Demodulation of FM Signals

KEEE343 Communication Theory

Lecture #18, May 17, 2011

Prof.Young-Chai Ko koyc@korea.ac.kr

Summary

Bandwidth of Wideband Frequency Modulation Carlsons rule Demodulation of FM Signals Baseband representation of Passband signal Demodulation of FM signals

Transmission Bandwidth of FM Waves

Recall the single-tone frequency modulated wave given as

s(t) = Ac cos[2 fc t + sin(2 fm t)]

and its FT is given as
1 Ac X S (f ) = Jn ( )[ (f 2 n= 1

fc

nfm ) + (f + fc + nfm )]

where

To see the bandwidth let us consider two different cases 1. 2. Case 1: Fix fm and vary Am (phase deviation is varied but the BW of message signal is xed.) Case 2: Fix Am and vary fm (phase deviation is xed but the BW of message signal is varied.)

k f Am f = fm fm

for the message signal m(t) = Am cos(2 fm t)

Case 1

[Ref: Haykin & Moher, Textbook]

Case 2

[Ref: Haykin & Moher, Textbook]

Transmission Bandwidth of the FM Wave

In theory, an FM wave contains an innite number of side-frequencies. However, we nd that the FM wave is effectively limited to a nite number of signicant side-frequencies compatible with a specied amount of distortion. Observations of two limiting cases 1. For large values of the modulation index , the bandwidth approaches, and is only slightly greater than the total frequency excursion 2 f . For small values of the modulation index, the spectrum of the FM wave is effectively limited to one pair of side-frequencies at fc fm so that the bandwidth approaches 2fm .

2.

Carsons Rule

Carsons rule is the approximate rule for the transmission bandwidth of an FM wave

Single-tone case

B T 2 f + 2f m = 2 f

1+

Arbitrary modulating wave

BT 2( f + W ) = 2 f
where

1 1+ D

f is deviation ratio. D= W

Universal Curve for FM Transmission Bandwidth

Carsons rule is simple but unfortunately it does not always provide a good estimate of the transmission bandwidth, in particular, for the wideband frequency modulation.

[Ref: Haykin & Moher, Textbook]

[Ref: Haykin & Moher, Textbook]

Baseband Representation of Modulated Waves and Bandpass Filters

Band-pass representation (Modulated waves)

s(t) = sI (t) cos(2 fc t)

Let

sQ (t) sin(2 fc t)

s (t) = sI (t) + jsQ (t)

and

c (t)

= = =

c ( t) + j c (t) cos(2 fc t) + j sin(2 fc t) exp(j 2 fc t)

Then

s(t) = < [ s(t) c(t)]

= < [ s(t) exp(j 2 fc t)]

We can derive the baseband representation of the modulated wave in frequency domain as follows

|S (f )|

1 S+ ( f ) 2

fc

fc

Dene a signal, called analytical signal that contains only the positive frequencies in s(t)

S+ (f ) = 2u(f )S (f ) Z 1 is Then its inverse Fourier transform s + ( t) = S+ ( f ) e j 2

1 1

ft

df

= 2F [2u(f )] F 1 [S (f )] j = ( t) + s ( t) t j = s ( t) + s ( t) t

Using the Hilbert transform given as

1 s (t) = s ( t) t
the analytical signal can be written as

s + ( t) = s ( t ) + j s (t)

Now dene the equivalent lowpass representation by performing a frequency translation of S+ (f ) such as

( f ) = S+ ( f + f c ) S

The equivalent time-domain relation is

s (t) = s+ (t)e
or equivalently

j 2 fc t

= [ s ( t) + j s (t)]e
fc t

j 2 fc t

s ( t) + j s (t) = s (t)ej 2

In general,

s (t) = sI (t) + jsQ (t)

Then

s ( t) s (t)

= =

sI (t) cos(2 fc t)

sQ (t) sin(2 fc t)

sI (t) sin(2 fc t) + sQ (t) cos(2 fc t)

Complex envelope representation

s(t) = < [sI (t) + jsQ (t)]ej 2

fc t

= <[ s ( t) e j 2

fc t

(t) is called the complex envelope. where s

Envelope and Phase representation

where

s (t) = a(t)ej (t) q 2 ( t) a ( t) = s2 ( t ) + s I Q

(t) = tan
1

Then

s Q ( t) s I ( t)

s ( t)

= = =

<[ s(t)ej 2fc t ]

<[a(t)ej 2fc t+

(t)

a(t) cos[2 fc t + (t)]

