EDEXCEL NATIONAL CERTIFICATE UNIT 4 MATHEMATICS FOR TECHNICIANS OUTCOME 3 TUTORIAL 1 - STATISTICAL METHODS

Learning outcomes On completion of this unit a learner should: 1 Know how to use algebraic methods 2 Be able to use trigonometric methods and standard formula to determine areas and volumes 3 Be able to use statistical methods to display data 4 Know how to use elementary calculus techniques.

OUTCOME 3 - Be able to use statistical methods to display data Data handling: data represented by statistical diagrams e.g. bar charts, pie charts, frequency distributions, class boundaries and class width, frequency table; variables (discrete and continuous); histogram (continuous and discrete variants); cumulative frequency curves Statistical measurement: arithmetic mean; mode; discrete and grouped data. The section on statistics has been greatly reduced in scope from the pre-2007 version but students wanting to understand the subject at a greater depth will find plenty of material on the web site. The following is a useful web site to visit for this tutorial.
http://www.manatee.k12.fl.us/sites/elementary/palmasola/mathlabtutstat1.htm http://home.ched.coventry.ac.uk/Volume/vol0/ogive.htm

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1. CHARTS Statistics are used to help us analyse and understand the performance and trends in various areas of work. These might be financial trends, things to do with the population or things to do with manufacturing. Often we wish to present information visually with easily understood graphics and so a variety of graphs and charts are used for this purpose. Here is an example of a PIE CHART and a BAR CHART showing the number of parliamentary seats won by main political parties at the 2001 British general election.

The number of MPs elected must be a round or whole number so the raw data is exact. When presenting other forms of data this is not the case as explained in the following section. 2. RAW DATA Consider a set of statistics compiled for the height of children of age 10. First we would compile a table of heights. This would be the raw data and it is not ranked in any order, just recorded as it happened. Note that the larger the sample we take, the more meaningful the results will be. Suppose we measure the heights to an accuracy of 0.01 m. This is the table of raw data for 10 year old children taken with 17 samples. Sample No. Height (m) Sample No. Height (m) 1 1.45 13 1.56 2 1.56 14 1.28 3 1.37 15 1.35 4 1.44 16 1.62 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1.32 1.42 1.55 1.29 1.37 1.49 1.47 1.34 17 1.46

3. RANKED DATA If the raw data is rearranged from shortest to tallest we have the ranked data. Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 number Height 1.28 1.29 1.32 1.34 1.35 1.37 1.37 1.44 1.44 1.46 1.46 1.47 1.49 (m) Sample 14 15 16 17 Total number Height 1.55 1.56 1.56 1.62 24.34 (m) Data presented in this form is also called DISCRETE DATA because we jump from one value to another in steps, in this case steps of 0.01 m.
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4. GROUPED DATA If we used exact measurements of heights, it is unlikely we would find two children exactly the same height so we round off the values. This causes problems as we shall see. When handling large numbers of samples, we end up with huge lists of data so to simplify the table we group it into bands or classes within which the rounded measurements fall. The more we round off the values, the more likely it becomes that we will find more than one in a given class. The number of children within each class is the frequency. Next we would have to go through the laborious task of counting how many there are in each class. If we found a child with a height exactly on the edge of the class edge, we might decide to allocate a half to each class on either side resulting in frequency values that are not whole numbers. It is also useful to show a band for all the values below the minimum containing no results. The result is a FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE. Height 0 - 1.2 1.2 - 1.3 1.3 - 1.4 1.4 - 1.5 1.5 - 1.6 1.6 - 1.7 Mid Point or MARK 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65 Freq. 0 2 5 6 3 1 5. GRAPHS If we plot frequency vertically against height horizontally, we get a frequency distribution graph and this can be drawn in different ways. The values plotted are the mid point values called the MARK. In an example like this one, we assume that all the values less than 1.25 have a frequency of zero.

These plots simply tell us the numbers in each class by the mark. If we want to illustrate the width of the band we use a HISTOGRAM. Notice that the mid point of each band is the MARK. The boxes are drawn between the CLASS LIMITS. Because the heights were rounded off to 0.01 m the limits are 0.005 either side of the CLASS BOUNDARY and the class boundary is the exact dividing line between each class. The width of the band from mark to mark or boundary to boundary is the CLASS INTERVAL. In this example the interval is 0.1.

