Arabic

Papyri 'ala-lIh

of (A.

the H. By

Reign 232-47/A.

of

a'far D.

al-Mutawal(kil 84761)^)

Nabia

Abbott-Chicago

The University fessor had

following of Sprenglino Chicago,

papyri, were from them from known. probable would

now secured

in

the a few Mehkmet in

Oriental years ago

Institute, by Pro who actual Syrian in papyri Syria, found

Professor a dealer They that be they among

Aga-Oglu, Their with

purchased is and case of it

Damascus. however, were unearthed very few

provenance affairs, in which

not is they

deal,

the

outside

Egypt''). Historical Background of these of 'al-llh, the and al-Mu'tazz report Society a few of held empire Ibrhim, Billh, these at documents A. H. 235/A. the three we D. act sons, as Billh before 1937. in Palestine, Expedition interesting consists of three the the must 850, of

For go when succession Muhammad, al-Muntasir 1) American 2) are A back

the to the

historical the Caliph which month

background of Du-l-Higga

al-Mutawakkil divided

executed among whom and he his

az-Zubair, Billh, preliminary Oriental

designated

al-Mu'ayyad was Ohio, given April found the Besides U" the Colt an

papyri

Cleveland, the only al-HafIr

Outside recently

of

fragments, at

papyri by

those

discovered

'Aug'

of the group of five

British of Greek

School

of Archaeology of the

in Jerusalem. time of of Justin

documents tax a number Casper of

find and

Greek-Arabic letters of some first LII and Professor photographs three (April,

documents of J. these. of p. 202; of Oriental 1937) the

54-55/675-76, I Jr. of by For was New the able, York script, of p. 61

.\rabic courtesy to in see the

fragments. Kraemer To judge

through University, these the 106;

belong find, see

centuries 1936) Schools No. 62

Hegra. LIII

reports

AJSL, of pp. the

( January7-1937) Research p. 33; No. PEFQS

Bulletin 1936),

American and

(February, (1936) pp.

24-25

(.\pril,

216-20.

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakliil

89

respectively'). secutive the among cession, the some provinces, Palestine*), not included*); in line of order the went of our succession

This to

act, the also, To

while Caliphate in the

it

provided of interim, the first to the

first three divided in Ibrahim, the

for

the

con in empire of last suc in to Syrian and was

brothers the line the According

mentioned, three. the succession, sources, namely; according and addition of three old did, in had under look after

Muhammad, share, went he those to received of others, the while

lion's

least only

portion. four of Hims, Jordan others, Syrian the

six

")

Damascus, either to three and or still four

Jordan, or Hims his

according to the

portion

included, the territories Of considered later*) youth was agents the

provinces,

darbaign heirs apparent, to of yet take

Armenia*). was active part, Ibrhim while therefore and territories. the only which was still one he a

Muhammad any empire. puberty),

enough the not affairs as

the reached

(who a child to

al-Zubair appointed It is at this

three'). their

Al-Mutawakkil interests

1) ed M.

For J.

this

act

and III,

for

the

text

of the Other ed.

document accounts M. Th. VII,

see are

Tabari, to be

Annals found in Ibn Birdi, 111,275. to of the

DB Goejb, Ibn

1394-1402. Historiae C. J. Toenbbbo, I, 708; that the of

Ya'qbl al-Atir, Annals 2) north, (bordering Muhammad's 3) 4) Tagri 5) III,

al-Wdih, ed. J. Jtnboll, two were with

Hotsma, Ibn

11,595; Tagri

Chronicon ed T. G. The which on other

32-33; Kitb and of

Ibn

galdOn,

al-'Ibar, al-'Awsim

Qinnasrin or

together the share, Greek

TugOr were for

"frontier held together,

fortresses" and location.

Syria in

frontier),

included

apparently 1399. 33 that Ibn leaves of Tagri

their

strategic

Tabari, Ibn Birdi Ya'qbl gives

111,1395-96, al-Atir, 1. c. VII, leaves and to

the Hims Birdi

Jordan out. 1. c. ; on

province

out,

and

Ibn

1. c, these

the

other

hand,

Tabari,

1395 6)

al-Mu'tazz. Papyrus referred by to to Erzherzog as PERF) Rainer, (Wien, to in note Fhrer 1894) No. durch 763, of

Joseph

Kasababk, (hereafter notification appointment 111,1491, this time was

die is the

Ausstellung an official latter's 7) Tabari, at act. but

Muhammad the governorship It as is

al-Muntafir of Egypt to

al-'Abbs, 242/856. that the in their validity 247/861

1489; used was III,

interesting argument on his

minority of he the was

a legal 13 since

against succession

Muhammad 25, Tabari,

only 1471.

90

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawaklcil

point setting, still in

that

the deahng,

three as

documents they do, time, in 241/855, allotted characters to with and was

here vill^ige

presented surveys by

have

their

conducted Ahmad Agent three, have and in to effort the royal his ibn for there deal. to

al-Mutawakkil's who, territories the all peaceful aggravated but also major of

ordered the

Muhammad the fore, Syrian are Despite secure family, purpose the same The guard by some against ready opportunity parently, intrigues. roused. humiliate drink and of beyond again his reign, was a

Governor These we

Ibrahim. with whom precautions

al-Mutawakkil's succession, by cost end court him to personal intrigues, his all own his

rivalries not life, three only and designated the rise into and a of

defeated later brought heirs. the distinct Turkish

disastrous reign of their

al-Mutawakkil leaders, to were first political ready whom he tools

saw organized power in

and

body While hands

al-Mu'tasim*), of the to them Shi'ites aid was not

influence.

al-Mutawakkil's others against for his and occasion time anger to forcing ears Towards public preference him fuel apparent. al-Muntasir such epithets 1332/1914). or talents of to to the to be were him.

persecuted, al-Muntasir

equally Their ap of court soon and him boxed, the end for lead fire the of to

Muhammad not long content

in to

coming, bide

al-Muntasir, free

Al-Mutawakkil's He, his therefore, son, his threatening al-Mutawakkil even prayers*), already to the which kindled accused for Cf. in Al-hiz, this collection pp. the succession, Majm't deals 22, extent "now capacity, him took

suspicions every him, ordering death"*). showed of

were hurt

abusing now with

now his

al-Mu'tazz public jealousy al-Mutawakkil eagerness 1) essay but

delegating its heirs

affair for the

added two

Eventually of at The the overhim as

Muhammad hurling al-Ras'il with 37. Cf. the also

(Cairo, virtues G.

second Turks, and

see

especially tr. D. Kurd

ZaidIw, Series,

Ommayyads Vol. IV

'Abbdsids, pp. p. 217-18; 196-97. 2) 3)

S. Mabooliouth, 'All, Muhammad, Ibn

Gibb

Memorial ffitat VII, al-Sm 64.

(1907) 1925),

I (Damascus,

Tabari, Ibid.,

111,1457; p. 1453.

al-AtIr,

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of &a'far

al-Mutawalikil

91

al-Munta?ir, haste" Muhammad some Turkish and grew with wakkil's Having al-Muntasir Wazir and to heirs Wahhb*). write the the and throne*). fruits of and poisoned two Turkish now 1) 2) came influence, 3) 4) this, bies Birdi, 5) 6) 7) 8) cf. Ibid., Ibid., Tabari He into as is to Ahmad Ibrhim, bear from on other beyond Wasif he Was (to

"the succeed)*). excluded even

expectant" Finally from then Wasif plotting and Turks, the

and in a

al-musta'^il, drunken fit,

"the he

one declared

in

succession*). to have al-Sagir, Muhammad "the The so and that

According and Younger"*), situation he, thus together al-Muta

to his

supporters, outstanding

Bug

murdered*). endurance

Muhammad's and Bug in put quietly

plotted

executed

death thus

247/861*). himself subject al-Hasib, under to fearing Wasif so as in to favor did, by and have of their the Bug him his forcing of not reign to of obligation control reaction to bring exclude own his their enjoy six son to as the Caliph. of al-Zubair influence the 'Abd two alto to long he others Turks, His

became b.

persuaded al-Muntasir, the This sign a But his died, succession, al-Muntasir 'voluntary'

brothers rights for months

renunciation was a brief of a guilty

al-Muntasir After say

actions. some

sickened of a

conscience'),

wound*). Bugs, the general, the 1457. distinguished during see presently, from the Bug reign was al-Kablr, of still "the Elder", and to reckon who whose with. Elder together "king-makers". and the with Younger, Ahmad Since and ibn their Atmi, al-Hasib, original

The another were

literally III, be

prominence we p. pp. shall 1456. 1457-61. Murj Vol. Ibn III, pp. pp. pp. VII, Ibn

al-Mu'ta^im, a power

For ad-Dahab VII,

a brief {Les

account Prairies al-Atlr,

of

the

events ed. and

leading

to

cf. Mas'di, DB Metmabd, 1, 756-57; Tabari, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid.,

d'or), VII,

tr. C. Bar Ibn Tagri

265-74;

Ibn

60-64;

galdn,

111,279-80.

1485. 1486-89. 1497-98. 1495-96. 290-323; For Ibn 111,282-83. brief al-Atir, accounts VII, of 69-76; al-Muntasir's Ibn Tagri reign, Birdi,

Mas'di,

1,759-62;

5aldn,

92

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakltil

motives succession of fore wakkil Musta'in. and to them them step both Bug them Hasib*). Ahmad a

for

the still ibn

exclusion held good,

of they ibn as

al-Zubair brought al-Mu'tasim*), say, bestowed

and about

Ibrhim the who

from succession was of him the

the

Muhammad (and title not, which his the content him their two brief

there

nephew *). The During of not sell a to

some they reign

brother) upon

al-Muta was alfates bad forced allowing His next them

(248-51/862-66), crown princes exclusion, and annual into the went he properties, revenue*). tower". of have of their done Ahmad He

fortunes worse; to only was

former with

from first

their

territories small "princes put Turks in

comparatively throw the and whose it not for

had

imprisoned as-Sagir, were

charge would

arch-enemy, away ibn with al-

the

intervention

Al-Musta'in factions Wasif received When return to They of sponsor therefore allegiance to They and was to a caused and by party them the Bug the

himself his flight, the governor, of Turkish to cause released al-Mu'tazz, thus the of

had

no together

easy

course with his

before chief where 'Abd to Allh persuade

him.

Rival

supporters, he b.fhir. him decided to was

Younger, Muhammad generals then al-Mu'tazz them

to

Bagdad*) b. failed

with

capital, and from and

Smarr, Ibrhim and the two cause years siege, and which

they

al-Mu'ajryad. took the oath for

prison declared empire

succession rival for a during lasted situation, agreed 'Abbasid civil

Ibrahim"). Caliphs, which Bagdd a year deserted to ').

gave an

the immediate two major the in as his

created last its governor, for

war which over

nearly

suffered The

second seeing and

hopelessness peace Caliph*). 2) 4) Ibn Ibid.,

of the negotiations Al-Musta'in, al-Atlr, pp. VII, 1507-08.

al-Musta'in, al-Mu'tazz III, III, pp. pp. a brief (Cambridge, Tabari, HI, 1630. 1501. 1507. 1535-40. 1540-45; narrative 1929),

acknowledge 1) Tabari, 3) 5) 6) 7) Tabari, Ibid., Ibid., For

thus 77.

text of

of this pp.

oath, siege

pp. see

1545-49. Reubbh Levy, A Baghdad

Chronicle 8)

108-14.

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakliil

93

betrayed, took The al-Mu'ayyad, together, suspicious forced prisoned. planning which or 866*). and pire single resented gnis older about further, soldiers especially and tion generals*) (who and taking the was by his the

accepted oath two of brothers, who now of found reported

these allegiance

terms, to

abdicated al-Mu'tazz*). al-Mu'tazz

the

throne,

and

Muhammad in their their designs to the him, he been on the went the to about towards opposed Turks) it*). To and worse. him; the the news (it is common interests on the

and

Ibrhim had held

misfortunes opposed. part of and the Turkish ordered either Ragab the way of 252 by

Al-Mu'tazz, al-Mu'ayyad*), had him party his im was death, freezing August

renunciation On to receiving rescue to

succession that suspected)

seems

have

accomplished, 22nd

strangulation, Thus al-Muntasir. were faithful his going al-Mu'ayyad

/ 8.

al-Mutawakkil of had the not em a

Meanwhile, from minister inclination were naturally established to task was for bad

internal

affairs

Al-Mu'tazz the Turks and interests made the of the

strenuously the of no Farthe

Magribis to the and complicate the pay of the

already him treasury in arrears,

bones

situation Turkish family, ministers deputa

empty, though

the royal

members and fortunes. arrears and arrears, Caliph'). shorter accounts met

al-Mu'tazz's had

mother*), amassed payment great of Magribis in

different A Turkish with no

demanding the have been of III, al-Atir,

success. pay on the

Whereupon must

Turks, likewise the

Fargnis, determined This of Mas'di, 111,286-92.

whose

dethronement 1) affairs Ibn Tabari, see Tagri 2) 3) 393-94;' 4) 5) Mothers, mayyads 6) 7) Ibn

unfortunate For 76-77, Ibn

was the

rapidly preceeding

1633-52. VII,

89-108,112-13; galdn,

VII,

363-68;

Birdi,

1,767,769; VII, 393.

