Electronic Commerce

Electronic Commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, or e-business consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well. A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web. Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as business-tobusiness or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as businessto-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com. Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where the buyer is directly online to the seller's computer usually via the internet. There is no intermediary service. The sale and purchase transaction is completed electronically and interactively in real-time such as Amazon.com for new books. If an intermediary is present, then the sale and purchase transaction is called electronic commerce such as eBay.com. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.

History
Early development The meaning of electronic commerce has changed over the last 30 years. Originally, electronic commerce meant the facilitation of commercial transactions electronically, using technology such as Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both introduced in the late 1970s, allowing businesses to send commercial documents like purchase orders or invoices electronically. The growth and acceptance of credit cards, automated teller machines (ATM) and telephone banking in the 1980s were also forms of electronic commerce. Another form of e-commerce was the airline reservation system typified by Sabre in the USA and Travicom in the UK.

From the 1990s onwards, electronic commerce would additionally include enterprise resource planning systems (ERP), data mining and data warehousing. An early example of many-to-many electronic commerce in physical goods was the Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for used computers launched in 1982. An early online information marketplace, including online consulting, was the American Information Exchange, another pre Internet[clarification needed] online system introduced in 1991. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee invented the WorldWideWeb web browser and transformed an academic telecommunication network into a worldwide everyman everyday communication system called internet/www. Commercial enterprise on the Internet was strictly prohibited until 1991.[1] Although the Internet became popular worldwide around 1994 when the first internet online shopping started, it took about five years to introduce security protocols and DSL allowing continual connection to the Internet. By the end of 2000, many European and American business companies offered their services through the World Wide Web. Since then people began to associate a word "ecommerce" with the ability of purchasing various goods through the Internet using secure protocols and electronic payment services.

Timeline

1979: Michael Aldrich invented online shopping 1981: Thomson Holidays, UK is first B2B online shopping 1982: Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Telecom and used for online ordering. 1984: Gateshead SIS/Tesco is first B2C online shopping and Mrs Snowball, 72, is the first online home shopper 1985: Nissan UK sells cars and finance with credit checking to customers online from dealers' lots.[ 1985: Nissan UK sells cars and finance with credit checking to customers online from dealers' lots.[ 1987: Swreg begins to provide software and shareware authors means to sell their products online through an electronic Merchant account.[ 1990: Tim Berners-Lee writes the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer. 1994: Netscape releases the Navigator browser in October under the code name Mozilla. Pizza Hut offers online ordering on its Web page. The first online bank opens. Attempts to offer flower delivery and magazine subscriptions online. Adult materials also become commercially available, as do cars and bikes. Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 SSL encryption that made transactions secure. 1995: Jeff Bezos launches Amazon.com and the first commercial-free 24 hour, internetonly radio stations, Radio HK and NetRadio start broadcasting. Dell and Cisco begin to aggressively use Internet for commercial transactions. eBay is founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb. 1998: Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web.

1999: Business.com sold for US $7.5 million to eCompanies, which was purchased in 1997 for US $149,000. The peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster launches. ATG Stores launches to sell decorative items for the home online. 2000: The dot-com bust. 2002: eBay acquires PayPal for $1.5 billion.[2] Niche retail companies CSN Stores and NetShops are founded with the concept of selling products through several targeted domains, rather than a central portal. 2003: Amazon.com posts first yearly profit. 2007: Business.com acquired by R.H. Donnelley for $345 million. 2009: Zappos.com acquired by Amazon.com for $928 million. Retail Convergence, operator of private sale website RueLaLa.com, acquired by GSI Commerce for $180 million, plus up to $170 million in earn-out payments based on performance through 2012. 2010: US eCommerce and Online Retail sales projected to reach $173 billion, an increase of 7 percent over 2009.

