Mobile Education What is Wireless Telecommunications? 1.

Classification of Wireless Telecommunications Wireless telecommunications is largely divided to fixed communication which has fixed sender and receiver, and mobile communication that has one of sender and receiver fixed. Formerly, fixed communication such as microwave is mostly used for wireless telecommunication. However, currently the mobile communication that allows communication at any place and any time with any ones is getting popularity. Consequently, future study will be focused on basic principles of mobile telecommunications and mobile telecommunication terminals.

2. What is Radio Frequency Radio frequency is one of critical elements for wireless telecommunications. As the wireless telecommunications using radio frequency shares one space with multiple users, one single frequency band cannot be used in a place. If a person generates a radio frequency while another person uses the same band, communication of those two users is failed due to interference. Therefore, radio propagation must be used under pre-defined rules. Radio frequency is a limited resource. In order to utilize the limited resource more effectively, each of nations is required to allocate certain amount of bands to each of wireless telecom service providers. As there is no national boundaries in transmitting radio frequency, interference among adjacent nations may take place. To prevent such interference, nations manage and utilize radio frequency resources under due principles conforming to the guidance of ITU. Frequency bands are divided by channels, which mean the definition of available frequency bands to prevent interference. For example, if a service operator is allocated with 10 MHz band from the government for operation of digital mobile phone, the operator may use all of the band for the service. However, the operator actually uses only particular bands with guard band to avoid interference. That band is called channel. Relationship between radio wave, frequency and channel is compared to constructing express way in waste land and draw lanes on roads. In that case, the waste land, express way and lane are compared to radio wave, frequency and channel. Definition and Classification of Telecommunication 1. What is Telecommunications? Telecommunications means a switching process of information using certain method or media over distance. Methods of telecommunications are much different before and after the time when electricity is found. Before electricity is found, restricted ways of communications using express messenger, signal fire, sound of drum, etc. were used. After electricity is found, wireless media such as telephone and telex to wireless media such as wireless phone, mobile telecommunications and satellite telecommunications are used to transmit information to counter parts.

While early stages of telecommunications concentrated on voice communications, current telecommunications adds the data (letter, sound, image) communication feature that requires larger capacity of transmission media. Consequently, dramatic improvement of transmission media, switching systems and terminals are required. As the result, new and various concepts of telecommunication methods have been developed - Telecommunications refer to switching voice and data information between far away places. 1) Classification by media Telecommunications can be classified depending on telecommunication standards. This section classifies telecommunications by media, telecom traffic, network and service provider. Wired telecommunications : Telecommunication methods using guided media such as coaxial cable, TP or fiber optic cable. Wireless telecommunications : Telecommunication methods using unguided media such as radio propagation. Wireless telecommunications are divided to fixed telecommunications and mobile telecommunications. 2) Classification by traffic Voice communication, data communication and image communication. 3) Classification by network Networks are largely divided to public network and dedicated network. The public network is divided again to PSTN, PSDN and PLMN. PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network) PSTN consists of switches and trunks to switch information among ordinary fixed telephone subscribers. PSTN refers to existing charged telephone switch network compared to PSDN or user-controlled private exchange network. PSDN (Public Switching Digital Network) Public switch network with charge in order to switch digital data. PSDN is divided to CSPDN and CSDN. PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) Public switch network consisting of mobile terminal, base station, subscriber location register andmobile switch center to provide mobile telephone services 4) Classification by service providers Service providers are classified to: Basic telecommunication service providers Who possess and operate wired or wireless telecommunication networks Supplementary service providers Who lease the network of the basic telecom service providers and provide services; and Special service providers Who operate business under particular conditions such as Internet phone provider, voice re-sale service provider etc. Mobile Telecommunications - Overview & History 1. Mobile Telecommunications Overview