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6. MEAN This is one of the more common statistics you will see and it's easy to compute. All you have to do is add up all the values in a set of data and then divide that sum by the number of values in the dataset. For our example, let the height be represented by the variable x and the frequency be f. Sample 1 number Height 1.45 (m) 2 1.56 3 1.37 16 4 1.44 17 5 1.32 Total 24.34 6 1.42 7 1.55 8 1.29 9 1.37 10 1.49 11 1.47 12 1.34 13 1.56

Sample 14 15 number Height 1.28 1.35 (m)

1.62 1.46

The mean value is denoted x and x = 24.34/17 = 1.432 m We can do this a bit more simply using the frequency distribution table. x (mark) Less than 1.2 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.55 1.65 f. 0 2 5 6 3 1 total fx 0 2.5 6.75 8.7 4.65 1.65 24.25 The mean value is x = 24.25/17 = 1.426 m. This is not quite as accurate as the previous answer because the values have been taken at the mid point of the band. 7. MEDIAN Whenever you see words like, "the average person ...", or "the average income of ... you don't always want to know the mean. Often you want to know about the one in the middle. That's the median. Again, this statistic is easy to determine because the median literally is the value in the middle. In order to find it, you just line up the values in your set of data from largest to smallest. The one in the dead-centre is your median. Our table would look like this. Sample number Height(m) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1.28 1.29 1.32 1.34 1.35 1.37 1.37 1.44 1.44 1.46 1.46 1.47 1.49

Sample number 14 15 16 17 Total Height(m) 1.55 1.56 1.56 1.62 24.34 The mid point in the table is point number 9 so the median value is 1.44 m. If we had an even number of samples, say 18, then there would be two values in the middle and we should average the two to get the median. The median and the mean are almost the same value but in some cases they can be very different. Comparing the mean to the median for a set of data can tell you a lot about the distribution or weighting of the sample. For example if the mean is much larger than the median, it would mean that you have a lot of tall children.

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8. MODE The mode is the most frequently occurring value. In the example repeated below, this will be the class with a mark of 1.45 since there are six in this group. x (mark) f. fx 1.25 2 2.5 1.35 5 6.75 1.45 6 8.7 1.55 3 4.65 1.65 1 1.65 total 24.25

It is quite possible that the mode is not unique because the same maximum figure could occur more than once the distribution. If we don't have grouped data, there is no mode unless several occur at the same precise height. This leads us on to the next section.

SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 1 1. The hardness of ten steel samples was measured and the results were as follows. Sample Hardness 1 90 2 92 3 95 4 91 5 98 6 102 7 97 8 92 9 95 10 99

Calculate the mean.

Answer 95.1

2. The thickness of 20 steel strips was measured in mm and tabulated as shown. Sample Thickness 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 19.8 19.9 19.9 20.1 20.1 19.9 20.2 19.7 19.7 19.9 Answer 19.92

Calculate the mean.

3. A total daily taking in a supermarket over a period of a week is shown in the table below. The figures are rounded off to the nearest 100. Draw a PIE chart and a BAR graph to illustrate how the daily takings are distributed as part of the weekly total. Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 2300 2500 3100 5200 6700 (The solution is at the end of the tutorial) Saturday 8200 Sunday 1900

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9. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY and OGIVES This is a way of showing graphically how many samples fall below a certain value. For example you might want to know how many children have a height less than a certain value. We must add a new row of data showing the cumulative frequency. We then plot cumulative frequency vertically against the upper band limit. The resulting graph is called an OGIVE. x f. fx cum. f Less than 1.2 0 0 0 1.2 - 1.3 2 2.5 2 1.3 - 1.4 5 6.75 7 1.4 - 1.5 6 8.7 13 1.5 - 1.6 3 4.65 16 1.6 - 1.7 Total 1 n = 17 1.65 24.25 17

The median is the value that splits the Ogive vertically into two equal parts. It is usual to change the vertical axis into % and further discussion would centre around the numbers falling within any % band. (Look up percentiles and quartiles not covered in the syllabus here). 10. CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE DATA. When we take large numbers of samples we get so many points on our plot that the frequency polygon starts to resemble a mathematical curve. Naturally occurring events like height, weight and many other examples tend to form a bell shaped graph like that shown below called a NORMAL DISTRIBUTION CURVE. The Ogive is also shown.

We won't explain it here but when you plot a mathematical curve the data is continuously variable because you can find exact values of the data and you are not limited to the discrete steps of raw data.

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WORKED EXAMPLE No. 1 The graph shows the number of phone calls made at the same time to a call centre plotted over a 24 hour period. The corresponding ogive is also given.

How many calls are received at 3 hours? What % of the total calls is made between 24 hours and 18 hours? SOLUTION From the frequency graph we see that at 3 hours the number of calls being made is about 1.4 so it would be either 1 or 2 on average. From the ogive we see that at 18 hours the % is 7% and at 24 hours it is 93% so between these hours 66% of the calls take place.

