ML For Dummies Total

MUDLOGGING ...
for dummies
CONTENTS
s s s s s s
GENERALITIES: PAST & FUTURE PRESENTATION SUMMARY Introduction: AIMS & PURPOSES SENSORS, DATUM & DATA GAS: DEFINITION, ORIGIN,
MEASUREMENTS, INTERPRETATION
PRESSURE:
GENERALITIES: Hydrost., Overburden , Pore Pressure FORMATION: SOBG, d exp, ... WELL MEASUREMENTS: LOT, FIT, SBT,Csg Test
s s s s s s
SAMPLING: PROCESSING and DESCRIPTION LABORATORY: PREPARATION and ANALYSIS CORING: EQUIPMENTS and OPERATIVE TECHNICS REPORTING: DGR, GWR and DDR ANNEXES CONCLUSION TOOLBOX
module 6.1 TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB October 1998
. . . N atters A round Field . . .
GENERAL PRESENTATION
S U M M A RY MUDLOGGING: on the road again ... from ... STONE AGE BIBLES to ... 21st century BIBLES => TOOLBOX module 6.1) THEMATIC RESEARCH ALPHABETIC RESEARCH TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS: examples (Toolbox module 5.2) GEOLOGICAL WELL REPORT (Toolbox module 7.0) MUDLOGGING AUDIT (Toolbox module 2.1)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DATA DISPATCHING
MUDLOGGING
RECORDING REPORTING DATA ENGINEER PREPARING
GWR
MUD LOGGER
DRILLING
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST
SAMPLE CATCHER
EVALUATING CIRCULATING CO FIS RIN HIN HP G HT G LOGGING
FIT LOT
N SS
DATA DISPATCHING
D R IL
A TT IO IO N
INTERPRETATION
DATA MANAGEMENT
LI N
RR EE GG UU LA L
TESTING DATA ACQUISITION

MUD PARAMETERS DRILLING EVENTS
G P R O P
WELL MONITORING
LI E TN YG
O S
D SR AI L F
LITHOLOGICAL & GAS DATA WELL FOLLOW-UP
A L
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
STONE AGE BIBLES ...

M
Loggi ud
USEFUL, BUT: - DIFFICULT TO MANAGE (heavy, huge, ...) - BORING RESEARCH & READING
ng
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
... 21st century BIBLES

WEB site INTRANET
U
M
WSG AIMS ...
L O G
TOOLBOX module 6.1
I
N
FILES: - STRICKLY A4 SIZE - MAINLY VISUAL - ESSENTIAL TEXT - FAST CONSULTATION - EASY TO UPDATE THEMATIC RESEARCH ALPHABETIC RESEARCH LINKAGE between FILES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SENSORS
CD
LA BO RA TO RY
JOB PURPOSES
S GA
THE TRICKS OF THE TRADE

REPORTING
E UR S ES R P
SAM PLIN G CO RIN G
S XE NE AN
THEMATIC RESEARCH
TOOLBOX - module 6.1
INTRODUCTION: AIMS DATUM, SENSORS & DATA GAS PRESSURE SAMPLING LABORATORY CORING REPORTING ANNEXES
KEYWORDS INDEX RESEARCH CONVERSIONS & EQUIVALENTS UNIT CONVERTER BASIC WELLSITE GLOSSARY International SPELLING CODE
...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Mudlogging KEYWORDS index research
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EASY RESEARCH Press to

BASIC GLOSSARY
(GB - F - E)
OPEN
CUTTING DESCRIPTION SHEET
UNIT CONVERTER More ? MUDLOGGING AUDIT
OIL FIELD ABBREVIATIONS
GEOLOGICAL WELL REPORT
KEYWORD GENERAL INDEX
TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB

SENSORS EQUIPMENTS
DRILLING
MUD
GAS
LABORATORY
Geoservices
DRILLING SENSORS
sensor type & model
DRAWWORKS
Geoservices
MUD SENSORS
sensor type & model
Geoservices
GAS EQUIPMENTS
equipment & model
Geoservices
LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS
equipment & model
PIT LEVEL
ULTRASONIC
GZG
DEGASSER
MEASURE
AUTOCALCIMETER
MEASURE
Aim: To measure and record the amount of carbonates contained in rock samples and quantify Calcite and Dolomite. Features & Benefits: n Compensation of sample weight between 0.90 and 1.10 g. n Memory capacity up to 800 calcimetries. Principle: A corrosive attack of a known amount of rock using hydrochloric acid, some carbon dioxide is produced. A sensor records the pressure increase and a microprocesseur calculates the percentage of carbonates contained in rock samples. Manufacturer: Certification: Unit:
MEASURE
Aim: To measure the rotation of the Drawworks drum and so the hook movement. Features & Benefits: n Can easily be rigged up, does not normally require maintenance. n True real-time measurement. n Pipe velocity is actually calculated allowing real surge and swab calculations. Principle: A notched wheel with teeth rotates with the cable drum and two proximity sensors detect the movement of the wheel which send pulses to the ALS system. The pulses are computed in hook movement knowing initial characteristics of the drum and the line. Manufacturer: Turck Certification: EEx ia IIC T6 Unit: Si 3.5 K 10 Y0
Aim: To measure the mud level in the pits and to know the pit volumes. Features & Benefits: n Light and compact. n Accurate, intrinsically safe. Principle: The sensor emits an ultrasonic wave which is reflected at the surface of the fluid. An accurate measurement of the time taken to the wave to return gives the distance to the level of mud. Manufacturer:Milltronics Certification: EEx ia IIC T4 Unit: The Probe
MEASURE
Aim: To extract gases from mud at a constant rate with equal performances on light and heavy gases. Features & Benefits: n Independant of mud level variations in the mud return circuit. n High efficiency of degassing and constant performances quite independant of mud parameters (density, viscosity, solids content,etc). n Good extraction of gases from the mud (85%) with equal performances on heavy and light gases. Principle: The mud is pumped into a degasser tank where an agitator extracts the hydrocarbon gas. Manufacturer:Geoservices Unit: GZG
CHARACTERISTICS
Range: 0.3 - 5 m Alarm: YES (HI/LOW) Repeatability: Weight: 1.5 kg
Type of Output: N/A Sensitivity: N/A Accuracy: N/A Dimens.: 79x57x24 cm.
CHARACTERISTICS
Type of Output: Analogic. 4 - 20 mA Sensitivity:3 mm Accuracy: +/- 5% of Full Scale Dimens.: N/A
Range: 48 pulses/turn Alarm: YES (HI/LOW) Repeatability:+/- 1 pulse Weight: N/A
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS
Type of Output: Pulses. 3 to 8 V . Sensitivity: 1/48th of the DRW drum revolution Accuracy: +/- 1cm Dimens.: N/A
Range: N/A Alarm: NO Repeatability:N/A Weight: 38 kg
Type of Output: Sensitivity: 0.1 % Accuracy: 1 % Dimens.: 240x270x300 mm
Range: 0-100% Alarm: NO Repeatibility: Weight: 11 kg
MAINTENANCE
MAINTENANCE
Calibration & frequency: By physical comparison of actual vertical movement of the travelling block. Check & frequency: n Check of the agreement with the Drillers depth with the pipe tally. n During each trip or every 5 days: physical inspection of the sensor. n Recalibrate each time the cable is changed.
Calibration & frequency: With a tape measurer.
MAINTENANCE
for GASLOGGER and for RESERVAL
Calibration & frequency: No calibration. Check & frequency: n Several time per shift: check for steady mud flow from outlet. n Once per shift: Check gas line air tightness. n Every 5 days: Check gas transit time, lubricate pump diaphragm, inspect screen assembly and blade for wear.
MAINTENANCE
Calibration frequency: With pure CaCO . 3 as reference Check & frequency: Every 5 days and before a new section check the calibration and adjust if necessary.
Check & frequency: n Once per shift: check levels of pits, clean sensor if necessary.
OPERATING MODE
Power: Voltage: 12 to 30 V DC
Power: 120/140 W Purpose 1: Gas Out Purpose 2: Gas In Operating limits:
CONTRACTOR Reference : TOTAL Experience: -
OPERATING MODE
OPERATING MODE
Voltage: 220/380 V AC
Power: Accessories: Electronical balance. Printer. Operating limits:0 -> 50 C.