Wireless telecommunications is largely divided to fixed communication which has fixed sender and receiver, and mobile communication that has one of sender and receiver fixed. Formerly, fixed communication such as microwave is mostly used for wireless telecommunication. However, currently the mobile communication that allows communication at any place and any time with any ones is getting popularity. Consequently, future study will be focused on basic principles of mobile telecommunications and mobile telecommunication terminals. 2. History of Mobile Telecommunications History of mobile telecommunications started at earlier time of 1900s for the purpose of facilitating safe navigation of vessels and emergency communication, and then innovated from wireless telegraph to wireless telephone after the age of the World War I, and from marine communication to land communication after the age of the World War II. Out of those, the most popular and spotlighted way of telecommunication is mobile telecommunication for vehicles and portable telecommunications. World-first vehicle telephone system is the mobile radio service installed by the Detroit police station at its patrol cars. But the system is much different from current ones. Similar system is 150MHz manual connection service started in Saint Louis in America in 1964 (simplex push-to-talk system). Later on, automatic switching system, IMTS(Improved Mobile Telephone Service) was developed. Then, in 1978, 800MHz AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) was commercialized. In 1979, Japan (NTT System) was developed, and NMT-450 was commercialized in 1981. European nations succeeded in commercializing GSM, digital mobile telecommunications, for the first time in the world in 1992. Japanese PDC and TDMA of the US were commercialized in 1993. Then, CDMA of Korea was commercialized in 1996. 3. Mobile System Overview Initial mobile telephone system (IMTS) operates with single large scale wireless base station as a unit. Service area of IMTS is several kilometers in diameter. However, due to the problems of shadow area and subscribers, cellular system with cell as unit has been devised so that most of current mobile systems use cells. Basic structure of the cellular system is as shown in the following Figure: Cellular Mobile Telephone Network

Mobile Telecommunication System - FDMA , TDMA and CDMA and Progress of Mobile Telecommunications Development PS-BTS Interface Technologies

The interface systems connecting PS (Personal Station) and BTS (Base Transceiver System) include FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) and digital TDMA and CDMA. The GSM method that is Europe and East Asian nations is an improved method of TDMA FDMA(Frequency Division Multiple Access) FDMA is an analog system that divides one frequency band to multiple sections so that multiple users can use the band without interference. That is, channels are assigned to the band. FDMA has lower efficiency in use of frequency resources compared to other digital methods and lower capacity of subscriber lines. One channel of FDMA means connection with one subscriber. TDMA(Time Division Multiple Access) TDMA enables multiple users to share one channel by time division so that each user can use the channel only for allocated time interval without overlapping with other users. TDMA is a digital system that accommodates three times larger subscribers compared to FDMA.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) CDMA extends frequency band assigned to each channel (1.23MHz), and gives each user

difference code in the extended channel so that multiple subscribers can communicate simultaneously. Compared to existing analog system, CDMA accommodates 10~20 times as larger subscribers and high efficiency of frequency usage. CDMA is suitable for data communications, and has an advantage of high security management.

Progress of Mobile Telecommunications Development

Cellular System 1. Development of Frequency Band Mobile communication at en early stage used low frequency band (150MHz). Current mobile communication uses 800MHz or GHz band. Why does current telecommunication use high

frequency band? While low frequency band has a limitation in the number of subscribers, higher frequency band can accommodate much more subscribers. 2. Invitation of Cellular Concept Radio wave has some particular characteristics. Higher the frequency band is, shorter the transmission length. In other word, if distance of communication is longer than certain distance, signal gets smaller to receive. However, within a certain distance, use of single band cannot generate the interference problem. Consequently, the allowable length that radio wave can reach is set to an area called cell. Then, the system that collects multiple cells together to extend the band of frequency is called cellular system. Such cellular system is the most widely used for current mobile telecommunications. On the other hand, the system that does not invite the cell concept is called broadband system. 3. Effects of Cellular System If 15MHz band with 30KHz of channel distance is given, total 500 channels (15000 30) can be achieved. If those channels are used without using the cell concept, just 500 channels are available. But, if the cell concept is invited, and 10 cells are applied, 50 channels can be allocated to each cell. Each of the channels is allocated with certain distance, same frequency can be used simultaneously without the problem of interference. Therefore, depending on cell size, 1000 or 2000 channels can be provided. Invitation of the cell concept is helpful to accommodate much more subscribers. Currently, to minimize the diameter of each cell, micro cell and milli cell concepts are invented. However, if diameter of each cell is minimized, more base stations are required, which causes another problem of investment versus efficiency.