Some Basic Applications for E-Commerce

Some common applications related to electronic commerce are the following:

E-Mail Enterprise Content Management Instant Messaging NewsGroups Online Shopping or Order Tracking Online Banking Online Office Suites Domestic and international payment system Shopping Cart Softwares TeleConferencing Electronic Tickets

Government regulations
In America In the United States, some electronic commerce activities are regulated by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). These activities include the use of commercial e-mails, online advertising and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 establishes national standards for direct marketing over e-mail. The Federal Trade Commission Act regulates all forms of advertising, including online advertising, and states that advertising must be truthful and non-deceptive. Using its authority under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair or deceptive practices, the FTC has brought a number of cases to enforce the promises in corporate privacy statements, including promises about the security of consumers personal information. As result, any

corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce activity may be subject to enforcement by the FTC. The Ryan Haight Online Pharmacy Consumer Protection Act of 2008, which came into law in 2008, amends the Controlled Substances Act to address online pharmacies. In Pakistan The president passed the Electronic Transactions and Governance Ordinance in September 2002. It provides for the legal recognition of electronic documents and specifies offences. The ordinance makes it an offence for a person to gain or attempt to gain unauthorised access to any information system with or without intent to acquire the information contained therein, whether or not he/she is aware of the nature or contents of such information. It also makes it an offence for any person to do or attempt to do any act with intent to alter, modify, delete, remove, generate, transmit or store any information through or in any information system, knowing that he/she is not authorised to do any of the foregoing. Both offences are punishable with either a prison term of up to seven years, or a fine up to PRs1m or both.

Forms
Contemporary electronic commerce involves everything from ordering "digital" content for immediate online consumption, to ordering conventional goods and services, to "meta" services to facilitate other types of electronic commerce. On the consumer level, electronic commerce is mostly conducted on the World Wide Web. An individual can go online to purchase anything from books or groceries, to expensive items like real estate. Another example would be online banking, i.e. online bill payments, buying stocks, transferring funds from one account to another, and initiating wire payment to another country. All of these activities can be done with a few strokes of the keyboard. On the institutional level, big corporations and financial institutions use the internet to exchange financial data to facilitate domestic and international business. Data integrity and security are very hot and pressing issues for electronic commerce today.

Impact on markets and retailers

Economists have theorised that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified price competition, as it increases consumers' ability to gather information about products and prices. Research by four economists at the University of Chicago has found that the growth of online shopping has also affected industry structure in two areas that have seen significant growth in e-commerce, bookshops and travel agencies. Generally, larger firms have grown at the expense of smaller ones, as they are able to use economies of scale and offer lower prices. The lone exception to this pattern has been the very smallest category of bookseller, shops with between one and four employees, which appear to have withstood the trend.

List of some free and open source eCommerce software

Software Name Batavi Broadleaf Commerce Bots Interchange Magento Ofbiz osCommerce osCMax PrestaShop Satchmo UberCart VirtueMachine Zen Cart Written In PHP JAVA Python Perl PHP JAVA PHP PHP PHP Python PHP PHP PHP License GNU General Public License Apache License 2.0 GNU General Public License GNU General Public License OSL Ver 3.0/ASL Ver 3.0 Apache License 2.0 GNU General Public License GNU General Public License OSL Ver 3.0 BSD License GNU General Public License GNU General Public License GNU General Public License Current Stable Version 0.9.3 1.1.1 1.6.3 5.6.3 1.4.1.1 v9.04 v3.0 Alpha 5 2.0.25 1.3.2 0.91 2.3 1.1.5 1.3.9d Latest Release Date 2010-05-18 2010-07-28 2010-04-07 2010-03-25 2010-07-26 2009-11-17 2008-01-30 2010-03-15 2010-10-01 2010-05-24 2010-07-16 2010-07-24 2010-06-03

Some Improtant Features of E-Commerce: E-Government

e-Government (short for electronic government, also known as e-gov, digital government, online government, or connected government) is creating a comfortable, transparent, and

cheap interaction between government and citizens (G2C government to citizens), government and business enterprises (G2B government to business enterprises) and relationship between governments (G2G inter-agency relationship). There are four domains of e-government namely, governance, information and communication technology(ICT), business process re-engineering(BPR)and e-citizen.