Mas'di, Tabari, Ibn Mas'di, Ibn Tagri and and Tabari, Tabari, by

111,1668-69; Tagri VII, Birdi, 397. 11,23; pp.

Ibn I, 769-70.

al-Atir,

VII,

115-16;

Mas'di,

VII,

Birdi, different

for

great of the 31-33.

fortunes period,

amassed cf. .

by ZaidIk,

Queen Om

officers 229-31,

Abbdsids, III, 111,

1706-07. 1709. Ibn al--\tir, VII, 132.

94

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of tlie

Reign

of &a'far

al-Mutawakkil

accomplished, horrible matic Thus, 850-66), plan moving documents. destined ahead of Ahmad ibn Irqian Hallikn*) situated Ahwz*). Smarr. Dastumisn, had heyday Ahmad's to-do 1) 11,24; 2) Learned the word man'), Tabari, Ibn Ibn travelled of the in But The but to him. ibn a for death; torture"*). in the the

and for

was they

climaxed, put the

few

days Caliph

later, to

by syste-

deposed

course

of

less

than involved removed

two in from

decades

(235-55/

major

characters had of third, tragic the been major Ahmad fate

al-Mutawakkil's the involved scene, in though struggle yet re our

succession also two The similar

characters ibn had his

Muhammad, major

Muhammad to of was the a give tribe native Irq to

ibn him of of

'Ubaid his full

Allh name,

Ab-1-Hasan came from to large an Ibn

al-Mudabbir*), family he

Dabbah. Dastumisn, Wsit,

According a

canton and alfrom was Ahmad, was the in

southern according possibilities that

between Ibn are 'Askir*), that its of city of

Basra Ahmad family including for that came seat

the

some in capital Muhammad, search

of

members, a career, Smarr*). to into VII,

north new father, but the

seems first came

have

been

wellwith Birdi,

family Ibn

prominence 132. Ibn Tagri

111,1710-11; galdn, 111,296-97. (de Slane), 11,59;

al-Atir,

gallikn 1329/1911) ed.

IV, IV,

388; Yqt, 77.

Ibn

'Askir, Biographical

at-Trih and

al-Kablr of of

(Damascus, Men,

Dictionary inaccuracies Madabbir,

Margoliouth, are and Ibn had it LIII 388. Geog. 60. Ill, s.v., met with, Judges 'Askir as

Variations Ibn gallikn ed. has or

Mudabbir Governors has Mudabbar;

e. g. of

1. c. has Gbst

Al-Kindi, p. 214, Maqrizi Gaston 3) 4) 5) 6) Chronicle, 7) Hans Cf. MiiK

Egypt, 1. c.

(London, while cf. some Maqrizi,

1912) of the ed.

Mudir, Mudin; '

manuscripts Wibt, Biog. Ibid. Trlb Yqt, pp. Ibn MIFAO, Diet., p. 393; al-Kablr, Geog. lOOff.; 'Abds IV,

Mudayyin 1927)

(Caire,

149ff.

Yqt, II, Diet., E.I.

Did.,

ed.

Wstenpeld,

11,574.

14-22; "Smarr". Kitb 242-43.

cf.

Reuben

Levy,

Bagdad

al-6abiyrl, 1926), pp.

al-Wuzar'

wa-l-Kuttb,

ed.

(Leipzig,

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of tlie

Reign

of &a'far

al-Mutawakkil

95

the

talents

and listed

activities apparently to the more al-Nadim, bureau of

of

his in

sons, the

Ibrahim, order of

Ahmad, their ages. poets

and All and We

Muhammad, three, secretaries hear fame Ibrahim's we it his began, reign of have also day. it nothing and according in

were of official

accomplished correspondence*). despite the A from

Muhammad of his is two to be

alternating fair the from idea account which circles actually to the of of

misfortunes literary of him activities by that when difficult his to

brothers. gained

Ab-1-Farag he moved secretarial tell; it must

al-Isbahni"), freely and in the court

appears Just is

political certainly to that

career go of back

al-Wtiq

(227-32/842-47) or even his scribe in secretary political the to have the to that junior, in early much

if not of was the

al-Mu'tasim (198-218/ as of we Ma'mn's shall

(218-27/833-42) 813-33), see, reign. reign, eign*). imprisoned, which volently*); the he a since and

al-Ma'mn already, years of favor

Ahmad, minor was,

a young Ibrhim

later years in

al-Mutawakkil's with that he was an and sover not office bene or financial prisoner At the the diwn time alin

full-fledged His subsequent included seems the

career, of

when Basra,

governorship discharged of al-Tugr

effectively

governorship frontier of al-Ahwz, leader 279/892, he

al-6azariyyah and the

Mesopotamian

fortresses*); where in was the in he was

governorship 256/870 of his by death,

taken war). of

al-Habit, in

Zang charge

diij^''). 1) employed man, 1928), BIFAO, 2) Bjrkman, 3) 4) ship; 5) 6) 7) it Ayni, Ibid., could Yqt, Tabari, Ibid., p. Beitr. pp. XI Ayni Fihrist, in the zur 5-7 ed. Flgel, pp. 123, 166. A mutarassal III, was a secretary Bjrk

diwn Gesch. and

al-ras'il; d. Index; pp. 65-67. XIX, his 114; prose New XX, have

cf. Ibn

Hallikn, im islam.

60, n. 3; W. gypten Diwn

Staatskanzlei Ibn al-SairafI,

(Hamburg, al-Ras'il,

Qnn

(1913), (Blq), p. 8, for

114-27; works. Edition 35. No

cf.

Mas'di,

VII,

160-64;

cf.

XIX, XIX,

(Cairo, dates place are

1927ff.), given in for his XIX, year,

1,96-97. this career. 123. Ibid., p. 1843. governor

124;

therefore Geog. III, 2134. Diet.,

taken

earlier Agni, next

11, 669, He

IV, escaped

656; the

1837-38;

96

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of 6a'far

al-Mutawalclcil

With to have story hammad, It that I I used but and Ma'mn Ca'far (private) father But one and I of my shows it Ahmad to is

this ibn him related who so

for

a family

background, himself. anecdote found grandson, have "child in Ahmad the having myself campaign me I accepted to prevent to relays') failed to to heard was full"): b. in it The

we

turn earliest

our

attention we The ibn Mu

al-Mudabbir is in by claimed how to be an

reference 'Abds*). Allh Ahmad of the

in

Ibn 'Abd

Ahmad's to the quoted

from father

himself. man",

clearly

the

deserves my take soul was above went al-Hayyt secretary, who did

heard to

grandfather, charge restive applying on his invited and all he of

al-Mudabbir, the land-tax its

relate: bureau, ambition, when border, him as of his my

to sordid the

attain gain. Byzantine

I was

Then,

accompany against me my the from knowledge,

wishes going he

could Then,

away. gave

disobeyed his brethren him: Then, offer fit

him. in Keep if it to

without he had

whom this gets as his

confidence with difficulties and advance you

5,000 unbeknown or you it Then to

dirhams to see him him as day,

charged

money into a loan

everybody. in you when and hard said with left to distress, see

he him to with my

according at work

circumstances. the with was get a this I arose great kuhl. mere bilious and

one

I was I had and

Ca'far, eyelids I you

'Arib*) She youth^ looked

entered; at me then

blackened long,

remember Where did

and

Ga'far: and Ga'far

bird? withdrew.

Covered 'Arib what he this

shame and

embarrassment, called me said and has

said grieved a

Now you.

perhaps Then as So another I I

sharptongued that had senseless 1) 2) 3) jloCl. 4) name. Cf. Agni Op. The Marlis I all be at with cit., given

woman 10,000 in

ordered never out, bought

dirhams, my possession in my

sum before.

such

had went and

once joy, pp.

traded 242-44. is

horse

for

translation al-Uskudr,

largely cf.

that Steinoass,

of

Professor

Spbbnglino. Dictionary,

Persian-English

(New

Cairo

Edition),

I, 306

for

the

vocalization

of the

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of &a'far

al-Mutawakkil

97

mule that me I

for

my friend

manservant to seeing whom the on. which now he even I cause no turned more acquired. of it all I my

to

ride father of him

after had

me

on.

few the

days money asked

later, met how about said: any in the have. word The on the

entrusted on and

and was

marks told my reason it

prosperity my had it story, entrusted should and

me, he to told him with

getting money is So

me and me

the There longer.

father why over to

remain I thought

me, than God

myself That was now

that first

camp money the 'Arib*). incident lookout and

splendid Then was

al-Ma'mn. gave other us than what that

we

And of

none

(snappy)

depicts for a

for favorable

us

an and

ambitious an man honorable who, was are and evident as a of of section of these his man

youth

who opening,

was a of shy his

capable personal of the

self-directed and These a man

young of qualities of repeated him with a letters display,

though withal a throughout of

fond little

adornment fair both sex. as we

career, Though the the to

affairs. as a poet, and it does

have

mention a special diwn

Ahmad only to 50 him, are much 'Arib (on

Fihrist^) Agni his brother the Ahmad cf. does

credits not Ibrhim. sources') came Agni, since one ibn before She and

pages, as

devote

Snatches and from in 180; also

poetry not

scattered of an that only idea same Ibn

through 1)

once

more XVIII, he is

contact the referred was

with account to as

campaign?) al-Mudabbir, can hardly of her,

mentions a "youth", to The have adventures

but be the

Ibrhim been the that are especially unqualified career as are mV the trans too

meant. Yahy, and was composer musician, after

'Arib the the

reported

daughter befell numerous talented approval a singer, detailed at-Tawrlls, lation Judge 2) 3) ed. of

a'far both

Barmecide. fall of of the

Barmecides, parts, but the court

to as of and in

relate.

a woman

many for she

a singer the her Ac/ni, ed. great

of songs, Ishq with XIX, 1921),

won Her Ibn

al-Mausili. Ibrhim 114-24; pp.

romantic XVIII,

episodes 175-94, (Cairo,

al-Mudabbir at-TanOfel,

Mabooliouth Mabooliouth, 1922), 166. 'Askir, (Paris, op. 1895), pp.

131-33,

or

this

by

entitled 144-46.

Table-Talk

of a Mesopotamian

(London, pp. E. 123, g. Ibn

cit., p.

pp. 341;

60-61; Agni,

Ibn V,

at-Tiqtaq, 99; xix, 7

al-Fa^rl 123.

D4BENB0B0 Zeitschrift

d. DUO Bd. 92 (Nene Folge Bd. 17)

98

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of tlie

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

can

be

gained poetic him testimony is afforded who by be wonder down with or the have to a it

as

to

their

merit. and collection high entertaining that

Ibrhim taste of his very

must

have highly, verse*). artistic reported

valued for he More stan by had

Ahmad's presented direct dards Mas'di-), to ment, is no quahfy

judgment with to by tells being us a

own and

Ahmad's an

literary

anecdote boon their arms, circle his al-Muglisa and of Memoirs^). of his of field

Ahmad's in games, inner

companions of and friends poetry, wa accomplish so forth. narrowed Ahmad al-Mud-

unsurpassed music, that his persons. work, Assemblies seen when Roman him. way comes Ahmad Ahmad, prison, and in together Ahmad and had large generally sums the of the Ca'far campaign How

literature, then seven prose oj

It

itself credited kirat We and

Besides Kitb

is

Book already career, on his with is no

beginning al-Hayyt, in he Our another himself it, gives with ibn and

professional

political

accompanying 215/830*), took in source Ga'far's of anecdote for description secretaries, the occasion us in the

al-Ma'mn yo'ith, service, formation originating by of Ibn his Ahmad, there

long

remained next historical preserved

telling^). from

about again at-Tiqtaq"). release ibn death from

him with

a graphic two other on of three

Sulaimn of in to the

Wahb') of al-Wtiq

Isr'il*),

accession the

al-Mutawakkil in an effort in the

232/847. mulct a them

Al-Wtiq of

imprisoned of money

accumulated by the held a Caliphs high

while of secretarial

office period'). positions, 1) 2) 3) 5) parts 6) 7) 8) 9) of

practice The to three find XIX, VIII, p. 123.

followed therefore in have such

must themselves 123. 13-18.

predicament.

Aiinl, Op. cit.,

Fihrist, a'far of the

4) in Cf. 339-il. Wazir Wazir of of pp. the years that 111,

Tabari, followed 1300,

III,

1103. took him 1350, to different

's career empire. pp. became became Zaidas and op. large

Tabari,

1302-23,

1509.

