Equivalence: Text in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially equivalent), in respect of different levels of presentation

(equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, of grammars, of Lexis, etc) and at different ranks (word-forword, literal, free). To achieve equivalence in translation you need to be competent to have the ability to translate in all levels of the language (graphology, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and style) and to do so in any kinds of the language (common language, journalism, literary, technical language and legal) whenever engaged in practice of translation ( written, simultaneous, consecutive, at sight and chuchotage). Translation competence always faces the translation problems of non-equivalence at word level. Non-equivalence at word level means that the target language has no direct equivalence for a word which occurs in the source text. The following are some problems of non-equivalence: 1-Culture-specific concept the source language word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the target language. This concept may be related to religious belief, clothes, social custom, Titles or Food 2-Source language word is not lexicalized the source language word may express a concept which is known in the target culture but simply not lexicalized, that is not allocated a target-language word to express. 3-Source language word is semantically complex Where a word or a concept in the source language for which no corresponding word or concept exists in the target language. 4-Source/ target language lacks superordinate or a specific term (hyponyms) 5-The use of a loan in the source text 6-Difference in expressive meaning 7-Difference in form

Strategies used in case of non-equivalence at word level: 1. Translation by paraphrasing. 2. Borrowing. 3. Transliteration and giving explanation. 4. Translation by cultural substitution.

5. Translation by more general word. 6. Translation by using a loan word or a loan word plus explanation. 7. Translation by a more neutral/less expressive word. 8. Translation by replacing an appropriate paraphrase depending on the meaning they convey. 9. Coinage: creating a new word

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

Catford, John C. (1965) a Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford University Press.England Nida, Eugene A. (1964) Towards a Science of Translating, Leiden: E. J. Brill. Baker, Mona (1992) In Other Words: a Course book on Translation, London: Routledge.