Fourier transform

S (f ) =

1 1

s ( t) e

j2 f t

dt =

1 1

<[ s ( t) e j 2

fc t

] e

j2 f t

dt

Using the identity

<( ) =
we have

1 ( + ) 2

S (f )

= =

1 1 s (t)ej 2 fc t + s (t)e j 2 2 1 i 1 h ( f fc ) S ( f fc ) + S 2

fc t

j2 f t

dt

Representation of Linear Band-Pass Systems

Consider a real linear system of which frequency response is given as H (f ) and it has the relation of

H (f ) = H ( f ) (f Let us dene H
(f H
Then

fc )
fc ) = H (f ), 0, f >0 f <0 0, H ( f ), f >0 f <0

( f H

fc ) =

Then

H (f )

= =

(f H (f H

( f fc ) fc ) + H ( f fc ) fc ) + H

where we made use of H (f ) = H ( f )

Inverse Fourier transform

h ( t)

= =

(t)ej 2 fc t + h ( t) e h (t)ej 2 fc t ] 2< [ h

j 2 fc t

Response of a Band-Pass System to a Band-Pass Signal

Band-Pass signal, band-pass lter, and its response

s ( t)

h( t) H (f )

r ( t)

The output of the band-pass system is also a band-pass signal so it can be expressed in the form

r(t) = <[ r ( t) e j 2
Also

fc t

r ( t) =

1 1

s ( ) h( t

)d

R (f ) = S (f )H (f )

Substituting its low-pass equivalent form such as

R (f )

= =

Note that

S (f )H (f ) 1 h ( f S ( f fc ) + S 2

i h (f fc ) H

( f fc ) + H

fc )

(f S

( f fc ) H

fc ) = 0,

( f S

(f fc ) H

fc ) = 0

Then

R (f )

= =
where

1 h S (f 2 1 h R (f 2

(f fc ) H

(f ) = S (f )H (f ) R r (t) = Z
1 1

fc ) + S ( f i ( f fc ) fc ) + R

fc ) H ( f

fc )

(t s (t)h

)d

Demodulation of FM Signals

Frequency discriminator FM signal

s(t) = Ac cos 2 fc t + 2 kf
Derivative of FM signal

m( ) d
0

ds(t) = dt

2 Ac [fc + kf m(t)] sin 2 fc t + 2 kf

m( ) d
0

If fc is large enough such that the carrier is not phase-reversed, then we can recover the message signal with an envelope detector in a manner similar to that described for AM signals.

Implementation of discriminator

Differentiation in the frequency domain

d dt

! j2 f

d g ( t) dt

! j 2 f G(f )

We construct a circuit that approximates this transfer function over the band-pass signal bandwidth - in particular, for

fc

(BT /2) |f | fc + (BT /2)

where BT is the transmission bandwidth of the incoming FM signal s(t) A typical transfer characteristic that satises this requirement is

H1 ( f ) =

j 2 [f 0,

( fc

BT /2)],

fc (BT /2) |f | fc + (BT /2) otherwise

Slope circuit

H1 ( f )

j BT
0 fc BT 2 BT 2

fc

fc +

Baseband representation of the FM wave using the complex envelope

s (t) = Ac exp j 2 kf

m( ) d
0

Baseband representation of the pass-band lter

1 (f ) = H

j [f + (BT /2)], 0,

BT /2 f BT /2 otherwise

Output signal in the frequency domain

1 (f ) = H 1 (f )S (f ) = S

1 1 j f+1 2 BT S ( f ) , 2 BT f 2 BT 0, elsewhere

Output signal in the time domain

s 1 (t) =

1 d 1 s (t) + j BT s (t) 2 dt 2

Substituting

s (t) = Ac exp j 2 kf
into s 1 (t) gives

m( ) d
0

Z t 1 2kf s 1 (t) = j Ac BT 1 + m(t) exp j 2 kf m( ) d 2 BT 0

Then

s1 (t) = <[ s1 (t) exp(j 2 fc t] Z t 1 2k f = Ac BT 1 + m(t) cos 2 fc t + 2 kf m( ) d + 2 BT 2 0

Provided that

2k f BT

|m(t)|max < 1,

for all t

Output of the envelope detector is given by

v 1 ( t) =

1 Ac BT 1 + 2

2kf BT

m(t)

Now consider H2 (f ) with a negative slope such as

H2 ( f )

j BT
0 fc BT 2

fc

fc +

BT 2

Then we have v2 (t) =

1 Ac BT 1 2

2kf BT

m(t)

Balanced frequency discriminator

v ( t ) = v 1 ( t)

v 2 ( t) = c m ( t)

where c is a constant.

[Ref: Haykin & Moher, Textbook]