Al-Fahrl, Later Later ('f.

al-Mu'tamid, al-Mu'tazz, 231-37, for cf.

cf.

al-Fahrl, pp.

p.

344. 334-35. this policy

al-Fahrl, account

cit.,

a brief

of

extortion

fines.

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of

the

Reign

of

a'far

al-Mutawalclcil

99

We secretary, of the

find

Ahmad, playing this This

soon time

after, the

installed role was al-'Abbs of based

as the

al-Mulawakkil's accuser on facts, whose when The were years that Ibn thus when official With of state fall with lo the plot, had with to how long however, brothers subsequent return one, in for charge to when of together alfavor we the imprison his im fall were his instead as Iiis sul)alalin his no the in of

accused.

accusation b.

fellow-secretary, ordinates Mutawakkil Mudabbir al-Mutawakkil's policy opportunity appointment 236/850-51'), the Ahmad discharge fled. taken brother Ibrhim. prisonment between once career and meet diwn with rise him harg seven more has to Ibn large two in of rapid to of and brothers*). the and Hqn sums were faced brothers,

Ibrhim involved, him both favor, changes discredit Ibn later with

as-Sli, acknowledged, charges').

himself Ahmad's Ahmad especially of them Hqn as Ibn

and in the

Ibrhim, earlier gave the

Wazirs-), with first as came

monarch. secretary a temporary displeased and

Wazir*), Hqn of his Ahmad

became office, getting

execution disgrace persuaded of and when is money so this not him.

determined wind that of

al-Mutawakkil which induced took reported*). he had

Ahmad

deposited

Ibrhim Just lasted, 236-240 in been power again favor

al-Mutawakkil place and It since date.

must, the Ibrahim's

(850/51-854/55), at already must in the latter sketched. have been he central of ad-4iy'' is

Ahmad's a rapid already land-tax or fiefs,

240/854-55, or those the

al-a'?am others'),

bureau

an-nafaqt

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) by

Aijnl, Cf.

IX,

29, p.

34. 326.

al-Fahrl, HI, pp. XIX, used her ibn op.

Tabari, Al-Fahrl, Aynl, 'Arib

1407. 236-37; 115-16. influence 'Abd cit., II, Allh 596, for his release, Thir, also 1902/03), thus which Ibid., by was pp. Becker, II, 142, brought 118. Beitrge Becker of about cf. also E. I., 11, 394.

Muhammad 7) Ya'qbi,

ibn quoted

116,

in his where the

zur

Geschichte leaves controlled

gj'ptens out the by

(Straburg, diwn Ahmad al-Sadaqt, to seven.

however bureaus

reducing

number

100

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawalckil

hssah as-sadaqt military personnel

wa

al-^mmah or alms,

or al-mawall al-gund

individual or or clients, army,

and

public al-gilmn

allowances, or personal or

retainers, in

and

aS-Skiriyyah

palace-service*). administration but also and discredit instead, therefore strict, the of his since subordinate him, they resorting represented needed was equal al-harg", thereupon to straighten and find with have four been unds Ibrhim or the out Jordan," of any very to would to to much the that task is, a offices he was must held have in Had probably in order been much these not fear the done to be that

Ahmad's only by the efficient secretaries

officers. have ruse

opportunity so. rid the out, We of find him.

to them, They of that

al-Mutawakkil to be except Ahmad straightened "he ibn

affairs and

Damascus no the one diwn

who al-

administered Mudabbir"). to Syria in

Al-Mutawakkil 240/854-55 of I am in Damascus unable connection it covering seen, of must its formed al-Mutawakkil's of Ahmad the heir our in to

dispatched the as official affairs the title but governorship which, as share support of which the ^mil,

Ahmad of the

"Provinces have Ahmad probability Syria, already division have cally governor, considering Syrian of only 1) holding all op. the cit., 2) mascus, unable al-Dahab, Mas'di works. History Cf. of dlw&ns p. 212. According 1927), to find the it.

sources given in all of we of this have the we

mention this the

appointment, financial

provinces al-Mu'ayyad's

empire. present 241/855-56 Ibrhim and likely four cit. p. 6, Yaliy al-htim, Syrian note ibn 1, that

In documents, as

evidence

specifi that And, small in charge is,

designate for

apparent, reputation

al-Mu'ayyad. comparatively he was put

Ahmad's territory, two out it of is

the

not

the op.

provinces. for that other ibn of the instances Barmak seal; Ibn of controlled 'Abds, the

Bjrkman, multiple except

offices; the diwn

5lid or

to p. it 62, in

Muhammad this the incident latter's

Kurd Tanblh

'Ali,

Kith by

ffitat Mas'di; VIII) or

aS-Sm I am in his Murj of his

V (Da however Murj that other

is reported

(BGA

though did have The II, incident 599;

it is other

evident from information is reported very

Vol. VIII, 13 of the on .Vhmad in some in the have earlier gotten work it

in question Mas'di could

of Ya'qbi, Ya'qbi.

well

from

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of

the

Reign

of -a'far

al-Mutawaltliil

101

In charge to part to move of make

addition of his 243 the

to

his

financial When Smarr it his damp 'Irak he his too was

duties,

Ahmad

was

put

in

Mosques*). capital (early in from 858)-) for and in

al-Mutawakkil to to Damascus Ahmad in that

determined the he latter wrote found comfort, his mental and peace; Ahmad,

preparations too cold

coming'). for his

Al-Mutawakkil physical for to the death

Damascus the so Turkish after a

mawll few months in

restless

returned till

Smarr*). of

however, in 247/861. When to and years rounded bodyguard fitted, at this to Egypt*), new, that

remained

office

al-Mutawakkil

al-Muntasir where was skilful his

became administration and he pomp

Caliph,

he of In his

transferred the the position employed uniformed on on contact agent became remained has been not be the in of taxes, half

Ahmad both a and old dozen sur

vigorous"). consolidated and Turks, personal ibn start Tln of Egypt two a Ahmads while long they conflict and their as glory. richly attendance

followed himself of be in that from the first a with hundred constant

He

a liveried and him'). Egyptian 254/868, his step out It is

point and Ahmad

Ahmad very entered the for of by

comes first the

stage, when father, antagonists, friendly. for the

Byakbk, though The most course part,

determined outwardly detailed, repeated

their Becker*)

need

of

1) Ibn Damascus 2) 4) 5) 6)

'Askir, alone. III, III,

II,

60.

Ibid.,

I, 214ff.

gives

a long

list

of the

mosques

Tabari, Tabari, Ya'qbl, Maqrizi, op. cit.,

1435, 1436,

1436. Ya'qflbl, Bkckbb, (Blq, II, op. 1,103ff.; Papyrus to be found der

3) 601. cit.,

Ya'qbi,

op.

cit.,

II,

600.

11,603; ffitaf II,

11,143. Y'qt, Biog. dealing No. Erzherzog aus 1896) Diet., with 777, 11,155; his early

Becksb, administration Mittheilungen 1887) Museen 7) 8)

143-47. are

documents in PERF, Papyrus Urkunden (Berlin,

of Egypt aus and Berlin, der

Kababacbk, (Wien,

Sammlung Abel,

Rainer den I,

1,98-99, zu

gyptische Urkunden

Kniglichen No. 6, p. 8.

Arabische 1,314-16. 11, 143-47,

Maqrizi, Beitrge, the of

153-61, available.

171-72. Cf. also

Beckeb Maqrizi,

however ffitaf,

did

not

have all for most

sources now the events.

I, 314-16,

102

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of Cra'far

al-MutawaJkkil

here obscure

except and

for

the

high in

points, Becker's step-father, influence

of

which account. was that

two

at

least

are

still

confused Ahmad's It first which fills in was fall lasted a his in

Byakbk, al-Mu'tazz. Mudabbir's prisonment Mas'di-) accounts. Ibn capacity. al-Muhtadi finance to find director that Ibn

all

powerful about his It in to not have say same al-Mudabbir is Ibn first here the

with alim that other ordered in what

brought occasioned months*). missing is he said does to Ibn not reality al-Mu'tazz for be the

Egypt, about

and three detail

significant to him

According to any

al-Mu'tazz though according appointed It would had Syria, by Syrian further would The by in

al-Mudabbir At

Syria, and

rate,

account, as

(255-56/869-70) for Palestine. al-Mudabbir of appointment of so and separated, present appointment. did to lasted succeeded not the last long, the several and calibre all

at been

all

surprising appointed was con

financial tinued directorship to career important nature, Mudabbir this power, al-Mudabbir's cast until ordered But to by be his rid him the again be in

governor that

and the was

al-Muhtadi; provinces Ibn justify appointment, al-Muhtadi of Byakbk, time Ahmad remained in ibn for

financial not likely earlier and more its Ibn though more about once in Ibn more months, who al-

al-Mudabbir's this larger

whatever restored Egypt, once

for

financial but for three the

governorship months. second and

bringing Tln about

dismissal, into prison, succession him Ahmad of his released ibn where of and Tln

he

ten

al-Mu'tamid restored was rival, still and to

(256-79/870-92) his office'). his were among in the was month opportunity furthered the

watching his who plans were succeeded from The the

dangerous friends and

Turkish at court. to of the Ya'qbl, Op. cit., end

relatives intrigue Ibn

most

powerful al-Mu'tamid governorship towards 1) 2) 3)

Their transfer Egypt of cit., 13. cit., II, the II, to

finally al-Mudabbir of 257, Syria. and

inducing financial issued of 258

that

order first

year 616.

op. VIII, op.

Ya'qbl,

617-20.

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawaklcil

103

saw four-year

Ibn

al-Mudabbir struggle and him al-Mudabbir's him well*); according and that by took of the according these condensing place year Ahmad twice

once ibn

more Tln,

in

Syria*). having

Thus first finally

after repeatedly succeeded

humiliated in removing Ibn who Syria, until is likely knew lasted, 265,

imprisoned from to this, Ibn to accounts them after 264-65, master of reports but released Birdi the much in this according we when power him, dinars, account*) point Mahlad, to a such to but not in to Ahmad when both Ibn

his

rival, his office was third and Birdi*), confused one. ibn he

permanently return and to

in

Egypt. to those of

Syria his 'Askir*) Tagri have into

welcome administration Ibn

Hallikn*), until two 267. separate incidents, successful in Syria. took Ibn making The alof but that and we Ibn Ibn last it accounts once he welcome his office? final According of with al-Mudabbir the the great did ap It

incidents however, rebellion himself first Mudabbir 600,000 learn of

Both Tln's

succeeded and

undisputed those incidents prisoner, dinars. from Ibn was evidently which was together, had it in not. Ibn

Egypt Ahmad him on this

that

pajnnent in 267,

Tagri

places earlier 265. be to infer 265

'Askir, imprisoned take

source, 'Askir al-Mudabbir's Tagri from ibn old on him Birdi the

al-Mudabbir Hallikn imprisonment, parently taken more so by

Ibn Ibn Ibn then, Ahmad his him

May that, his

Tln rival, the to

humiliate released and restored of Ibn an

imprisoning of Ibn 600,000 Sa'id's would Hasan arrived He by informed correspondence, ibn at

payment Certainly imprisonment to this,

al-Mudabbir's inference. partisan received that Ibn

well and

known was

Tlnids, honor. was,

al-Fustt Ahmad ibn intriguing

Tln

with

al-Muwaffaq,

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

Ya'qbl, Cf. Ibid. Biog. Annals, Mugrib Diet., Ibn

op. 'Askir,

cit.,

11,622-23. II, 62.

IV,

388-89. cf. Ms.), Becker, quoted Beitrge, in Becker, pp. 171-72. Beitrge, II, 172.

11,44; (Cairo

104

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of tlie

Reign

of -a'far

al-Mutawakkil

heir

to

the

throne. final when he Ibn

It

was

then

that He

Ahmad sent to

decided Damascus

on

Ibn for

al-Mudabbir's him, soned freedom undeceived"). (murder?) the and major long life in rivalry of and At by

imprisonment. arrived al-Mudabbir to remained 270/883-84 of the ibn of our two reassure Ahmad's or Ahmads, al-Mudabbir, present he had

him had Ahmad,

immediately hopes but prisoner of regaining he till was his Thus with the it third the and

impri his soon death ended career last

first trying He either

271/884-85). and

Ahmad

character

documents.

Economic It will be remembered of of condition to set also its the were the usual The and of Ahmad Syria of harg gizyah in general of the in that ibn A.

Background the immediate to D. cause the for financial was and meaning The harg or two harg varying har^ per tree, The on and Persians Syrian lands, the the to the

appointment governorship chaotic need include territories not of by

al-Mudabbir H. 240/A. of here poll-tax)*) practice in that its in treated but by was

854-55 province,

finances (used or

wider order. as igm' of

reason harg the the of rate or in II, the

conquest, tax *). however The of The area in

consensus kinds, consisted from the oneother payable levied the

opinion*).

proportional of fifth hand either 1) 2) 3) died outlive 4) lumbia 1916), 5) Kitb 6) 7) (Cairo, a proportion to was in Ibn Ibid.; Ibn in

fixed

proportional the land, fixed or

produce same. per specie, 61. II, 172. Ibn unit or

one-half a kind, 'Askir, Beitrge, 'Askir, (Tagrl fixed

both').

