters per month was equivalent to US$17 in So Paulo, US$15 in Esprito Santo and US$ 10 in Pernambuco, compared to an average of US$11 among the 21 Latin American cities covered. [30] Tariff structure and subsidies. In most parts of Brazil a low social tariff applies to the first block of consumption. In some cases a minimum consumption fee applies to all residential connections, and sometimes to commercial and institutional connections. Such subsidies benefit many who are not poor. [29] However, some State Water Companies have improved the targeting of their social tariffs by using the cadastres established for the Bolsa Familia Conditional Cash Transfer program. This is the case

in Paran (SANEPAR), Pernambuco (COMPESA) and Bahia (EMBASA). In these cases the social tariff is limited to about 10% of the company's customers.[31] Other utilities have introduced direct cash payments to needy families to help them pay their water bills. For example, the city of Brasilia has introduced such a scheme. The Federal District pays the water utility an amount equivalent to the water and sewerage bills of poor families consuming less than 10 cubic meters per month. The State Water Company in Goiais has introduced a similar program. In each case, about 20,000 families benefit from the program. However, not many municipalities in Brazil have the institutional capacity to administer such a targeted subsidy scheme.[32] Change in tariffs over time. Tariffs in most cities increased moderately in the 2002-2005 period net of inflation. According to the SNIS the average urban water tariff increased by 57% and the average sanitation tariff increased by 54% in nominal value prices, while inflation stood at 40%, thus resulting in a moderate increase in real prices. Affordability. According to data collected by the Pan-American Health Organization based on multi-purpose household surveys, the share of water expenditures in household expenditures in urban areas was the secondhighest among 10 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean in the late 1990s. The share was on average 2.3% and 3.4% for households in the poorest income decile.[33]

[edit]Revenue

collection

Overall revenue collection losses for state utilities in Brazil were about 12% in 2000, but this masks large variations among utilities. State utilities with the highest collection losses are in the North and those in the Center-West and South have consistently good collection ratios. A number of municipal utilities appear to have serious collection problems.[29]

[edit]Investment
In 2005 total investment in water and sanitation by service providers participating in the national water and sanitation information system SNIS stood at 3.55 billion Brazilian Reals, including 1.53bn for water and 1.35bn for sanitation and 0.67bn for other investments.[34] It has been estimated that investments in water and sanitation infrastructure in the order of R$ 9.6 billion (US$ 4.5bn or $24 per capita or 0.7% of GDP) per year, or almost three times the level of 2005, would be needed to achieve universal access. The Program for the Acceleration of Economic Growth raised investment levels since then.

[edit]Financing
The great majority of investments in water and sanitation in Brazil are financed from domestic resources, with some additional financing from international financial institutions. In general, utilities with the greatest need to improve performance and expand services find it hardest to access funding, partially because they do not know

how to access funding (including grant funding), partially because of weak institutional capacity, and partially because of their lack of creditworthiness. Self-financing. By far the major source of funding in 2004 was self-financing by the utilities, accounting for 1.82bn Reals or 51% of all financing.[35] This is a remarkably high share by Latin American standards. However, it is less a reflection of financial strength of the utilities, but rather a symptom of a historically low level of investment in 2004. State contributions funded by federal public banks and international financial institutions. The federally owned Caixa Economica Federal and the Brazilian Development Bank BNDES both play important roles in financing water supply and sanitation investments in Brazil. They administer large public pension funds, such as the FGTS, which invest, among others, in water and sanitation. However, loans from the Caixa and BNDES are not made directly to utilities, but to the states, which in turn pass on funds to the utilities as a nonreimbursable contribution to their capital. Loans to state governments from international financial institutions, such as the World Bank and the IDB, are also passed on to utilities as a non-reimbursable contribution to their capital. The capital market. The financially most solid utilities also tap the capital market directly either through the Brazilian stock market or borrow from commercial Banks. The state water utility for So Paulo, Sabesp, is even listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Output-based grants from the federal government. Since 2001 the federal government "buys" treated wastewater through an innovative program called PRODES, which allows utilities to access federal grants if they properly operate and maintain their wastewater treatment plants. The National Health Foundation FUNASA. For small towns and rural areas a major source of funding is the National Health Foundation FUNASA under the Ministry of Health, which has invested 890 million Reales in 3,500 municipalities benefitting 11.43 million people between 1995 and 1999, mainly through its Programa Alvorada.[36] Program for the Acceleration of Growth (PAC). In January 2007, the federal government announced a new Program for the Acceleration of Growth (PAC) that includes major investments in highways, airports, ports, energy, as well as providing housing, water and sewage that would benefit poor Brazilians. The program calls for a total of 504 billion real (235 billion U.S. dollars) through 2010, of which about 205 billion U.S. dollars would be provided by state-owned companies and the private sector, while the rest would come from the federal government.[19]

[edit]External

cooperation

The most important external partners supporting the development of the Brazilian water and sanitation sector are the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the World Bank and Japan. Germany is also an important partner in some states. Support is provided in terms of financing as well as analytical and advisory activities.