E-Business
Electronic business, commonly referred to as "eBusiness" or "e-business", may be defined as the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in support of all the activities of business. Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business. Electronic commerce focuses on the use of ICT to enable the external activities and relationships of the business with individuals, groups and other businesses.

E-Money
Electronic money (also known as e-currency, e-money, electronic cash, electronic currency, digital money, digital cash or digital currency) refers to money or scrip which is only exchanged electronically. Typically, this involves the use of computer networks, the internet and digital stored value systems. Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) and direct deposit are all examples of electronic money. Also, it is a collective term for financial cryptography and technologies enabling it.

Internet Business Or Dot-Com Company

A dot-com company, or simply a dot-com (alternatively rendered dot.com or dot com), is a company that does most of its business on the Internet, usually through a website that uses the popular top-level domain, ".com" (in turn derived from the word "commercial").

Mobile Commerce
"Mobile Commerce is any transaction, involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods and services, which is initiated and/or completed by using mobile access to computermediated networks with the help of an electronic device."

Online Shopping
Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods or services from a seller in real-time, without an intermediary service, over the Internet. If an intermediary service is present the process is called electronic commerce. An online shop, eshop, e-store, internet shop, webshop, webstore, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping mall. The process is called Business-to-Consumer (B2C) online shopping. When a business buys from another business it is

called Business-to-Business (B2B) online shopping. Both B2C and B2B online shopping are forms of e-commerce.

B2B eMarketplace
A B2B e-marketplace is an business to business, internet-based broker of goods or services within a community of many buyers and many sellers. A 'B2B e-marketplace' is a place where buyers could find many suppliers from many countries and make a contact to supplier(s) directly.

MultiChannel E-Commerce
Multichannel ecommerce (eCommerce, e-commerce, electronic commerce) consists of selling products or services through third party retail partners. Multichannel ecommerce can be differentiated from traditional retail distribution partnerships in that the manufacturer usually maintains a single product management system that electronically feeds into multiple partners. These partners can be: a comparison shopping engine like Google Product Search, a search engine like Bing Marketplace, an online marketplace like Amazon or an online shopping malls like Yatego. Between 2005-2010, multichannel distribution has become a significant part of the overall ecommerce universe. The key factor in the development of multichannel ecommerce has been the advent of online marketplaces, which aggregate product and inventory information from multiple merchants and display on their own sites, either in a branded or a non-branded fashion. Companies like Amazon, eBay, Buy.com, Shop.com, and Overstock all allow online merchants to syndicate product information to their product and inventory databases and generally receive a commission for goods sold through their marketplaces. According to Amazon.com, up to 40% of its revenue is now derived through the sales of third-party goods through its Merchants@ and Amazon Associates programs. Product and inventory information that feeds into marketplaces is aggregated either through a seller portal offered by marketplaces or via data uploads and links in the form of flat files or XML feeds. Merchant integration services are often utilized by merchants in setting up direct XML links with the marketplaces. Most frequently, merchants rely on third-party integration services offered by companies like ChannelAdvisor, Ixtens, and Mercent. Amazon's success in developing its online marketplace has led to traditional retailers exploring the model, with both Walmart and Sears opening online marketplaces in 2009.