11,62; Birdi,

gallikn,

IV, Did

389. Ibn

Ahmad al-Mudabbir

ibn

T'n really

270 him?

11,47,51).

Nicolas University p. 377. p.

P. Aohnidbs, Studies

Mohammedan in Political Science,

Theories Vol.

of LXX)

Finance (New

(Co York,

Ibid., al-ffarj

366. (Blq, ibid.,

For

early

tax

practices pp.

in 22-24.

Syria,

cf.

AbO

YOsuf,

1302/1884-85), p. 378. Mwardi, 141.

AoHNiDKS, Ibid., pp.

378-80; p.

Kitb

al-A^km

as-Sultniyyah

1298/1881),

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

105

proportional more the Mansr it and to to just,

tax, and

but

the

Caliph it the on the harg the been

'Umar Sawd*), lands"). proportional permissible from one

thought which The

the

fixed district

harg became Caliph, thereafter kind according Documents in the

levied for all

model

'Abbasid harg, and either another from taxed both III, of the

reintroduced seems change the to if condition II that the the terms of trees both of is with al-Mwardi*), tax-bearing land poor, grains by large and by four virtue or fruits which ways: (b) natural watered of the thus all as three choice, to here types have necessary of

to kind It was harg, is

levy to clear to be

the in the are of

land*). question fixed mentioned. harg,

I and with the represents are by unit

land of

accordance area and

since Document

number

however, entries Ibn and in

for

some

capacity credited the

measure. with a tax-levy capacity essential of which (2) in was the the the their land crop kind yield of that of the was just

al-Mudabbir accordance to the of the or

tax-bearing the capacity of small; varied the (a) artificial irrigation was humidity watered factors, the irrigation then crops land artificial three

land*). which (1) on crop, profits, last the it

According determined quality was since and could the of or aid rich

factors were: sown the of

different (3) be of the

method done in

irrigated. irrigation with of rain, (d) or by

This without the

instruments; ; (c) (land by thus means (land

irrigation by called of was the the means 'adi); soil called lots

aid snow,

instruments dew

natural under Our

irrigation ground documents for the the land most

springs specify part

ia'i)*)being as as 'adi described fruits, or of

indicated classified

and rainthe

with We

respect have p. 167.

watered. 1) 2) 3) 4) tisx 5) 6) affected H

interesting

specimens

Mwardi, Ibid., Mwardi, Kurd in the 'Ali, same cit.,

p. 164; p.

Aohnides, 168. V, 62, has, cf.

pp.

378-79.

^iaC-T also Abfl

I u*^' Ysuf, pp. p. cf. 381. Ab

J^^J^j! pp. 21,49.

Mwardi

uses

sense; 142-43; 142; of

Op.

pp. p.

Aohnidks, Aohnides, all lands;

381-82. The Ysuf, method pp. of 29-32. irrigation

Mwardi, the

taxation

106

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of -a'far

al-Mutawakkil

procedure taken rate of by the

followed Ibn harg in of to represent In all were leaders the entire officers. these of being to status it an was was entire likely to at as are a direct financial direct of the villages whom neither the the

in

the

execution prior levied of our is on

of to the

the

land

survey the

under new

al-Muddabir, to be two village the probability either who village Another, were however "youths" gizya (which necessary group to record the be or very the entire

determining land. the as five of unnamed number a

Furthermore, inhabitants small children. or the dimmis, village

documents

of

the too and

reported population

number women,

men,

these

five

men,

Muslims or and the else re harg

land-owners a their though small were nor poll-tax. the each the with total "old sort

themselves*), of a council with likely, were five

formed in

presented or is land-tax that

dealings less and only men", Where rate individual same these

possibility inhabited adult males, therefore of by

dimmis, who, subject financial existed, where which permissible were

there

were a of

difference the poll-tax) taxed; status it since

determines to was the only same from name of case their rate*). an economic

but was they

financial villagers

number,

taxable Taken

a whole, exceedingly testimony

standpoint, in that, in

these addition just as of the even

do to and more

cuments being energetic worthwhile "practices" "theories"

interesting, to Ibn

al-Mudabbir's they serve

administration, testimony third in later to century centuries. the

conformity Higra, with

economic economic

recorded

The The be found locations in to the

Geographical in province exact a

Background these of documents Damascus. of idea province p. 491. p. 492. of is were It the the to is all hardly to

mentioned gund or the However, limits p. p. 197; of 197; the

possible Syrian and 1) 2)

ascertain

boundaries workable

different northern be gained

provinces. southern Cf.

Damascus Aohnides,

Mwardi,

Mwardi,

Aohnides,

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of &a'far

al-Mutawakliil

107

from Fiq") near

the on if

fact the not

that southeastern on The the

Qr*)

between shore of and divided are

Sadad the southern into extremely attempts to Sea

and of

Nabq GaHlee,

and lay line

northern were lines geographer with direction which

boundary several difficult delineate deal of to lists it it Damascus as under kras to

respectively. districts, tify, However, in and Cabal name by also seems tice who mentions of the a since whose no the southwesterly the sea al-Galil. krat Arab

gunds boundary

or iden them. lay

Arabic district

these the

documents city refer hand a term

between The on documents the That for large with other iqllm,

of

Galilee. Ya'qbi)

iqllm the used had unit, prac

Gabal

al-Galil.

generally regions, smaller 290/903) the separate al-auln only

geographers interchangeable

geographical kr, a much (d. Ya'qbi,

become to be using

confirmed them definitely

by

Ibn

al-Faqih's*)

interchangeably. to kras Gabal of al-Galil al-Haurn

one

refers

as and

district, in the

also

the

1) 2) line lay 3) confused between (London, Syrie bility in the

Ya'qbl, Ibid., below BGA, with Hims 1890), Antique of an p.

Kitb 327, Flq VII, the and pp.

al-Buldn, from which road

in it to

BGA follows T^hariyya. of

VII, that

p.

325. the actual boundary

on 327.

the This

district of Lb

abal al-&alil

al-alil lying under

must to the the

not north

be

mountains Tripoli 77, ; cf. 78, 79. Paris, colony,

&abal Strakoe,

Palestine Topographie pp. 100, in 141 the

Moslems de la the possi

Dussaud, 1927, who and is to gave be

Historique suggests time of of

et Midievaie, early Jewish mountains, explanation 'mila, in the the period who

settled, it found the

Pompey, al-&alll. of the were and Hims, Gaudb1923, abad and abal

Nu?airiyya possible Ban settled in the

name in the (op. who to in

Clabal

A second tribe already migrated, naming of

movements cit., later the p. 327) rebelled of

in of the

Ya'qbi's Galilee,

day but north

district of 6abal

crusades, 'mila, I'epoque they would in the after

region ; cf. Paris, the term

mountains La therefore this region.

those des

Galilee

prot-Dbmombynes, p. 23. al-alil apparent al &alil 4) later of the It is for

Syrie likely This

Mamelouks, used for the

that

likewise account Arab

confusion for both

contradiction and abal Kitb al-Buldn, term of Sidon;

found 'mila. BGA, for cf. Lb

geographers

V,

105.

Idrisi districts pp.

some

three within

hundred the

years

uses city

the

iqlim

agricultural Stranqb,

jurisdiction

346-47.

108

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawalikil

Damascus kras, must for the which have

province. presumably gradually surveyed district the to then Cabal inhabited the district.

The

western adjoined

boundary that in. the of

line

of

these

two

Cabal Middle at in al-Harn.

al-Calil, Ages, time for It boundary is

receded in of our

east

later and appear and

villages in times the in difficult al-Calil that who in shifted

documents al-Calil,

that maps

located later equally of Cabal

Cabal of how

districts tell

al-Caln far It named the

northwestern seem a tribe Cabal from of

extended. 'mila, the Later for in

would after of

Ya'qbi's the Ban was must

account 'mila, included have the

district the al-Dimiqi's in the

al-Calil, line here

boundary day district

southward, 'mila is

(died of Safad

700/1300) to the

Cabal

included

south*). Turning veyed village, unvocalized several vocalizations; that in the also points neighborhood district itself Its by location is the not is and it is different according of al-Cibb Arabic, our attention to our of cjLJl, consonants however to a the place of the village mentioned nevertheless is placed road, it p. 75. Diet., 327 ber and List names of for IV, and 4) Syria Names British 429; Map und Op. (Leipzig, in Syria, use Le II. die cit., Trachonen p. 334 p. 152 (Berlin, and Map and 1860), II, Map a-1. between on p. 11, Geo Map, Stbange, op. cit., pp. 530-31; pp. as 40 and further 39 by miles the now papyri, Document could as only in city the of well of as reading Damascus Sanamain") is by the given confirmed south recent south of that early by of to we the specific have I. The course with first localities the unpointed be several and read town, sur or and with

different vocalization

province to

and whose

agricultural The graphers. and village

belonged,

al-Cibb. Arab geo

Wetzstein) both in the

Dussaud*), where Damascus-Higz which gives

Baedeker*), on list"), 1) 2) Dssaud, 3) spelled, pp. the

Damascus, official

British of

kilometers

Damascus.

Lb

Stbange, Geog. cit., op.

Yqt, Reisebericht "ebb".

Hauran

5) Palestine 150-51. 6) First

1906), Permanent

Committee 1927),

graphical "Jebb".

official

(London,

spelled

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawaki;il

109

The Qaraht village yads. resort its locale of

second of

village Document that *) and to Damascus fall

forming II. Yqt*) was Dussaud in the learn was therefore this by its is the a a

the

object mentions of

of

the a of this direction;

survey, Qaraht, the Umay

is a

Damascus,

a sort

a resort place

Wetzstein close

) would southeasterly limits further second not of

Umayyad thus of Gabal and south with papyrus the is name im Dus

would However that Damascus

outside we

the

district Littmann*) located confused of our the the located

al-Galll. Dussaud*) west first of

from Qaraht to be

there and That

Qaraht. not in the north is fits marked in "a

Qaraht but Sibn, Qaraht scholar as by for as

confirmed it bears

only

location, namely second same the

second locality by

papyrus, of by this the with called

mediately saud, This namely, the and meters, 45 district the

"Tell in Sibn, by be Damascus, for the

esh-Sheban". our in Dussaud's about and three isosceles side and of al-Gibb kilometers. of 60 document, the hills maps kilo about form and which of

perfectly village of Gabal there

specifications and Judging

Qaraht

al-Galil." used, Qaraht

scale roughly

would of

estimated, directly points of west a

southwest of al-Gibb; that the

kilometers the is also

roughly that

triangle triangle, between

is

almost shortest

a right-angled the known, distance as far and we

represents a distance We the (since papyrus). graphical of al-Gibb major the have

Damascus seen, to be in about the in III mean in giving villages in the p. 479.

have

40

thus district place-names This, problems and Of

been villages of

fortunate concerned Document does not For other lost

identification our are that the were papyrus documents lost all in our boundaries originally text, that

however, are Qaraht, these, IV, Map. p. 309 p. and 169, or and Map 53; three cf.

geo

solved. eight are Le

mentioned. 1) 2) 3) 4) word A. Geog. Op. Op. ZS

and

Diet., cit., cit.,

Stbange,

IV. to which Qaraht is an Aramaic

I (1923),

according "barren". Map

meaning, 5) Ibid., D. 1101 pp. and

"bare", 386-87 1107.