[edit]Inter-American

Development Bank

BR-L1005 : Igarapes de Manaus Environmental-Social Program

Approved on November 30, 2005, the US$140 million loan provides for sanitary infrastructure and institutional strengthening in the Educandos-Cuarenta basin.

BR0324 : Ceara Sanitation Program

Approved on November 26, 2003, the US$100 million loan aims to improve the sanitary and environmental conditions of the State of Cear.

Goiania Water and Sanitation

Approved on July 17, 2002, the US$47.6 million loan aims to improve water supply and sanitation in the city of Goiania.

BR0269 : Social Program Water Sewerage Small Municipal

Approved on October 17, 2001, the US$100 million loan provided for the construction of water and sewerage systems in communities for low-income communities of up to 75,000 inhabitants where HDI is below the national average.

BR0345 : Federal District Sanitation Program

Approved on December 6, 2000, the US$130 million loan aims to improve potable water and sewerage services, institutional efficiency, financial sustainability, private sector participation in management and investment financing for the Federal District of Braslia.

BR0265 : Tiete River Decontamination, Stage II

Approved on October 20, 1999, the US$200 million loan aims to improve the environmental quality of the Tiete River basin in the So Paulo Metropolitan Region.

[edit]World

Bank

Loans. Loans provide not only infrastructure financing, but also policy advice and capacity building in order to improve the institutional framework for improved service delivery. Dedicated water and sanitation loans

Municipal Adapatable Pprogram Lending Phase 1: Uberaba

Approved on March 21, 2007, the US$28.78 million loan aims to promote better living conditions for the Uberaba Municipality through the integration of several components, including, flood protection (41%), sewerage (31%), and water supply 15%).

Brasilia Environmentally Sustainable Project

Approved on August 25, 2005, 70% of the US$159.04 loan aims at financing water, sanitation, and flood protection sector.

Espirito Santo Water & Coastal Pollution Management

Approved on July 1, 2004, the US$62.3 loan is aimed at improving sewerage (75%) and water supply (15%) in the state of Espirito Santo.

Water Sector Modernization Project (02)

Approval March 5, 1998, the US$300 million loan aims to improve the sewerage (53%) and water supply (36%) sectors. Other loans with water and sanitation components

Additional Financing for the Rural Poverty Reduction Project - Pernambuco

Approved on October 19, 2006, the US$40 million loan aims at financing basic social and economic infrastructure, including, water supply (15%).

Bahia Poor Urban Areas Integrated Development

Approved on December 6, 2005, the US$82.2 million loan aims at reducing urban poverty in a sustainable manner in the city of Salvador as well as other cities in the State of Bahia. The water, sanitation and flood protection sector receives 25% of the loan.

Rural Poverty Reduction Project - Minas Gerais

Approved on September 6, 2005, the US$46.8 million loan aims to assist the State of Minas Gerais to reduce high levels of poverty through several aspects, including, improvement of sewerage infrastructure (20%).

Ceara Multi-sector Social Inclusion Development

Approved July 12, 2005, the US$649 million loan aims to strengthen social inclusion in the State of Cear through 24% of expenditures in water, sanitation, and flood protection.

Amapa Sustainable Communities

Approved on December 7, 2004, the US$6.81 million loan aims to reduce urban and rural poverty through 25% expenditures in the water, sanitation, and flood protection sector.

Integrated Municipal Project - Betim Municipality

Approved on July 1, 2004, the US$49.07 loan aims to assist the Betim Municipality in improving sewerage (40%).

Recife Urban Upgrading Project

Approved on April 24, 2003, the US$84 million loan seeks to enhance urbanization by improving water supply (30%) and solid waste management (30%). Technical assistance, analysis and advice:

Low Income Sanitation Technical Assistace Project - Prosanear - TAL

Approved on January 6, 2000, the US$47 million technical assistance loan aims at improving the general water, sanitation, and flood protection sector (18%).

How to revitalize infrastructure investments in Brazil: public policies for better private participation, 2007

[edit]Japan
Sanitation Improvement Project for the Baixada Santista Metropolitan Region

Approved on August 6, 2004, the 21.32 billion Yen loan finances the improvement and expansion of the sewage system and the development of an environmental monitoring system and improved water quality.

[edit]Germany
Germany supports water supply and sanitation projects in small and medium towns of the mostly poor and arid North-East of Brazil, as well as in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil

other source: http://www.eoearth.org/article/Water_profile_of_Brazil