WORKED EXAMPLE No. 2 A company manufactures steel bars of nominal diameter 20 mm and cuts them into equal lengths. The diameter of each length is measured at the middle for the purpose of quality control and rounded to the nearest 0.05 mm. The results for 20 bars are given below. Produce a frequency distribution table using bands of 0.1 mm. Draw a histogram. Draw the cumulative frequency diagram. Determine the mean, median and mode of the samples. Use the tables and plots to show your solutions Sample 1 2 3 4 5 diameter 19.9 19.8 20.1 19.9 19.7 Sample diameter 11 20.2 12 20.0 13 19.9 14 19.8 15 20.1 6 20.1 16 20.0 7 20.0 17 19.7 8 19.6 18 19.6 9 10 19.7 20.1 19 20 19.9 20.2

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SOLUTION Total = 398.3 RANKED ORDER Sample diameter Sample diameter 1 19.6 11 19.9 2 19.6 12 20.0 3 19.7 13 20.0 4 19.7 14 20.0 5 19.7 15 20.1 6 19.8 16 20.1 7 19.8 17 20.1 8 19.9 18 20.1 9 10 19.9 19.9 19 20 20.2 20.2 Total samples n = 20 mean = 398.3/20 =19.915

The median is the middle value of the samples when they are ranked in order and this is the 9th sample so the median is 19.9 mm. The most frequently occurring values are 19.9 and 20.1 so there is no unique mode. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
d Mark f fd cum.f 19.5519.6 2 39.2 2 19.6519.7 3 59.1 5 19.7519.8 2 39.6 7 19.8519.9 4 79.6 11 19.9520 3 60 14 20.0520.1 4 80.4 18 20.15- 20.25 20.2 2 40.4 20 Totals 20 398.3

n=

20

Mean = 398.3/20=19.915

The median divides the ogive into two vertically and this appears to be just 19.92. Again the figure taken from the ranked table is the more accurate. Remember the ogive is plotted using the upper limits of bands.

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WORKED EXAMPLE No. 3 A number of resistors were measured and rounded off to the nearest 0.5 . The frequency table resulting is shown. Plot a frequency polygon and bar graph and determine the mean, median and mode.
f R 1 119.25 2 119.75 4 120.25 8 120.75 15 121.25 10 121.75 5 122.25 2 1 122.75 123.25

SOLUTION Complete the table by calculating the accumulative frequency If we rank the data in order we get
f R fR 1 2 4 8 15 10 5 119.25 119.75 120.25 120.75 121.25 121.75 122.25 119.25 239.5 481 966 1818.75 1217.5 611.25 2 1 122.75 123.25 245.5 123.25 Total = 48 Total = 5822

Mean = 5822/48 = 121.23 Plot the frequency distribution and we get the following.

The median is the middle class and this is 121.25 The most frequent value is 121.25 and this is the mode.

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SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No. 2 1. The accuracy of 100 instruments was measured as a percentage and the results were grouped into bands of 1% as shown. Find the mean, median and mode. Range 61.5-62.5 62.563.564.565.566.567.568.569.570.571.572.573.574.575.5-76.5 Mid 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 freq 1 2 3 4 8 12 13 18 14 10 5 4 3 2 1

Answers 68.88, 69 and 69 2. The breaking strengths of 150 spot welds was measured in Newton and grouped into bands of 20 N as shown. Find the mean, median and mode. Range 160-10 180-200 200-220 220-240 240-260 260-280 280-300 300-320 f 2 6 10 28 50 31 15 8

Answers 251.47 N, 230 N and 250 N

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3. The diameters of a number of components are measured to the nearest 0.1 mm. The distribution is shown. Diameter mm Number 9.6 3 9.7 9 9.8 36 9.9 88 10.0 122 10.1 90 10.2 44 10.3 7 10.4 1

Draw the histogram and ogive and deduce the mean, the median and the mode.

(mean = 10.001 mm,

median = 10 mode = 10 (the most frequent value)

4. The graph shows the number of hours of daylight at a particular latitude plotted against the time of the year. The grid lines correspond to the middle of the month. How many hours of daylight would be expected in mid August? What would be the total hours of daylight received as a % between mid May and mid July?

(Answers 14 and approximately 70%)

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SOLUTIONS TO SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE No.1

Monday Tuesday Wed Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

PIE CHART
9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 Series1 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Monday Tuesday W ed Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

BAR GRAPH

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