I, c-2;

the

reference

is

for

the

years

8 *

110

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of &a'far

al-Mutawakkil

of

the

remaining or referred hope that they of

five identification. to

some

have, The in

so

far,

defied of with

either these each

deci villages

pherment will in be the

problems

again others

connection help important documents. with

document In up the the

can

their enough

solution. to hold

meantime, publication

are these

hardly unusual

I Oriental Date: General The several much margin) Script: closely bureaus letters ligatured; rare instances, All corners lacunae, broken, being This written of lack the A. H. 241 = Institute A. D. Fine of the in 6 cm. The of the generally and are points in the fourth ill-formed, are wanting, on are lower (3 855-56. light margins the for section lower the is papyrus, are lost, half. script very 27,5 and The and x there left 3 half for the 19 cm. are is No. A 11236

description: and most especially about lost. is type third

threadbare. or shrunk and

difficult current

qarmata^) in the of abbreviated

governmental the Higra. and for reverse in The much a of few the

centuries

uniformity, diacritical mainly three

except the written

captions

documents. black ink.

documents

heavy

Recto") [(^J' Cy JtM' J^^ ,y T'^JI ji-^ *J ill a^l j.^ ^sy) OlS; ^\ Oo^l jf \ ill jf^^l 1) Cf. references 2) inclose tain lines, KababaCbk, there cited. brackets omissions; cross-reference I, 12. Das Arabische Papier (Wien, 1887), p. Cf Cr-Jl (ff^. K j\ ca]w f^-Vl] Cf. 6 and r -^1 (.] ^] ^

jS>C-)l

Square scribe's reading; e. g.,

inclose half

reconstructed brackets to the indicate documents

text;

pointed illegibility is by

brackets or uncer and

number

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawaliliil

111

C-

^>1-J

Xau

ill

Uycl

OCjyJ\

0\.l..J\ [OjJjUj

Jj Cjijlj

iiL

a, ^1 tS-k>-l

JjVl

aJlj

^,

j^j

a, J,

^_

o^l

^_a*Ulj<.>L,Vl <.jiJl <UJI L.[jl] ^>JI

JJ

^.IJI

a*l|j

4,^1

<U|

JJ

^bl

a^Jlj ^_]>JI

^jjJI J ^ J] > ^.^l tr^ ^ [ j] '>-.jl] J*l ojj Notes: completion rest of through them. separate III, the line stroke it from recto, Sin 9, of the would the Line of (2) The <>jl first J* part '*'> ^.jl J[ (TJ line the 0^" ^ <'>^ f<J> (i-^ V-^*

4.L ^> ^1 tS-^ iS^ Djjl J*' 1-'^' jj ^ ^3 (^J ] cf. "^[j from II, ] 2; ^^'J^

V ^ ^ ^ * ^ ^ \r ^ ^ the the faintly over long and over ia^j in this

of the from

is supplied geographic (UVl that II, also the on II, show had 3.

Sanamain

is supplied II, 3. (3) The of a thin strip of the line for is the

location, very adhered Note 10

the line from the remains The last part that it the of

words J| of papyrus supplied A' of (4) is Sin to of the be Li Sin

from ; see Note seen in

the here

stroke where jj^j; sin be sin,

stands occurs same

line long the 5-6. sin

repeatedly. stroke and to the occur the letters;

stroke of

qLJI,

Though distinguish the

expected papyri for from both 1,27; (Wien, comparison Diwn we

over

only

so as to use

II-IV/VIII-X cf. Beckeb, Corpus 71-72.

centuries, Papyri

stroke

indiscriminately (Heidelberg, III Series

Schott-Reinhardt Raineri, word of .L,Vl 1333-35), of _ ,^ instead case two the letters second being of is is for

1906), Arabica by

Grohmann, 1924), with Lugt the '^\. I, 1, pp. II, 5;

Papyrorum (5) The

ascertained ^JjVI; I, 60, written ^ijjkLiJl; called of the for, line, cf. line as

note

the

spelling

KlSHARi, 16, where

at-Turk same Note cases, usage, the where

(Constantinople, the use of the (6) are plural ^oaLUI nominative The first from

have of

.L^;! the use

instead of the

oblique in these or r' (dl

is very alif

common and dl

documents. or zy)

supplied

112

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

word in line eight below. The id'of process in lines 8-12 is ascertained (9) (11) left (13) faint. Note There out, The The how the t' of ia^j for for

^Ijl is dotted. by comparison to J|, or the 'ain

(8) The multiplication with III, 6, 8-9,12-13. of the was either by in following word.

is joined the first

is space being papyrus r' and

here

which was and dl or

intentionally the scribe. is very

taken here zy

granted,

overlooked the dl. ink,

is much of

mutilated like

parts,

^^j^'look

Verso

JjUJI

j^l

J"^

\j

[<^L-. ij" Cf. r CJSj"

JU

f'i

\ ^ 1 ^ ^

Cf. J-'^

Cf. ^

Translation Recto 1. 2. [In [Report the al-Galil, Ordered 3. [the Faithful of Amir 4. Ahmad Ibrhim] Billh, Commander in and (the of Yazid, to to the two province hund[red]. of) the And ibn (is) (is) the the order the (was delegated)] (are) And . . . and the to Ahmad the first second the of Crown the of Prince Faithful Damascus of may in the the Muslims, God year strengthen one and and Imm, village the name of a of God, the of al-Gibb, to Allh the Ga'far, 'ala-llh. prolong his life. Commander Issued governor by the [for of the Merciful, account in the the of Compassionate.] the district of total of area Gabal of

statement cal]led

belonging by 'Abd

vineyards

Sanam]ain.

al-]Mutawakkil God

may ibn

order the

Muhammad,

financial

al-M'ayyad for them forty the

5.

[And director ibn

execution constructions. and the the 'Amr south east

witnesses

Muhammad. vill[age village]

boundary, boundary,

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of

the

Reign

of &a'far

al-Mutawakkil

113

6.

[Ar]m(?) village the

and Buraig

the and

third the

boundary, fourth boundary,

to

the to

north, the

(is) west,

the (is)

vill[age

. . ..] Area of the of [ choice rain-watered Arm(?), ] rain-watered land, eighteen ^alls five; land. rain-watered land,

7. 8. [And] thirteen 9. And [into 10. And separate ten 11. And ^aUs 12. 13. [ [ of ] and elevated galls they [forty they they the galls

people into

have ] have and [one have

an irrigated

elevated by its galls.] elevated

plain (own)

of

rain-watered ten galls

land, [into]

water,

hundred other galls.] into] five (in

plain

land,

ten

<into>

four

galls eight

[....] and seven hundred galls

that plain

is

all)

land.

Verso 1. [Report village 2. 3. 4. F'iq r Muhammad ibn of called ibn 'Abd a statement al-Gibb Allh 1 Hrn of in ibn account the Hrn district of the of total Gabal area] al-Galil. of the

Main

Notes

Recto Line for Jl^l, account" grapes province is used are of the is 2. See the section on the involved. sense is here to translated of the geographical The mean term "a background JL, statement because region word vines karm are so or plural of

principal used ^). The one in

place-names a word of the technical pJ' staple

vineyards whole the or

products

Damascus. for land

Technically, where any kind

however, of trees

1)

Cf.

AoBNiDBs,

op.

cit.,

p. 490;

Mwardi,

op.

cit.,

p.

206. 8

Zeitacbrift

d. DUG Bd. 2 (Neae Folge Bd. 17)

114

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawaklcil

closely in

planted

as

not

to

allow

of

the

sowing

of

the

land')

between. Lines 3-4. personal 5. with had It ^1) oU'')> governmental of a Though Mu'wijah regular seem of the bureau from that See the names the section involved. Umayyads and al-Walid {diwn) the of use shib who had of of the were great they buildings term amir al-abniya and by evidently al-abniya, times*). sub-bureau occurred a diwn in do builders, not or seem construc al-abniya (_j.U diversified this followed however, It into the is a easy full time by is a be to on the historical background

for

the Line

ginning have tions. (<j;.Vl ^Vl the

would instead t^^t

diwn increased

'Abbsids, bureaus,

established

sub-bureau the provincial

constructions, dynasties*).

a practice A for later of diwn 'Abbasid the

specifically to and or F understand regular eleventh timid (A.

mentioned the diwn. century, D. 969-1169) after

expansion The change since we

perhaps find

tenth in the was

al-'ama'ir which itself

administration*), that to to find the of the 'Abbsids. Ibn of

fashioned It order is for not

largely surprising the survey

that director

al-Mudabbir constructions')

gave

the since

1) 2) 3) under something A'U\ 4) Anastask 5) seems war

Aohnidbs, Kurd E. g. the 'All, the

p. 379; op. cit.,

Muhlt

al-Muhit

1,92;

11,1808.

V, 264-65. (A. a Sdd of D. 1169-1250) al-'am'ir constructions; or who had a similar bureau (literally i^ubh al-

Ayybids of

direction like

superintendent cf. QalqaSandl,

"promoter")

IV, Ibn

22. al-S'i, (Bagdad, Al-mi' 1934), III, been 496 pp. (cf. al-Muktasar, d ( also in p. ), 184. the with charge diwn the in this of instance religious and naval ed. M. Jawad and P^bb

Qalqasandi, to have

480);

connected among other ship

function had

bureau

(jl^l)

which

things building. saw

of military

constructions 6) (cf. for The

including reign

of al-Mutawakkil Balduri, Futi we are of p.

a great

deal [Leyden,

of building 1866], for building Lbvt, funds A

activity pp. 7, 47,

instance and at he

al-Buldn told, his 104). had subjects Aside

297-98), he satisfied

himself, the expense 1929,

a mania (Rbl-bbr from

which Bagdad for these

Chronicle,

Cambridge,

raising

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of &a'far

al-Mutawakliil

115

this and

officer their

naturally services The surveyors"), province, regular 6. The word staff. first in It and find either is

would would diwn but must

have be the

several chief

surveyors thing doubtless, of for the the survey,

in needed had

his

office for its the own

land-survey. staff the than of entire its Line the is of a second place-name. al-Gibb, to

al-harg, the have scope called

covering of more

services

word Line must to of of be

of (8),

this from

line

is

clearly it the is

identical evident that boundary Lyi). anywhere are to an explains be

with it

which be as

therefore read as

eastern L.j| name or

either place both

am in

unable the in

these

neighborhood localities between to be mean surprising of first and al-Gibb. more Arm'. We (*L^jl) "root some name general the revenue a outside

al-Gibb, of Syria. and of find As water a for one

though Yqt*) Diyr or village U,l, is that lists a from indicate It localities is a Tayy, pond. so there we

found 'Udm' the

mentions and It named are have Bir two here Arm Butrus barren therefore could easily heavier get found and was op. cit., would in

{tjt'A) word not borhood The place from that land stand which buildings thus in the 1) 2) surveyor 3) we

Haibar pool to

therefore the neigh

possibilities. the three al-Bustni'), (and easy such its heavier to a way, stony?) under name, with ; Arabic miles

likely

name, Madina. Arm' without how place the find period Ibn

Yqt*) learn is or Arabian then trend could was used branch." further to

have towards Syrian

taxation doubled

of the

provinces

more pp.

than 43-48).

204-250/820-64 al-S'I, 1. c.

(Lb

Stbakob,

Qalqasandi, V, of agricultural Uil and LyI,

466, defines land". possible

^Ul

in

modern" .get

times, us

as nowhere

"a

though

paleographically,

geographically. 4) both 5) to this Arabica, 6) a Geog. man Ibid., Diet., and I, 430. mentions however No. Mu^It, V, 237-51, I, 169. Tabari, Annals, a woman's name. PnasT a is in "Wady and the in his newspaper near Ujl on or Sabw. I, 3459, II, 124, has .UjI for

account that city. cf.

of

his The

recent Arabic

visit of

Sabw Arm

Arma", not article

Landbbbo,

Critica

I, 19. 8

116

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of &a'far

al-Mutawalilcil

the

Arab

tribes is in

of the

those name though

regions, UjL, more with an

into

Syria. frequently

The

second

possibiHty by this is a Arab case

mentioned In and been us called still which of literally that Bb

Geographers, Brm is form a name to of do the ten way of name we may be letter last letter of in the either have a kha', be may b'. the of very

varied Aramaic It Idrisi

vocalization^). place-name must informs was there site, have

likely of the Beth Syrians, gates either

contracted as (the

Arm"). for of Uji of east

familiar one

eastern?) If we of within

the

Damascus or L^jl, the of the

Brm). the looked The the problem for

accept

remains must al-Gibb. "from of note. be

identification kilometers of back the what if taken be It case, readings a is but the expressing of village looks stroke for b', possible merely ^J, and the if the

village

peculiar

"north", south," which like that dot this of in is represents the part kh';

direction For the

worthy the last

northern letter of the the taken stroke

boundary, which preceding second for is Of the The were Buraig. the first 1) 'Irq; but south also and see the not all most

overlaps or again be the

same

stroke that

dot a dot the

however an Buraig still is, accidental (little common

penstroke. tower) in in this all seems Syria. region, with names; Hn (^l) to alin me);

possible likely since localities

it

was,

different differentiated Dussaud*) is Hn

however, by a second two which

especially name such te

compounded compound with

mentions al-Buraig 1,75 BGA, BGA, in 'Irq,

identifies

Ista^rl, BGA Ibn Haukal, al-MuqaddasI,

mentions the hill of Brimm 11,110 (this work is not available III, 135, where a ms. a Barimma variant is

mentioned and where

of al-Qdisiyya a Dair Barimmah with II, publie

having north

of <;l., between of Ujl

is mentioned a 142, par are La ms. 147, variant 154 Societe in

of Bagdd, among others

Nahrawn ; cf. des Idrisi, Voyages where Brm

al-Daskarat, I, 336;

Geography, et de Memoires these and

(Vols.

V & VI

of Recueil Paris,

de Geographie, the French

1836-40), as

place-names Bram. 2) Cf. Op. Op. Littmann, cit., cit.,

vocalized

translation

in of

ZS such

(1922),

p.

171

for

several

examples

of

similar 3) 4)

contractions 1,352. pp.

compounds.

