PLANNING THEORY AND DEMOGRAPHICS Lee C.

Slusser, AICP
MAJOR PLANNING THEORIES (I.E., MODELS OF THE PLANNING FUNCTION) 1. SYNOPTIC RATIONALISM
In philosophy in general, rationalism is the foundation and embodiment of the scientific method. It serves the same role in planning theory. The rationalist model of the planning process generally contains the following steps. Goals and objectives are set. Policy alternatives are identified. The policy alternatives are evaluated vis--vis effectiveness (in attaining the goals and objectives),efficiency, and constraints using scientific conceptual models and evaluation techniques (e.g., cost benefit analysis). The selected policy alternative is implemented.

4. ADVOCACY PLANNING
Advocacism abandons the objective, non-political view of planning contained in rationalism. Planners become like lawyers: they advocate and defend the interests of a particular client or group (which is preferably economically disadvantaged and/or politically unorganized or underrepresented). Paul Davidoff was an early champion of advocacy planning. He argued that there is no one public interest for planners to serve, and thus, that planners have no choice but to become non-objective advocates for specific interests and groups. Saul Alinsky developed an advocacist vision of planning that is centered around socalled organizations. Alinskys organizations develop where people feel powerless. These organizations then hire planners (which Alinsky largely sees as political organizers) to identify problems, develop an awareness of these problems, and generate action. Alan Altshuler also argued for abandoning the objective, non-political view of planning. He felt that to be effective, planners must become involved in the political process.

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5. RADICAL PLANNING
In a sense, radicalism takes transactivism to its logical extreme. Radicalism hates hierarchical bureaucracies, centralized planning, and domineering professional planners. It argues that planning is most effective when it is performed by non-professional neighborhood planning committees that empower common citizens to experiment with solving their own problems. The ideal outcomes of this process are collective actions that promote self-reliance. Much of the radical planning literature that I have personally read is based on Marxist interpretations and theories.

2. INCREMENTALISM
This theory which was espoused by Charles Lindbloom in The Science of Muddling Through is a practical response to rationalism. Planning is seen as less of a scientific technique and more of a mixture of intuition and experience. Major policy changes are best made in little increments over long periods of time. Incrementalism very accurately describes what actually occurs in most planning offices on a daily basis.

6. UTOPIANISM
Utopianism believes that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping changes that capture the public imagination. Daniel Burnhams Plan of Chicago, Frank Lloyd Wrights Broadacre City, and Le Corbusiers La Ville Contemporaine are often cited as utopian works.

3. TRANSACTIVE PLANNING
Like incrementalism, transactivism does not view planning purely as a scientific technique. Transactivism espouses planning as a decentralized function based on face- to-face contacts, interpersonal dialogues, and mutual learning. Transactivism is roughly behavioraliststyle planning.

7. METHODISM
Methodism addresses situations in which the planning techniques that should be used are known, but the ends that should be achieved by these techniques are not. Such a situation would be making a population projection just to have it handy when it is needed. Methodism views planning techniques as ends into themselves.

MAJOR THEORIES OF URBAN SPATIAL ORGANIZATION 1. COCENTRIC THEORY (BURGESS, 1925) City grows in a radial expansion from center to form circles A city is seen as a set of cocentric rings (these rings are roughly listed, in order, below). As the city grows, each ring invades and overtakes the next ring out a process called Invasion/Succession (thus, Cocentic Theory is sometimes referred to as Invasion/Succession Theory). The central business district (CBD) Independent worker housing Better housing Commuter/suburban housing 2. SECTOR THEORY (HOYT, 1939) Pulls growth of entire in same direction High-density residential, commercial, and industrial uses radiate out from the central business district (CBD) in sectors that follow major transportation routes. More expensive housing also radiates out from the CBD towards large open spaces and higher ground. Less expensive housing takes whatever land is left over.

THEORIES MOVEMENT ORGANIZATION SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

FUNCTIONALISM
The architect should know the needs of your client first before you come up with a design.

SELECTIVISM
Indentifying our architecture in terms of our locality and country.

ECLECTICISM
Usually applied to any building that incorporates a mixture of historical style.

STRUCTURALISM
Saw the introduction of the iron or steel construction Joseph Paxton Henry Labrouste Gustave Eiffel

MONUMENTALISM
Based on the notion that the Form of an Object should last. Le Corbusier August Perret Ludwig Mies Van De Rohe Peter Behrens

RADICALISM
Demand for a radicalship in emphasis from the building of the past to the design of those which meet the requirement and demands of the modern times.