E-Commerce in Pakistan
FROM THE ECONOMIST INTELLIGENCE UNIT When the government started an information-technology (IT) and e-commerce initiative in early 2000, the banks were expected to lead the way into e-commerce. However, although the banking sector is the leading spender on information communications technology, the most progress in e-commerce has been in e-government. Some business-to-business (B2B) portals are available, but they are designed more for information than transactions. Half of the countrys 7,000 commercial-bank branches, including 90% of the branches in urban areas, had been computerised by August 2006. Many banks and exchange companies offer online funds transfers from overseas, such as for workers remittances. A few of banks offer mobile-phone banking, where customers can pay utility bills using their mobile phones. The National Institutional Facilitation Technologies (NIFT), an automated check-clearing house, was operating in 14 cities in August 2006, and it processed 60m checks per year in 2005/06. NIFT is a public-private company owned 51% by banks. Internet merchant accounts (used for processing financial transactions of Internet vendors) were permitted by the State Bank of Pakistan (the central bank) in February 2001. However, inadequate infrastructure and security concerns remain, and in mid-2006 only Citibank (US) offered these accounts, which were used by airlines, mobile companies, Internet service providers and merchants. The transactions that do occur use international credit cards, which are processed outside Pakistan. Users of Internet merchant accounts undertaking transactions outside Pakistan need to submit electronic forms for transactions valued at US$500 or more to their banks, which must then submit the same in consolidated form on a monthly basis to the central bank. In December 2005 the Central Board of Revenue, the tax authority, started allowing electronic filing of sales tax and federal excise returns by registered private and public companies. At that time, it said that it expected about 1,500 large taxpayers out of 22,000 to use the facility. Government efforts to promote the IT sector include the establishment of the Information Technology and Telecommunications Division in July 2000, various incentives, and the commitment of resources for education and infrastructure building. The Ministry of Science and Technology launched the National Information Technology Policy in August 2000. It was developed by a team that included working groups on the following: human-resource development; IT in government and databases; IT market development and support; IT fiscal issues; telecoms, convergence and deregulation; cyberlaw, legislation and intellectual-property rights; IT research and development; Internet development; software export; e-commerce; and incentives for IT investment. Total spending (by the government and private sector) on information, communications and technology in Pakistan was US$10bn during 2005/06. Various e-commerce projects and initiatives were underway in the public and private sectors in August 2006. The government said in May 2004 that it has planned new IT and e-commerce projects worth well over PRs4.5bn

up to 2007, and by then it aims to produce 100,000 graduates a year in IT studies from the seven new IT universities it has already set up. Pakistan is part of the 15-member Asia Pacific Council for the Facilitation of Procedures and Practices for Administration, Commerce and Transport. The council aims to support the United Nations Centre for the Facilitation of Procedures and Practices for Administration, Commerce and Transport. Pakistan is a member of the Asia Pacific Council for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business, a non-governmental organisation that promotes trade facilitation, electronic business policies and activities in the AsiaPacific region.

Growth of e-commerce
Pakistan has a number of barriers to electronic commerce, including inadequate infrastructure (insufficient telephone lines and frequent power failures); relatively few Internet users; and lack of security for online transactions. The government is working to overcome these problems and has made some progress. The number of Internet users in Pakistan is growing fast. According to the governments economic survey for 2005/06, there were an estimated 2.1m Internet subscribers and about 10m Internet users in June 2005 (latest figures available), and Internet access had expanded from 29 cities in August 2000 to 2,339 cities and towns by June 2006. Optical-fibre networks were available in 500 cities in June 2006, compared with 53 cities in August 2000. Pakistan had 170 Internet service providers in June 2006. The Sustainable Development Networking Programme (SDNP), funded by the UNDP, started providing e-mail services and then Internet connectivity beginning in 1993. This remained the countrys largest network until 1996. The government began allowing privat e Internet service providers (ISPs) in 1995. Paknet, a fully owned subsidiary of Pakistan Telecommunication Company, the formerly government-owned telcoms firm, began offering ISP services in 1999. Paknet is Pakistans largest ISP, followed by cyber.net, part of the local Lakson Group. Other leading ISPs include Comsats, Brainnet, Fascom, Supernet, Worldtel (an affiliate of Worldtel Canada) and NetSolConnect (owned by NetSol Technologies of the US and the Akhter group of the UK). Telecoms deregulation has resulted in an increase in the countrys teledensity, especially in mobile telephony. Landline teledensity (the number of landline phone connections per 100 persons) was 3.9% in June 2006, compared with 3.6% the previous year; whereas cellular density (the number of cellular connections per 100 persons) was a substantial 21%, up from just 7%, over the same period. These improvements should help spur the use of the Internet and e-commerce. During August 2006 various e-commerce projects and initiatives were underway in the public and private sectors, including electronic-government projects worth US$300m at the federal and provincial level. For example, a five-year, US$30m project funded by World Bank at the State Bank of Pakistan (the central bank) to interlink the countrywide regional office network of the central bank was almost complete. A real-time gross settlements (RTGS) project with