314-15.

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

117

Siha', southwest Qunaitarah northeast line times district ments. meters Buraig to of

northwest of to of either we of At find

of Damascus, Safad.

Damascus. on It but two is the located is too village in both time the

The main

second road northwest

is that

Buraig leads of

al-FuIs, through and

al-Gibb the more boundary

Qaraht, of a the Buraig

far

out

to

be

on In

territories. Balk^), south of a the and

modern in our 50 that enough the

another of some probable close

al-Ramlah"), the present of exist to at form the 5?*)the its

locale

docu kilo a

we It is of

have

Buraig

south did

therefore our documents boundary.

time northern on

al-Gibb Line 7.

See 'adi.

section

the

economic

background

for

the

term Line 8.

One of

would

expect and not

to

find that In we

the of

number the

of

the

in of

habitants Arm(?) corresponds habitants determine erroneous economic to the The arlb area there use in varying seem rest to

al-Gibb, be to mentioned the

inhabitants 118 simply "the by it the these is which a section five people scribe's which

here. line, and is actually for so

Document have no or See of land. land measure cubits*), measure different It unit This in use

present

in to on

of if

the

village,"

have meant

way if

Arm(?)

substitution background of the unit which in to for

al-Gibb. relationship of used 3600 with the than the for square cubit

the

inhabitants generally equalled

square

was the used cubits

the

actual ; and in

accordance been and in basis case is here, defined every of the the no at

have parts

less

seven times*). the local

different to as been the This the

different district land local by Butrus

was

however commonly seems being to the piece Mount

permissible accepted have gall, 1) Sinai 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Edwabd and Ibid., First

use

measure*). land unit al-Bustni in Ill,

as Palestine. 173.

"a

Robinbon, Petraea 120. of p. p. op. Names 146; 146-47. cit., p.

Biblical (Boston,

Researches 1841), Vol.

Arabia p. List

in

Syria, p.

etc. 395.

p.

7.

Mwardi, Mwardi, Aohnides,

Aohnidks,

395.

118

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawalclcil

(or from what days been being of

plot) the

of area

land on

of

known a size tell, shape, of for here Lane, is an

limits house of though it was an is

and located average of

bounds and

.... built"

derived '). in not Just those have that of units

which the to In form

constituted it is difficult large. usual used 9. land; where Line 10. water or stores supply in seems "irrigated and "plural also of and ^jjl as la-j

house-lot it could a and

course probably house,

very the area Line

square, also

oriental land is

bases J'J

measures. used in the sense of good under or

choice Ja^j,

compare 'j-'y seems either

Arabic-English as an elevated "choice plain absorption land*). emphasized (own) water." line, for these the both numbers This

Lexicon pasturage." self-sufficient or fact in Note being three to other the the a by of

translated to be by

in held

its

natural in the

water water phrase plurals form to of ten

a depression to be with in the

sufficiency <I .L j| the

specially its

following used for

paucity," preferable

inclusive'), forms*). Line in line 2 the lines 13. of

numbers,

plural

In the total 10 for

view text, area. and 11.

of the Of

the

object figures

of given 708

the in galls, 568

document this 140 must not an out ^a/k. 8 and be a 9, wide If line are

as must

stated re

present for in

the

total remaining 12.

accounted be

The 8, 9 and

therefore impossibility of this that guess a grand figure would

accounted when total be leave line

in

lines with

This II total

is where, 498

compared of allowed a 12. round 822, lines in this 70

Document and 9 alone for would

document galls, which

lines not

for

Verso Line with 1) 2) 3) 4) the Op. Ibid., Cf. Ibid., 2. These signatures must signatures be worked in out Document by comparison II. The

corresponding cit. I, 275. I, 776; Wbioht-db 11,234. II, 1296.

Goeje,

Arabic

Grammar,

I, 209-10,

234.

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reig

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

119

question just people? to the the and indicate first size words, two

is,

do

we

have or

in three,

the

two four,

documents five, or even

taken six which represented

together different seem by are letters and in also the both paleo the first to first would a top between name here the are very (as

people, There that pair and of are

several one and

paleographic the same person

features is These spacing of "bin" other the of letters, written features, of especially in same F'iq, to "hook" and to read probable and in the J, first each case person. but

corresponding of formation of the other angle of the the the

signatures. script, of the most first hand, of letters, the

features the

incline the

remarkable instances graphic formation word point name have, short in lines as fact jJli. that *>b>, as the of representing to in in alif, and two

similarity On different some

inclination but name

the of

line, the

personal of II, one is and

seem The one

instead

the ^^rli,

Document the case with L*jol 10) in this word the of of

clearly

the unusual lines to

present

document, reversed

accept at the II,

3 be

and able is in a

4,

9 and Still, the

order reading occurs to

very

considering signatures

signature, moods. Qaraht^) the certain who ibn the but Hrn. direct was al-Malik died in 'Abd grown then Hrn per8on(s)

peculiarly Yqt, gives This Hrn traditionist to mad authority Hrn. he latter the that 1) 2) the 9 year the Op. Yqt, was have ibn given us clue a

subject in clue is the to that

their

writers' under of was a

reference the identity

already involved

cited, here. named

there (of 'Abd traditions ibn Baihas, nephew, ibn

traditionist had 'Abd authority himself ibn 210/825*), Allh son more of ibn in a son, Allh of cited Wuhaib and Hrn,

al-Qarahtwi named his

Qaraht), Allh on

also is said

Muham as an ibn since the

Salih by Muhammad in part his

'Abd Slih with had It Allh a full seems ibn

contemporary easily have document. ibn IV, op. 53. cit., Tagri VI, 667; Birdi 'Abd

could of

241/855-56 than our probable document

our

F'iq cit.,

the I, 606.

reference

Agni,

XI,

88

is

wrong,

correct

one

is

120

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

is indeed al-Qarahtwi yads^). more could Damascus, of the Line here writing" with the himself. paratively to be a in

that

son. appears

Furthermore, to is the belong it

from to the

Yqt's Qaraht equally

account of the

Hrn Umay if that not he of

While probable have

this on belonged but that

possible, evidence to he was this

seems of second by these

possible,

documents, Qaraht Yqt was better the <(U usually essential out documents them are. in this to by word "with to southwest the

assigned the latter

Qaraht

Umayyads 3. both or signatures There is

because some

known. we his associated emphasize the are man com have own

possibility stands his own desirable was words in for

that either hand," or written other expect they the

documents .o^, "with where the it signature such and

is

fact

that However, legible, little

one

would than

instance

more possibility

legible is

Another perhaps individualized lity They follow, Line same of their must, or 4. situation meant

that the signature.

figures of There

here a seal is hardly signature the each we or

drawn of a

were a highly possibi of F'iq. that

to

perform

function

tu^-like being therefore, else With as The represent this with in the

"seal" either a pair the this II documents new of pair

or

tugr-like with in

belong name signatures of

signatures case. have in to c/.j*^' line be about 2 of ^

the both

signatures seems as ^jjt the of

documents. while the would general does possibility From to of If do F'iq? 1) j^, in 'Umar not the since the is mention that fact lead that

name Document both

document appears deal the two same signatures one's one

in

However, project, And the

with set

same

one

to

expect of the

officers.

appearance point, of writing one present indeed any since on if we our

under of the would allow of ju., a

consideration mood, to signatory. to be given the

allow having alone, could

for here the more

changes and

same have possible in The he helped

preference readily than who ibn

reading II. used of other

document, the name, 'Umar relatives

Document sources a relative each

was Hrn.

he? Was

Possibly, Cf. section

frequently Background

Geographical

above.

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawaklcil

121

to name,

office. 'Umar

On

the and

other F'iq

hand, may

Hrn have

being belonged

such to two

common unrelated

families. But cording Muhammad charge (Syria). Bard Anbri ibn this to the his of The al-Hiyr's i). Hrn*) later and The as we to cannot Tabari ibn the 'Ali diwn office, dismiss al-Muntasir as-Sli, ad-diy' however, secretary-agent, probability the more one in is that our was the reading seems known for as to so have Bard easily. appointed al-Hiyr, territory by alin Ac

al-Mu'ayyad's actually administered ibn same and in

Muhammad this document, appointment, in Ibn al-Mu'ayyad's al-Mudabbir was identified ). related as is the

Hrn Muhammad

that part

he at

owed least, during this

important

previous administration ibn ibn difficult next of these

experience of Hrn Hrn, to question officers. represents fields measured, at general say. that The the

territory Whether to F'iq

Muhammad 'Abd is Allh again The duties one the

al-Anbri tentatively

ibn

al-Qarahtwi,

offers best man while

problem we

is can

what make charge (again

were is out which?) recorders

the that on

answer in

(which?) actual

immediate the others such

represent and 1) where latter in

officers registrars*). Tabari, both is Bard III,

headquarters,

as

1499. al-giyr again ibn to as-Sli; VI, 255, in It be

For and on 'All confused

Bard Ibn pp. 32

al-pyr Bard and was al-giyr 33.

see

also are the by

Agni mentioned; variants as

IX,

23, the

mentioned Muhammad He is not

From

given Ihn ibn Bard 'All

Tabari,

al-SOlI with

known al-Fadl VI

some al-'Abbs

al-9iyr. ibn Bard 2) secretary mentioned is our and, 3) murdered the who 4) notes, was man. Ibn

Abfl Diet.,

al-^iyr al-Atir, to by If

cf. Yqt, mentions H. our 205, man, had it

Geog.

(Index), ibn earlier

pp.

340,493. who the that was year this age

a Muhammad or he fallen would 43 years hardly have in that the his

Hrn than in his

Ma'mn Tabari. he

A.

is possible,

though must low seem

probable, been

is indeed speaking, III, 248, it so pp.

old

comparatively From in the Tabari, A. one H.

secretarial Bard variants ibn al-^iyr

career. was in

1499, by his

servant. that it

From was

given Hrn

however,

would murdered.

seem

Muhammad

Mwardi,

204-08;

cf.

AamimBS,

pp.

494-99.

122

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the II

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

Oriental Date: is lost; The but as the the that year date itself, document of A.

Institute which

Nr. formed

11235 the last part with of the be line same dated 4,

undoubtedly I, = Fine document in lost, the as the lower is also A. and D. light is must 855-56.

deals

project as of

Document H. 241

therefore

General What except corners, (6 of cm. the Script: for is for

Description: left two of the

papyrus, in half; a strip along fairly both

27.5 good of about this the

19

cm.

condition left-side wide length

lacunae are script,

however, the

9 cm. entire

3 for

margin)

piece. Same as that of Document I.

Recto rfJ\ jjiil] J* VL b>-Ji) Ci^. i/-**" \J o* ,W ^f^. JtMi ill] Je. jfjji (.UMl >. ill [jo cjJ-Jl ['jj-'.^J .]L;.Vl _/Vlj Jj Ol~jl) jJ>>j ilL Jb jj\ (5J-I JU-JI <^ j JUij j'\ ^iy.-iJ\^ ^SJ^.) j: aJS Jl JU** ill ill LypI JLP LJ ji>i-\ OOjJl ^ -u-[l] Oo]^l j-LJI J^l) <LiJI ^ JjVl -bJI I ill jup, -r^' \/ Xji^r-^" ,y (tU' -'"j 1^J3\ er* M -^'I> JLP t**^' -iJl^l -^-Xj ju-!} (l-^ '<'.>.^'j V Li ^. IjJ o i r r". ^ ^

1* ill J-l* Xjo

[J,. CA-Jj

05t*] oJj

5^^ ^ ^_U] X

L;i ^

5U a|

j;.^ J

<j>

t^ifj t^ip la-j

4.JI ^uO

JaI (*!} [5U

a ^

mm IS" anA

-^.-^ZyU^v!

'

J'^^W^^^'^J^^^

?^Ai^>'t-A^yr--4{f5^

fe-.

Aicajo,

Or.

Inst.

Nr.