4. Configuration of Cellular System Cellular system has much more complicate structure than existing wired telecommunication system. Cellular system needs to be connected to existing PSTN, and requires MTSO (Mobile Telecommunication Switch Office) that controls overall of wireless telecommunications and BTS (Base-Station Transceiver Subsystem, or Cell Site).

Telephone office, Normal phone Functions of Each Element MTSO Signal connection with PSTN, BTS control, channel management and control, billing, protection of calls from disconnection

BTS Base transceiver system. Wired/wireless signal conversion, mobile phone signal strength detection in cell, providing information to MTSO. MS(Mobile Station), PS(Personal Station) Ordinary mobile phones. It is important to note that Calls in mobile phones are wireless, but connected using wired lines. The call connection mechanism in mobile phones is as shown below:

Wireless connection is made only between BTS and PS. Therefore, wired line disconnection causes interruption of wireless telephone services 5. Types of Cellular System While cellular system is used in various fields, the most representative field is in portable phone and PCS system. Portable phone is divided to digital phone and analog phone. PCS provides only digital services. Those systems may have different channel allotment per nation. In order to increase the efficiency of use, channel distance is adjusted differently for each nation. Major cellular system types are as follows Analog AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System : USA, Korea NMT Nordic mobile System : North European nations TACS Total Access Communication System Digital TDMA Time Division Multiple Access : Dispersed to nations. GSM Global System Mobile Communication CDMA Code Division multiple Access 6. Characteristics of Cellular System What is Hand-Off

One of the most peculiar features of mobile telecommunications is mobility. Subscribers of mobile telecommunications can communicate while moving around. In that case, subscriber may cross boundaries of cells while calling. To understand this mechanism, as mentioned in earlier paragraph, each cell is an independent area that has multiple different channels and create speech circuits upon subscribers' requests. Consequently, each cell is controlled by different frequency band. This mechanism can be illustrated as below:

Cell A (1~20 channels) Cell B(21~40 channels) Cell C(41~60 channels) Cell D (61~80 channels) If call is disconnected while we are passing cells, we cannot any longer user mobile telephone. Then, In what way mobile calls are continued without interruption? That is because of handoff prevention. Hand-off refers to call interruption while going over a boundary of cell. In order to prevent the handoff, MTSO adjusts two cells, and switches channels while subscriber passes a cell. In that case, frequency is switched, but subscriber does not notice the frequency switch. That is, subscriber continues call without noticing channel switch. As shown in above illustration, if a subscriber calling in A cell using 20 channels goes over to C cell and the C cell have vacant channel 60, MTSO switches instantaneously the channel of the subscriber from 20 to 60. However, this process is not smoothly controlled, call will be disconnected. Hand-off is largely divided to soft handoff and hard handoff. This classification is made by the order of RF connection. Hard handoff disconnects the channel of current cell and then connects new cell channel, and is widely used for analog system. Soft handoff connects new channel first, and then disconnect current channel. Soft handoff is used for digital system. What is Roaming? As PSTN registers and manages subscriber information in local telephone office, mobile telephone network registers subscriber information first in a switching system called HSO (Home Switch Office). The HSO saves registered subscriber information in HLR(Home Location Register) DB in the office.

Mobile subscribers can receive mobile telephone services from the coverage of other HSO out of the range of its own HSO. For example, the subscriber registered in Seoul can use his/her hand phone in Pusan thanks to this roaming function. That is because the HSO in Pusan contains VLR (Visitor Location Register) that receives the subscriber information from home HSO. Roaming takes place not only in the HSOs that belong to one service provider, but in different providers, even in different nations. Mobile Entertainment Mobile Entertainment is a collection of exciting activities for the mobile consumers. Enjoy playing the games online, exchanging emoticons and e-cards, downloading wallpapers, and more. Come on in Emoticons See the latest emoticons and send your friends interesting faces and have fun!