OSCILLOSCOPES

TYPES OF OSCILLOSCOPES
Analog Oscilloscope Digital Storage Oscilloscope Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope

Analog Oscilloscope

Construction of a CRT

Formation of an electron beam

ASTIGMATISM CONTROL

- 1500V

INTENSITY CONTROL

+ 300V

Deflection on the screen, D =

L ld Ed 2 d Ea

where L = distance from center of deflection plates ld = effective length of deflection plates d = distance between the deflection plate Ed = deflection voltage Ea = accelerating voltage

Factors influencing length of field

Spacing between plates

Differences of potential

Beam acceleration

Block diagram of an oscilloscope

Sawtooth generator

X, Y, and Z Components of a Displayed Waveform

Z-axis modulation Cathode Blanking Blanked + 0 Cathode Unblanked

(max. Intensity)

CRT Grid - ve Bias

Grid Blanking + ve Bias Cathode 0 CRT Grid Unblanked (max. Intensity) Blanked

Vertical input arrangement

AC and DC Input Coupling

Effect of AC Coupling

AC coupling may cause voltage droop due to the loss of low frequencies

Effect of Bandwidth

Loss of high-frequency components and amplitude in the original signal as the signal passes through the instrument

Effect of Bandwidth Limit Control

Sine wave with the noise reduced by limiting the bandwidth by using a filter

ALT (alternate) mode

CHOP mode

ALT and CHOP modes

Adding Channels

Triggering Stabilizes a Repeating Waveform

Selection of Triggering Point

Effects of SLOPE and TRIGGER LEVEL controls

Positive and Negative Slope Triggering

Triggering Process with Negative Slope

Digital Storage Oscilloscope

Digital Storage Digital storage oscilloscopes (DSO) capture and view transients. A DSO is ideal for low-repetition-rate or singleshot, high-speed, multi-channel design applications. Bandwidths from 60 MHz to 6 GHz Sample rates from 1.0 GS/s to 10 GS/s on all channels simultaneously Full bandwidth capture on all channels Advanced triggering and analysis

Digitizing Oscilloscope

Block Diagram of DSO

Block Diagram of DSO

In addition to processing the signal, the microprocessor coordinates display activities, manages the front panel controls, and more The horizontal system's sample clock determines how often the A/D converter takes a sample. The rate at which the clock "ticks" is called the sample rate (samples per second. )

Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope

Digital Phosphor A Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope (DPO) is the best design and troubleshooting tool for a wide range of applications: for communication mask testing, digital debug of intermittent signals, repetitive digital design and timing applications. Bandwidths from 100 MHz to 7 GHz Sample rates from 1.25 GS/s to 20 GS/s Record lengths up to 64 MB

It has special features designed to recreate the intensity grading of an analog CRT. The DPO has a purely electronic Digital Phosphor that's actually a continuously updated data base. This data base has a separate "cell" of information for every single pixel in the scope's display. Each time a waveform is captured, it is mapped into the Digital Phosphor database's cells. Each cell representing a screen location that is touched by the waveform, gets reinforced with intensity information.

 The intensity information builds up in cells where the waveform passes most often. When the Digital Phosphor database is fed to the oscilloscope's display, the display reveals intensified waveform areas, in proportion to the signal's frequency of occurrence at each point -- much like the intensity grading characteristics of an analog oscilloscope. With a DPO, it's easy to see the difference between a waveform that occurs on almost every trigger and one that occurs, say, every 100th trigger.

Block Diagram of DPO

Vertical Input

Attenuator

In a digital phosphor oscilloscope (DPO), the waveform is first digitized similar to a standard digital storage oscilloscope (DSO). The DPO then rasterizes the waveform in a dynamic, three-dimensional database called digital phosphor and the information is periodically sent to the display system. At the same time, and in parallel, the microprocessor performs functions. automatic measurements and math

Sampling Methods
Real-time Sampling Real-Time Sampling with Interpolation Equivalent-Time Sampling

Real-time Sampling

When measuring high-frequency signals, the oscilloscope may not be able to collect enough samples in one sweep. Then use interpolation or equivalent-time sampling techniques.

Real-Time Sampling with Interpolation

Equivalent-Time Sampling

Acquiring a Waveform of Data