11235''

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

123

[> [J^-

4>^>] J?' Cf.J^

J^l J oi^Ji

j J*l u->

j^ i^-j* [J>]-I y^i

i54e *r^

ojj c'

^3

^ ^ ^ < ^ \ r s i

<:i.* onjii A^uji a<i> ^ I!,

vs^'i

tj^]^(Ujlj

51-5 5UI Oj,jl}

^ 0 <

^Ijl

culj

5U

o'-.r*)

j^^'l

[j

^Ji^*

Notes: ment line instead I, 3. of the curious stroke line. stroke form medial an like of of initial the the the f' last (4) III

Line verso, the

(1) line rather genitive

Note 1. (2)

the The

reversed last part mistake (3) The line I, 5. in and spelling of the being of ligature, here. notes cf. note of lines spots the JfJ for last

off-print of the in the part line

of the

^l, .- from from

Docu verso,

is supplied of the line

1. Note

surprising ^JL*.. of the from any other

use of the

accusative is supplied (5) The dl in |jj last from part

of the The

last

part

is supplied The these over formation

from

I, 4. of the Cf. of (6) Lii. Note Note together.

line and over See that of cn.*, mim

is supplied unlike the on sin

is very the long

documents. the of .L,Vl. boundaries. merged I in line into (7) Note Sin

I, 4 for of the the the

of ^LJI, the naming two the by

following horizontal contracted the

note

I, 5 for the last with

precedes the of j-*-

letters mim a false

Compare though mim,

4, which a medial the

in reality very much

one one in

is turned, under ,JlI village. For written also the the

consideration See main

peculiar

formation of the name

suggested I, 8-12 here, 10, cf.

readings for the

(8-12) insertion between two (one the (12) dot Note word the that even the the ink of

on

multiplication and III, belongs lines. above (10) the 4. The with It is

process. word, line 9; jb,

(9) j,

I, 9,

9 and between

evidently two

note

these

doubtful of ^jj nn (14) the in With scribe

if the is meant this the

stroke for

two letter

spots

mentioned), also the in

zy large

of that the

; note ligature an

unusually the word to ^ see

case.

peculiar with

preceeding

ending of the a>.|. scribe

cdif

it is easy Professor

how

overlooked the possibility or perhaps between off of from the

alif

However, meant This the of may 'aire. the

Spmkolino a contracted explain thin only the

suggests form peculiar layer letters is

to in (16) line,

write part The and

jle^Ja.,

^Jajo.. dl first and half of the

ligature peeled give hints

papyrus few faint

reading

words

involved.

124

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the Verso

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

"ifL

i^Li.

jjeo,"

[*^L

JU JrM'

OJj*

o: ' 03

o:

J-'** ' Cf. J^jj

^ r

recto read

Notes: line ing 2; of note these

Line the lines,

(1)

The at

first

part

of

the

line script. on

is

supplied (2-4) For

from the 2-4.

effort

a more the

careful main notes

compare

I verso,

lines

Translation Recto 1. 2. In the name of of God the of and Merciful, account Qaraht ] section by 'al prolong of the 'Abd loamy Allh Commander Issued by the (country) Ga'far, of of the the order of the the in Compassionate. total the area hills of [of the the

Report village district

a statement Sibn Gabal ravine, al-Galil a

called of green al-Madin(?).

3.

(The) Tell Imm, Faithful, of

Ordered

al-Mutawakkil may God

[Allh, his life.

4.

Ahmad Ibrhim and then and for them forty the

ibn

Muhammad, Billh of province hundred.] 'Abd and director

financial-governor Crown the of Prince of may in

for the God the

the

Amir

al-Mu'ayyad the Commander in and tract ibn the two (were) Zubair; to are and Ahmad the

Muslims, streng year one

Faith[ful Damascus

5.

At Samad

Allh the

ibn

Ysuf, of the)

and

'Abd order [And

al(was the

(execution of

delegated) witnesses 6. ibn Allh Sa'y, ibn

constructions. ]

ibn The

'Abd first

al-Karim, boundary, to

and the

'Abd south.

Muhammad.

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of Ga'far

al-Mutawakkil

125

(the) the 7. and of (the) tbe

viUage east, the trail reed village

'Ain ] near (beds), 'PpT

Sum8u[m,

and

the

second

boundary

to

by; and and

and the th[e

the fourth

third

boundary, boundary, ] to

the the

edges West,

8.

The five

people ^alls they eleven they into they [one three twenty they

of into have

the

village, aUs

five;

rain-watered

land, ^aUs]. land, eighteen

twenty-

twelve choice [one a ^aUs good

[three-hundred

9.

And into

rain-watered hundred and

^alls ^aUs]. twenty

^alls have ten have

ninety-eight plain,

10.

And ^cdls

rain-watered [two-himdred rain-watered alls]. olive shoots,

elevated ^aUs]. land, ten

11.

And galls

aUs

into

ten

hundred tre[es]; trees.

12. 13. 14.

Olives, Fruit, And

twenty

trees.

have

dew-watered ^alls].

land,

eleven

into

t[wo

alls *

twenty-two 15. And melting 16. And the they have

dung and is ^alls,

heaps, a

and sieve, trees,

knap-sacks, and and these butcher's eight were)

and

a butter planks.

cauldron, total

forty-three and eight

hundred quarters

and (of

twenty-two alls)?

(of

Verso 1. [Written called of 2. 3. 4. 5. 'Umar Damascus ibn Hrn F'iq Gabal ibn report Sibn al-Galil. 'Abd Allh ibn Hrn. and concerning Qaraht the in total the area] hiUs of of the the village district

Main Recto Line for the 2. See the section involved. on

Notes

the

Geographical

background

place-names

126

N. Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

Line the district what It is is aur

3. of as

The the hilly,

aur Jordan and of the

in

this valley').

place

is The as

not

to

be

confused of very of this Tell the well

with the with region. or papyrus from hill

characterization fits

of

the

soil

loamy, features the

known

general to not

physical identify

difficult here but

however ; for we east of explored The each of As al-Madyan, is found in best which, a

particular from of

mentioned uncertain, this from of or the J, oJl, region, the

only very Hula and we as can

is

the few lake,

reading lists as better from the seen, a an likely old

have the

place-names with region is be ^

compared known papyrus could

those west oJl in we

more Hla.

much get readily for ^ju-, neighboring and

is

read

several offer

ways. ^oJl,

suggestion since the

place-name and well-known one

place-name, in the region less or of ^

provinces, Other of view,

being

between likely JI, which for from

'Akk a again the first in ^^oli*), but too

Tabariyya*). point

readings, may the be more both, the second north

though jJ\ likely however, we of suggest the Line the only

paleographic offer is several perhaps

possibilities, ^^\ or For found for word our is to j,

which are

place-names ^^Jl region, The or

other a

regions').

place-name far north the it ^^J, referring is first the and to

the

Hla 5.

purpose. peculiar, and rare here scene the of director "on "at". action of the

paleography reading more "at the from is suggestive usually tract," the of

of

possible |J,

comparatively meaning the of

preposition The as expression distinguished

head-quarters here of the

constructions, ground." Line nine land 6.

English

idiom

'Ain

Sumsum south however, of

is Qaraht. must 30-32. Kasl

located The be about

by

Dussaud*) limits half-way of the

about actual between Palestina

kilometers surveyed, 1) Cf. Lb Stkanob, Theil IV, IV, DcssAD, cit., Map,

pp. 15

Ritteb, p. 232.

Die

Erdkunde,

und

Syrien, 2) Yqt, Ibid., Cf. Op.

(Berlin, 291. p. 480

1850-51),

451, 516; pp.

3) mascus." 4) 5)

has 398,

"^ly". 2 Map

a P'ace I , c-1

in

Syria,

close

to

Da

43,

I, c-2.

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of

the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

127

the

two

places, lands must in these 7. of lake, It here time is also the West

for of hold

that two true

is

about to

where meet. to

one And the

would this, other

expect generally boundary

the

outlying speaking, limits Line the of Lake this

villages with

respect

documents. of Qaraht, and the is stretching we approach for region that to as "the limit the miles of northern region of this of "marsh suggested of in the The beginning is was party Another in in the Gabal of of put to a Sin the H. 195; I'/j cit. the the most spring our this name letters with probable. in water, is south and place-names It sin, is but possible, only an are Survey given Robinson, p. 235. pp. name. to reed Teil be note that Le of open northern while ^jli-, of on document region*). of could a mim the village be read the the to the District the northeast reed of was and

Hla; is

well-known probable

papyrus boundary reeds", of papyrus." by

marshes'). Qaraht, at that

referred north-eastern the

There fessor locally It which in by to from is

interesting that from to decipher the the

possibility, papyrus reeds

Pro was

Sprengung, manufactured difficult the of jji^,

definitely boundary.

forms

western ways. Of

a number a Sin

those

followed According Higz, their

Musaqqaq

Yqt), which

al-Musaqqaq Muhammad's to name Tabk. found that district, and letter mim, Conder 1881 north-south, 135; Ritteb, Palestine for the Theil use 15, and and ff.)

secured possibility Druze, streams these use. or

expedition a It as to that stroke 1) Palestine marsh Ill, p. are appendix 68-69; III, Cf. place is the be

Maqq, Salhad*). pools, was such found

possible Hla appropriate the of Cf. second the C. R.

a region either so is not that H. I,

however, extended 'ain Western for op. the cit.. or

letters Kitchener, the

following The dimensions

(London, 6 miles p.

and op. and of ,_iul^ p. 235, but cf. the also also

2 east-west; Theil 15, 1906, a place it

Strange, See also

Baedeker, 525, Ritter, papyrus in this ; IV,

Syria, as where

253-54.

Yqt, 2)

is interesting or pen op. cit., would

not only the to be found 3) reading 4) Op. cit.

reed, region; 542;

the kalamus Gbohmann, of pages

(^) was I, 24. another

J^i^j,

541-42

possibility. DusBADD, op. cit. ; Map II, 3b.

128

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

gain, less _ )

and likely. jyUi*, there but as of of the Line

perhaps These J-iA, is simply jju, Damascus Qaraht, all just

even would to a a ^juL^, and and sin be

sd open

or

4^ up in

though such the that

these

latter as regions'). letter is

are

possibilities neighboring the opens all to first up be

found

Finally a mim

possibility or Sin, 4JU., Beirut, the second

not

which again but

such found the first

possi in the just

bilities regions north to

especially <J) a

(^.;.t.H

little

further

northwest*). 12. 9, is to The draw object here, as in Document full grown III, 10, trees and and

verso young Line (sing, that stni') ^^x}\ falls

a distinction

between

planted 14. in is, land further is in Line the the 15. is be the or it ^a together where j^_jP, Line , a 16. The

shoots. reading of the by us dew, night interesting in as ^, the and of fact rain, that as the that snow according distinguished which list other of is called village documents. in general, here considered quantity and or a of in the heaps as com or called J^, the or second the or word region dew. to is was Butrus some from ^joJl. properties The bark for other second that fire plural grain a given 'adi as ixl

view watered informs

land, al-Bu

authorities that which

morning early This omitted read trees may

than word falls wood?) of

lands may off

meaning, collected ^i^, ' u^^, and a

(perhaps be dam, (for is read or

either

collected place or

treading collected, or cistern. of the than from the line, are these the were First Dussaud, number

winnowing) dung heap

sand water-pit The be as words two and

total read figured of wholes, that

of which 8-14.

|aUs is It eight is

as two

given ^alls

in

this short that or in the were

line of the other total

cannot the last totals two words to 1) 2) 3) 822,

other

822, lines

probable quarters, bring they in Syria. two up

two so List map

alls listed of

that because

DnssAns, Ibid.; Mahlt, but

Index; see

and especially

the

Names I for the

first

names.

11,2057-58.

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

129

either points of that figures, factors and the

separate of the

quarter field as to

galls make

or

else

were their Other in of the cf. two can

so

located inclusion possibilities

at in

odd any are

difficult

tracts either or was notes. the else two If then

previously scribe in line and either the made 14,

mentioned. a mistake

his two

addition multiplication III, is the the of

of

the

the

second (2-1/6); last ^iji the keeping The would opinion ksJ

one-sixth of phrase perhaps be in these

Document possibilities

3, to village men

8, be

accepted, dwellings tion given the seems of the land to of

only

mean yards^),

including which in the on be would preceding which a

adjoining with dwellings not be the

list

properties and but there

line. stand of or

themselves taxable, the

they

difference

regarding house yards").

exemption

surrounding

adjoining

Verso Lines main Line in this notes 5. It 2.-4. on is For I the verso, reading lines to scribe the 2-4. note has common the strong certainly Syriac Syriac written nanie for influence ^ji, ji-o*). of these lines, compare the

interesting for our from

locality; is Arabicized

which

Ill Oriental Date: document two. this It is The date section deals to represent a separate Description: 19 is cm. almost In format identical tell, Institute of with however, one document. Poor and with grade, general light condition II, brown of the papyrus, preserva recto of continuous the the A 11237 document same if the project recto report is lost, as and or but the the other of each

doubtless difficult

verso if

papjrrus

represents General 27,5 tion, X it

Document

1) 2) 3) to which

Mflhlt, AoHNinsB, R. P.

I, 746. p. 388; Mwardi, p. Syriacus kindly 145. (Oxford, drew my 1879), attention. 9 I, col. 953,

Smith,

Thesaurus Spbknglino

Professor

Zeitschrift

d. DMO Bd. 92 (Neue I'olge Bd. 17)

130

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

which, As a

was result of now text of as

placed of the either soil the recto

on

the wet

verso ink the lines at

of the papyri

the time

present of were traces in an writing,

document. or the this of which

dampness verso the appears Script: is a the slight same

in first

which few

preserved, of off-print others,

shows the

and II, WTiting. of I the and be That the work and given the

of or of of

Document reversed the verso

"mirror" The as script that

present II, though of recto, general a different even,

document there the on type scribe. and the same the in is

Documents it may line not 9). of the heavier and not

possibility (see band, note though forms, here more is is on

that verso,

hand the

scribe other its The letters letter

of same of

somewhat decidedly slightly

writing are

more to false

uniform

ligatures.