backward linkages to commercial banks and the clearing house is scheduled to be completed by end-2006. The Pakistan Software Export Board (PSEB) has a number of programmes to activate the local information-technology (IT) sector. For example, the Bridge 2002 programme seeks to computerise small and medium-sized enterprises and to provide projects to local software companies, with technical and financial assistance from the board. Another programme, the GEMS-2002, was launched in August 2002 to incubate small software companies, providing logistics support, infrastructure, and marketing and financial guidance. The PSEB also provides financial subsidies and technical support for various training programmes and for securing internationally-recognised quality certifications. Software-technology parks have been established to develop the IT industry in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. But a software-technology park set up in Peshawar in June 2004 was abandoned because of lack of funds and poor infrastructure. Other IT incentives include the following:

IT companies qualify for an income tax exemption on software-export revenues until June 30th 2016. Software exporters may retain 35% of their earnings in foreign-exchange accounts. Computers and related hardware are exempt from customs duties, though the 2006/07 budget subjected them to a 15% sales tax. Depreciation on computer equipment was raised to 30% (from 10%) in the 2001/02 budget. Financing options provided by banks and development finance institutions for IT-sector contracts are acceptable as collateral for the export-finance facility. Accreditation and Quality Testing Councils are being set up to ensure a high standard of IT education in the public and private sector.

Foreign investment
Foreign investment of 100% is permitted in the telecommunications sector. About 100 IT and telecoms companies from the United States, Europe and Japan have offices in Pakistan, including Oracle, Cisco Systems, International Business Machines, Microsoft and Intel. Two leading ISPs have foreign connections: Worldtel is an affiliate of Worldtel Canada and NetSolConnect is owned by NetSol Technologies of the US and the Akhter group of the UK. Foreign investors are allowed to invest up to 100% in software companies, and foreign interest in Pakistans technology sector has been increasing. Local entrepreneurs have set up around 100 call centres in recent years in Pakistan; one of the first was a call-centre that Align Technologies (US) set up in 2000. The United Nations Industrial Development Organisation and the World Bank also support projects for information-technology development.

Intellectual property

There was a flurry of legislative activity concerning protection of intellectual property in 2000/01. The Pakistan Patent Ordinance 2000 was issued in December 2000 and the Trademarks Ordinance 2001 was issued in April 2001, and they can be applied to Internet activity. According to an August 2006 report from the government, the Electronic Data Protection Act 2005, the revised Electronic Crimes Act 2004 and a law relating to electronic payments had been drafted and were ready for legislation, although there is no schedule to present them. The Electronic Data Protection Act would provide protection and safety to foreign data regarding the processing of such data in Pakistan; details for the other two acts were not yet available by August 2006.

Consumer protection
The president passed the Electronic Transactions and Governance Ordinance 2002 in September 2002. It extends the coverage of laws concerned with physical contracts or documents to their electronic forms.

Contract law and dispute resolution

The Electronic Transactions and Governance Ordinance 2002 extends the coverage of laws concerned with a physical contract or document to its electronic form. It also specifies actions recognised as offences, and it gives guidance on resolving disputes related to electronic contractual obligations and communications. No method of determining the jurisdiction of ecommerce transactions has yet been discussed.

Basis of taxation
No rules have been established on how to tax e-commerce or determine electronic residence in Pakistan.

Classification of e-commerce transactions

No classification of e-commerce transactions has been given to assign different tax rates or for any other purpose.