NATIONAL ROMANTICISM 3. MULTIPLE NUCLEI ZONE THEORY (HARRIS AND ULLMAN, 1945) Cities grow around several district nuclei Certain land uses group together to take advantage of unique facilities (e.g., universities), specializations, codependencies, or externalities. This theory is often applied to cities with more than one CBD.
Self-emulated style fed by particular local historical motifs and devices as well as the associative aspects of the great historical period in architecture.

FUTURISM EXPRESSIONISM
design ideal that would express emotion and the essence of life Bruno Taut, Hans Poelzig Erich Mendelsohn Walter Gropius

RATIONALISM (Neue Sachlichkeit GERMAN)

Architects, in turn, sought to design buildings that might improve the lives of those within them. They called for designs of great clarity that paid strict attention to function and made use of modern materials and technologies Johannes Brinckmann Leendert van der Vlugt Mart Stam

CIAM Congrs Internationaux de l'Architecture Moderne International Congress of Modern Architecture

Was founded to promote social justice and modern architecture People living in the right environment would be more likely to behave in accordance with the dictates of society

ORGANISM (ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE)

That every building should relate harmoniously to its natural surroundings and that a building should not be a static, boxlike enclosure but a dynamic structure, with open, flowing interior spaces. Frank Llyod Wright

NEO-PLASTICISM
Expressing the works using non-color (white, black, grey) with primary colors Le Corbusier and Candela

NEW BRUTALISM
Is characterized by bold forms, harsh proportions, and rough materials such as exposed concrete, steel, and wood. In contrast, the establishment has stressed lightness of construction, delicate elements finely proportioned, and glossy materials such as glass, enclosing as with a transparent skin luminous volumes of space.

BAU HAUS
Bauhaus is a German expression meaning "house for building." Bauhaus buildings have flat roofs, smooth faades and cubic shapes. Colors are white, gray, beige or black. Floor plans are open and furniture is functional. Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe

METABOLISM
Fascinated by high technology and mass production, the metabolists produced fanciful drawings for cities that seemed to come from science fiction. They envisioned huge structures with movable modules for living, some floating on water, some rising as skyscrapers. Kenzo tange Fumiko maki

INTERNATIONAL STYLE
The characteristics of the new architecture: an emphasis on volume, not mass; on regularity, not symmetry; on proportions and sleek, technical perfection rather than ornament; and a preference for elegant materials that included those of the machine age. American form of Bauhaus architecture. The name came from the book The International Style by historian and critic Henry-Russell Hitchcock and architect Philip Johnson. America's International Style became a symbolism of Capitalism: It is the favored architecture for office buildings, and is also found in upscale homes built for the rich. Seagram Building in New York, designed by Mies van der Rohe with Philip Johnson.

ARCHIGRAM
Futuristic proposals expressed hope about the power of technology to transform and improve the world. Peter Cook, Ron Herron

CONTEXTUAL ARCHITECTURE
Takes its clues from adjacent buildings, whatever their individual merits Based on association and not on composition, could produce buildings of enduring aesthetic quality

James Stirling, "all things to all people"

DECONSTRUCTIVISM DECONSTRUCTION
Is an approach to building design which attempts to view architecture in bits and pieces. The basic elements of architecture are dismantled. In theory and in early designs, deconstruction involved the dismantling of architectural elements and the rearrangement of their constituent parts. In these designs architects did not concern themselves with the physical laws of the real world, and most of their early proposals were unbuildable. The resulting buildings were typically disjointed in form, and they dramatically contradicted standard conventions of design and construction Peter Eisenman Frank Gehry Richard Meier Rem Koolhaas

FORMALISM
Emphasizes highly structured visual relationships rather than subject matter, symbolism, theme or ornamentation. Bauhaus architects.

ART DECO
Exposition Internationale des Arts Dcoratifs et Industriels Modernes (International Exposition of Modern Industrial and Decorative Arts) This exposition immediately influenced many American patrons and architects who desired to create a modern design that was not so austere or lacking in ornament as the modernism It was a modernism that was not too modern and that incorporated elegant materials, including new materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, and early plastics. Art deco used a great deal of ornament with stylistic motifs such as zigzags and multiple curved forms. Its bold linear or flat geometric patterns were accentuated by strong color contrasts. Chrysler Building (1928-1930) in New York City William Van Alen. Empire State Building (1931) Shreve, Lamb & Harmon, with engineers H. C. Balcom and Associates