Recto J ijJuiijjJi ^ J?' J Jr' t^JoJl CnTitj CfCjl J-l <J> bw J-l tr* iS-^Ji^ t>yVl <i-i* J-l '"ij'jlP (!> '([L-.] i-> U)l ^ [%. Oi\; j\ J*l j Jrl tr^ jjJI t5-^ ^3 ^jVl (jol f^3 '^ V < r T t

cv-^j

o!

tr*-j

J!

q]}

bw

J-l

V***

t^-**

-*

ub'

(^J

CtJ^ J^l

**-l t^V

(t'j J>j

bw 5UI

J^' co-j) [Jt

/* (.I [Jt

iS-^ ojiJI j

"^jV

>jI o<'>^

(^j

^ < n

J?-

J[^l]

^Z*

J-l J

^ -I 0^, ^ ^ oij^ <:a* [ 'y->'

(^J r*''

< < u

i:?*!?

J-

>i

N.

Abbott, Notes:

Arabic Lines

Papyri (1-4). Lines due to

of

the 1 and

Reign 2, and to the

of a'far the peeling of papyrus any too well greater of

al-Mutawakkil part the of lines papyrus to

131 3 and in the some (wet) 4,

are

extremely and Though reading Note occurs not the here, Only the as

faint partly these here

partly

places, script. the (6) it

a thin lines given separate in the do

over-layer not from stroke following show the

adhering in the is the I, 3,10. the the in are only pieces. to broken Note

reproduction, fairly t' (;) (11) peculiar last some the be J next seen. but the certain. in ,_/.c, Space form of the line. The seems writing

papyrus that lines; after the stands cf. j.

itself, for also Note in

short

repeatedly allow of any jlm lines. this line of in this in

does of in (14) papyrus to of

number-word the (13) last word ;

initial two left

it

occurs started mim line of

also

following

It seems

as if the and the of the poorly

scribe,

realizing afresh

mistake

incomplete ww part of and

traces layer consisted Oj^*

the first

is not

have

originally or OjTJt.

patched

(jruL* for

Verso ia\ ^. X r Ji o^y I 0 Ji L'j >UI Cy.J^ jP'. j^j^ u-> J.-! ji^i j>^\ CrpA* ^ . . . . . . J -*[*] Dj^JI \ V A A \ Notes: Bismillh peculiar part repeated formation t' in of Line (1) It is possible II ; cf. the writing and word in 'ain this the (or line of x with that we have here PERF, formula. ji here all a highly p. 259, (2) Only ligatured for the equally lower by Note the two the the final dls

0|pU

as in Document variations the dl of the still in

Karabaek, of the in this

remains, of that zy The

reading the it looks

is encouraged lines. much lost, which (5) like the

occurrence letter 3. of line are clear. and of the almost letters

following is almost II, 12 with latter nn.

(8)

however in content formation

(9) Cf.

it is identical mainly also the of in the

so in r'

script, zy) and

the final

differing Note

spelling the

ji\ instead of 5L|. (10) Note again the lm-alif seems to have been added as an 10

peculiar writing after thought.

i 32

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of

the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawalclcil

Translation Recto 1 2 3. And into 4. 5. [Area And quarter 6. And four 7. 8. And they they ^alls they six of] they galls have for[ty have galls the have rain-watered rain-watered [sixty choice choice <into> choice galls]. wide valley wide six and valley one-sixth lands. lands, eight and five galls]. rain-watered rain-watered galls tw[o lands. lands, and lands, six-and thirty ten galls]. alls into onealls and wide wide valley valley lands. lands, ten galls

rain-watered

Rain-watered have galls rain-watered into

one-quarter galls. 9. And quarter 10. young 11. And (one) 12. And taxes, 13. And into 14. [And hundred they and in they

ga/Zsfifty-one

have galls into And trees have (one) have alls have

rain-watered two forty (or (of) galls

pasture twenty-one olive

lands

ten galls.

and

one-

it?? olive

full-grown shoots). high round

trees,

and

twenty

they all they ten they

sand-hills

(one)

into

[ga]ll. a number ten of [^a]lls ^aUs not to be counted galls. twenty ^aZis for

into ten

one terraces

hundred (?),

elevated

have thirty

. . . .] galls.

thirteen

galls

into

ten

^alls

one

Verso 1. 2 3 ground, 4 5 6 two-hundred reported two-hundred produce two-hundred of the (for In the name of God, dan and record). dans. ground dans. (land products). twenty of the produce of the the Merciful, the Compassionate,

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawakkil

133

7 8 9 trees. 10

two-hundred Number Olives, of three

and trees, trees,

twenty-eight twenty-five (young) olive

dans. stems shoots, (trees). twenty

Fruit,

twenty

trees.

Main Recto Line land 2. j^j here hills" We in 5 = these we to in the part In it it to is is have as meet is ^). here, measurements. would read papyrus, of the 8, as for the

Notes

plural

of

yllli,

defined

as

"wide

between Line 5.

the

first Since

time, the product,

with

the

use

of

fractions 6V4 in X the

multiplication, as what be us read to read recorded we other the do

3IV4,

expect ^Ij ij^j

the

papyrus find the as in 32 first galls. BOVs, in 20^2

^^^'XTj

t^oa-l;

actually than total results it results

however, word where as counted to count a practice 51 00*1, the galls; as

cannot leading actual and 21 any ^alls. in

line counted again

multiplication line The 9, where

practice part cultivator of

therefore the must Line or i_a-; unit have 9.

seems of measure

been a whole,

fractional that the

deplored. The the third preference since of are, the jj., which the land. word here term in the is "pasture line given can to land" growing garden to imply land, something be the is out Ji-, read first either with jji. the of second ^-, off and

reading the reading kjoi, separate. Line l^, whereas or ra". but all nature

jjb-,

descriptive of the Ji-, cut

Possibilities enclosed seem

of

10. this, what Of with MOl.iIt,

The one the

best

reading expect, shows be word,

for

the

first

word be best

is

obviously by as a j*, ww it to is, be

would papyrus it first may

would can this be

followed read whatever

course the

that which

letter, then would

belongs 1)

have

1, 695-96.

134

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

ot the

Reign

of a'far

al-Mutawaklcil

something to see It full-grown be plural palm-shoots, here, Line in next in here line. itself also 13. left here taken seems is or

other guess. clear, olive for to <)bi, associated It this

than

l^,

though

what,

am

as

yet

unable

however, trees the be

that and plural Jl^). have with as if

a newly of

distinction planted <Jh!l, though

is shoots, the

drawn for more

between Jy must

common with the use

Generally been, of scribe and that explain of terrace to the

associated judge olive from tree. some afresh line it lands. The total is is so But

must

its

shoots the

seems line is also it is

realizing started the why

mistake in complete crowded) in of this all the

incomplete the difficult galls is is possibility to

There (though of just

consisting case the the land

twenty J, here

last

word,

unnecessary. 455 galls.

area

recorded

Verso Line verso separate taxation, the separate the subject thus measurer itself being that would written of the unit difference documents. under to calling the for (qassm) account by the survey proportional the services and for a the land 1. It is impossible represent fact recto the that the with scripts On the to tell one if the continuous verso the would other of tax, of deals fixed seem hand, lands some a produce it some to incomplete document with tax, to is recto and or two

of this ones.

papyrus The the in

proportional together point possible of the which fixed to with two that were tax, or This the the which verso recto by deals in

and

consisted

and both

distributor (massh).

surveyor*) in surveyor of the

difference of the the scribe

scripts, and

scribe If

measurer.

verso),

1) used 2) to

Mflhlt, both as

1, 176; a collective op.

cf.

also noun p.

p. 204 and

where as

as

a of op.

parallel 4JI. cit., pp.

case,

J^*,

is

a plural

Mwardi,

cit.,

145-146; on the

Aghnidbs, script of this

395-96. footnote

3) Cf. Introductory III verso 9.

note

document,

and

N.

Abbott,

Arabic

Papyri

of the

Reign

of &a'far

al-Mutawalikil

135

with ments fixed ferred, or

the

proportional I and II, then needed, of 2. work The and There to ^S liquids. both this or

tax of

is

the as suggest

same we

as have that reason,

the seen, scribes

scribe deal were one

of with

Docu the trans project

which,

tax, as

would for another. is a some

other

from

type Line

large

capacity

measure,

used

for

both Line is to

grains 3.

is a possibility towards that usual of here but be tax use mean only the <j>., sense "produce is not a

that ^izya plural of

the or

produce poll-tax. is to or ground".

reported It be seems interpreted

here more

be

credited though

probable here in clear, paid that for its not other what or has fixing Line olive-trees, fruit trees. 9.

t^j-*, capitation, of an the approved

in

the meaning we

poll-tax, For of ra/' as

but it taxes {^j), a basis is

have

record report,

payable yet the The may to

preliminary it ^). term,_,9eJ|, here, could

checked, quota of the we or

before ratio

be

used

general are dealing

trees, as in II,

instead 13, with

of

Nachschrift Die Schlerin Papyrusspezies. Nachdem dieser da lichten reichlich mehr Exemplare der auf nun derartiges vorliegende und Arbeit, Assistentin, teilt, Daran hier schwierigen ans scheinen ist ndern fr welche mit Kollegin, eine die auch neuen Weise geboten kommen der Frische wird. ihrer der Verfasserin, der editio princeps Colt eine wird, Die Papyri erstmalige steht hier zu einer einer frheren volle neuen Lsung hoffen, und verffent nichts.

jetzt eigentlich

Unterzeichnete

Verantwortlichkeit

in mustergltiger Schriftstcke Tageslicht nach

Oberflche

dem Abdruck Dokumente Aktensto damaszenischen hervorgegangen, und her hin ber in ebenso sind, andere

Tinte und Abzug eines Papyrusfilmes von einem das andere zu urteilen mitten aus einem greren zu sein. handelnd auch gewesen Detroit ist freilich und Mitteilung und schwer Umgegend, darber, in In Damaskus gekauft sind sie doch sicher auf Syrien sein, Ann syrischen gefunden auch mgen, Michigan, Immerhin nach etwaigen in der sein Arbor, und Papyrus worden. noch wo wre ZDMG, M. nach Funden und von der aus Syrien geschrieben Wo sein. doch diese Wo diese

hervorgegangen Provinz sehr wahrscheinlich mehr der

wahrscheinlich

mssen aus sind, Damaskus ffentliche

hoffentlich

Sammlung

gekommen zu sagen.

Konstantinopel, Beirut,

Chicago Umschau recht geraten.

verschlagen baldige

womglich

Chicago. 1) Cf. Mwardi, pp. 196, 205-06; AomnoBS, pp. 490

Spbbnoliho note 497-98.

and

1 0 *

Das

erste

Jahr Von

des Walther

Groknigs Hinz-G5ttingen

Dareios

Vorbemerkung Der ursprnglichen als im ich die hier verffentlichte Fassung, beiden des (Bd. bekam. erste Old dieser Auf Stze, betitelt Months fr die The during Richtigkeit der mit In Year of seinem Reign kam Daten dem Names the and theOrder die Aufsatz bereits in Beitrge Journal 1938, S. oj Semitic erscheint Brstenabzgen von Arno Languages und 142165) nicht in seiner vorlag, Poebel and

einschlgigen American lv, Chicago

Aprilheft

Literatures zu Gesicht Der of the

130141

Persian

andElamite den Beweis

Achaemenian meiner eigenen

Period, zeitlichen des der

erbrachte Anstze,

vornehmlich Monats dem

hinsichtlich dukaniSa

Gleichsetzung ersten Monat Aufsatz: jedoch den ge zu mich in jener Poebel's Tfelchen) den

altpersischen Babylonier, of

Nisannu. First der des

zweiten Poebel auf

Chronology bei der

Darius'

bertragung Ablauf anderen meinen zu geben, die der in jetzt Persepolis

neugewonnenen ersten Herrschaftsjahres als mglichst unter der gefundenen Weglassung Forschungen ich.

schichtlichen wesentlich entschlossen, Druck fhrungen, Grund unerheblich Ich mchte

Dareios' habe ich

Folgerungen Aufsatz allerdings infolge

Daher

unverndert

Beweis (auf

elamischen

geworden jedoch auf

sind. ausdrcklich Erwgungen und nicht an dem haben, nicht auf der bemerken, inneren da sich jene

Beweisfhrungen Wahrscheinlichkeit sttzten. lichen eine werden Da Ansetzung gewisse knnen. sie

geschichtlichen Untersuchungen Punkt der das zeit brige

philologische schwierigsten wird von ihnen vornherein

sich bewhrt

fr

Berechtigung

abgestritten