E-Commerce as a course
After the government realizes the importance of e-Commerce, they asked all the universities to make e-Commerce the part of their syllabus.

Barriers to Face
In Pakistan, e-commerce is still in its infancy and faces many barriers to grow. The notable barriers are:

Misconception of e-Commerce in Pakistan

Mistrust Low Literacy Rate Access to Technology is late Policies of Government unavailability of proper infrastructure [telephone line of stem lines of steam age, frequent failures of power] limited user of internet hardly one per cent of the entire population have access to the internet] the issue of security of transactions on the internet high bandwidth rates the rigid and monopoly role of the PTCL.

However, the Government has recently put a crack on the barriers when it approved the merchant ID accounts to facilitate online transactions. But there is still a long way to go and requires government to continue to grease the wheels of e-commerce to speed up the process.

Predictions
Those who create, distribute, and sell goods and services to consumers also have reason to look forward to this new mechanism. All enterprises, including the small and medium sized can reach customers throughout the world instantly and comparatively inexpensively. Many vendors can sell globally without the costly infrastructure of worldwide retail stores, sales offices, distributors, or warehouses. Pakistan is still an under developing country and is in a process of making their way towards the road of technology. The internet is prevailing like dark cloud on Pakistan and it will hit the Pakistan economy positively in the near future. People are getting aware of the importance of business on the internet rapidly and this will prove good in the favor of Pakistan. Pakistan Government is taking bold steps when it came to the concern of e-Commerce. Calling FDI, making laws so that they could be able to invest more in Pakistan in the field of Technology. The policies of decreasing the rigidity and monopoly of PTCL will help in this regard. These steps will lead to more investment in the field and towards a bright future of e-Commerce in Pakistan.

Banks are playing an important role in increasing the awareness of e-Commerce in Pakistan. The banks start e-Banking and also the availability of merchant account that will help the investors to invest in the internet business. The literacy rate of the country is a big block when we thought of the future of e-Commerce in Pakistan. It will take a lot of time in increasing the literacy rate of the country and more time will be required to give awareness to the people about the e-Commerce. Pakistan became a member of AFACT in September 2000 at Taipei, Taiwan and was nominated its Chairman last month at AFACT 2002 held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Which surely reflects that e-Commerce got a very bright future in Pakistan. The young entrepreneurs can also play an important role in making the e-commerce a bright activity in the business field. Fresh students who know about the internet and the business over it will focus on the internet business as it requires fewer budgets and it pays more.

Conclusion
It can be concluded that there is a lot of scope of e-commerce in Pakistan, and most companies are eager to going to the digital world, but at present E-commerce is not expected to increase in near future due to low PC and internet penetration. Industry, businesses and trade people prefer to use traditional ways of business enjoying personal contacts and mode of payments. We think that companies have started realizing the potential of ecommerce and electronic data interchange In Pakistan, especially in the Banking sector. So the future of Ecommerce in Pakistan is bright. We will embrace ecommerce by desire or by force as more and more international transactions are undertaken electronically.

PROJECT LIST FOR SEMESTER IV SPECIALIZATION: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS BATCH: DPGD JA11, LPGD JL11 AND MPGD JA12 1. E-Commerce Growth in International Market 2. Case Study: E-Commerce Applications 3. Case Study: Productivity Improvement 4. Benchmarking and Its Applications 5. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) 6. Tariffs And Import Quotas For Indian Business Houses 7. Measures To Correct Balance Of Payment Disequilibrium 8. Role And Importance Of State Trading Corporation Of India (STC) 9. India's Growth In Export Of Services 10. Modes Of Payment For Export Transactions 11. Types Of Letters Of Credit And Procedure To Open A L/C 12. Export Incentives Offered By Government Of India 13. Case Study : International Market Selection 14. Case Study : Export Procedures And Documentation For International Market 15. Case Study : Outsourced Manufacturing 16. Case Study : Packaging Issues In Global Supply Chain