Nationalism: - India reborn revitalised divided, caste-ridden achieve national India - only way for home rule to be achieved

ed Use: Constructive Program: - syllabus for national regeneration - hindu-mulism unity, untouchability, ban alcohol, khadi, village industries, equality of women, health education, national language, economic equality, integration of everyone in mainstream political + economic life Product: - language, bridge gap between masses, westernized elite, ensure cultural con. - Khadi, national uniform, outward equality, symbol national identity - industry, bring economic pressure BG - used to unite India, allowing for mass campaigns of resistance Symbols: - used to instil a commonality between all Indians common goal - spinning wheel: rebel against modern way of life, BG taxes, affirming dignity of Indias rural way of life - symbols unites cities, villages, elite, masses emblem of their fellowship Satyagraha: (Truth force) - confronting state, challenge moral authority + legality, peaceful demonstrations, pickets + hartals (strikes closing of shops + businesses + withdrawal of labour) political protests - courting arrest through the violation of specific unjust laws, derision of legal sys Independence - use of satyagraha + working with representative unions provided by state Champaran, Bihar Satyagraha 1917 - compulsory production of indigo, increase in rent, extreme poverty, cause of unrest amongst poor Indiana - 13 April Morshead, did not accept assurances grevances being heard - notice to Gandhi, leave district - magistrate acknowledged guilt imp him, refused to leave postpone ruling - due to the pressure + public attention Gandhis S. was making, receded to his demands - through this his methods were becoming widely known, attracting interest all over India his method of constructive programme successful, traditional clothing, language + way + life, commonality with peasants, attract India - however there was no long term

Kheda 1917 1918 SATYA - crop conditions, rising cost of living, recent crops had been poor high tax - gov. appeals Dec March - Satyagraha March June - peasants refused to pay taxes, grounds of poor harvest - mamlatdars (tax collectors) sieze possessions + crops, G. called off S. when gov. gave instructions to not force payment from the poorest -highlights the inconsistencies in Gandhis method, although he proclaimed victory, in reality only a gov. compromise Ahmedabad 1918 Cotton Mill Owners - locked out workers, refused to accept withdrawal of bonus, keep them on job due to outbreak of plague - conducted S. against mill owners, promising + eventually winning an increase in wages - workers striked until a settlement is reached - when Gandhi fasted, mill owners frightened he would die, gave it malleability of his principles S. could be used against Indians if cause was just, not only BG Montagu Declaration 1917 & Reforms - in order to satisfy local dem+s, give more representation to the locals - new reforms to meet objective - 1917 '...increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration - 'dyarchy' --> education, health, agriculture made the provincial legislatures - Freed British authorities from the odium incurred by increasing taxes + curtailing services - Montagu-Chelmsford scheme was intended to broaden the strata of Indians willing to collaborate with imperial authority Rowlatt Act - unlimited powers to the police + administrative force e.g. arrest someone without a warrant + deny them a lawyer - believed their sacrifices in WW1 would give them self-government got Rowlatt - all public meetings were banned etc. - Gandhi launched a S. hartal April 6 - believed a non-violent programme avert violence, promote alliance btw groups - not allowed to enter Punjab, crowd angry over arrest, police trampeled people - mob became violent, riots 28 killed - well known leaders of Amritsar arrested - 9th April crowd in Amritsar release leaders - - police opened fire to disperse crowd, crowd unruly kill Euro + destroy buildings

- April 13 Dyer announced all publicmeeting + processions banned, force could be used - did not warn people it was illegal, Jallianwala Bagh troops to shoot at crowd 10000, 10mins 379 k, 1137 inj - marital law Amritsar April 15 June 11 - Dyer producing a sufficient moral effect from a military point of view - these deaths led to more violent demonstrations, sabotage gov. buildings and telegraph lines - police repressed and charged perpetrator under Rowlatt, flogging - New Delhi: strong co-op between H + M evident, demo of unity panicked BG into arresting Gandhi, brought new police confrontations - Ultimately for Gandhi, lesson of this event was that the control of violence in the face of police brutality required participants be adequately prepared for the violence rec - S. should be constituted of a smaller, more disciplined select core - constitutional reforms announced Non-cooperation Gandhi urged - assent from congress - organizational reform of congress in 1920 most significant since its founding 1885 - disciplined mass-organization non-v. strat - September boycott schools, courts, councils, foreign goods general approbation of general Dyer - nationalist schools and arbitration bodies to replace government schools and courts, Indian made textile khadi replace B import - Gandhi announced goal of achieveing swaraj within one year left to G to decide - Congress genuine mass political party, hierarchy of committees village level up - congress working committee executive authority of the movement, channel forces for change building within the country - successful demonstrations during the visit of the Prince of Wales in 1921 - less than a year later he ended the campaign when violence erupted - his action a stunning demonstration of his singular personal control over the national campaign; however, many deemed his leadership as arbitrary and whimsical. - Muslim and more radical followers removed from congress, as a result of Gandhis decision - non-violent satyagraha. Not a cowardly form of resistance; rather, it required the most determined type of courage not only to win over the British, but to also contain the violent aspects of society. - 1921 7million work days lost through hartals -co-op btw h + m prevailed, denied B tax money