CONTRACTOR Reference: TOTAL Experience: -
Voltage: 220V AC
OPERATING MODE
Power: . Sensor location: On the shaft of the drawworks Operating limits: -25 -> +70 C
CONTRACTOR Reference : TOTAL Experience : -
Voltage: 8V DC
Sensor location:Over the pit, at least 0.3m over the maximum mud level. Operating limits:-40 -> + 60 C
CONTRACTOR Reference : TOTAL Experience: -
location: Flow Line. location: Suction pit.

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Geological Well Report

TEXT.doc MUDLOG
PORE PRESSURE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
SAMPLING SEQUENCE
DATA TRANSFER (ASCII)

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING AUDIT
TOOLBOX
MUDLOGGING AUDIT
C O N T E N TS
SUB
TOTAL
AUDIT SUMMARY Sum-1 Rec-1 CONCLUSIONS and RECOMMENDATIONS
DIRECTION EXPLORATION GISEMENT Dpartment Subsurface
EQUIPMENT and SAFETY AUDIT

Environment
RIG CHARACTERISTICS SENSORS REVIEW
Eq&S
Eq&S-1/5 Eq&S-2/5
SUB TOOLBOX TOOLBOX MODULE 2.1 module 2.1
Mudlogging
UNIT LABORATORY 1/2 LABORATORY 2/2 Eq&S-3/5 Eq&S-4/5 Eq&S-5/5
TECHNICAL and CREW AUDIT

SENSORS accuracy
Tech
Tech-1/8 Tech-2/8 Tech-3/8 Tech-4/8 Tech-5/8 Tech-6/8 Tech-7/8 Tech-8/8 Ann-1 Ann-2 Ann-3
MUDLOGGING AUDIT
D. GARDETTE REF : DG/970606-1
GAS
- Degaser - Detector - Analyser non combustible - Detector &Analyser
combustible
COMPUTER 1/2: Data acquisition and processing COMPUTER 2/2: Networking and softwares CREW (Awareness and performance)
PREDEFINED CHECKLISTS TAG SUGGESTED ANSWERS and ADD YOUR COMMENTS...
ANNEXES: Gas flow-charts:
- Degaser - Detector - Analyser
ANNEXES: Nominal gas values for Detectors & Analysers
June 1997
BAKER HUGHES INTEQ (BHI GEOSERVICES HALLIBURTON SPERRY-SUN (SSDS)
Ann-4 a-b Ann-5 a-b Ann-6 a-b Ann-7 a-b
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY - Rigsite CONTRACTORS - Rigsite RESPONSIBILITIES - MUDLOGGING CREW: Householder - MUDLOGGING AIMS (1): scope of work, data ... what for? - MUDLOGGING AIMS (2): how?, and Conclusions - MUDLOGGING JOB PURPOSES - ML & well behavior: WASH OUT examples - ML & well behavior: FLOW-CHECK & CIRCULATION - WELLSITE GEOLOGIST JOB PURPOSES - WELLSITE GEOLOGIST AIMS - WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: JOB SPIRIT
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
RIGSITE CONTRACTORS
GEOLOGIST
TOOLPUSHER
MUDLOGGING LOGGING (WL & LWD)
CO- MAN
DRILLING & RIG MAINTENANCE
DIRECTIONAL DEVIATION POSITIONING CORING MWD
DRILLING MUD CEMENT CASING ROV, ...
. . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
RIGSITE RESPONSIBILITIES
Rigsite
MUDLOGGING
GEOLOGIST
CO-MAN
TOOLPUSHER
position
ACQUISITION EVALUATION DECISION EXECUTION

Rigsite role
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING Householder
YOUR BOSS?
MY BOSS YEAH!
OUR TEAM
MUDLOGGER
SAMPLECATCHER
DATA ENGINEER
MUDLOGGING CREW WELLSITE GEOLOGIST

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING: AIMS (1)

SCOPE OF WORK
Provide Oil Companies with validated measurements /samples related to geological, drilling and mud parameters, as per Client specifications.
COLLECT
WELL INFORMATION
STORE
PARAMETERS
MANAGE
DATA
DISPATCH
DATA ON REQUEST
DRLG GAS
MUD
DATA ... WHAT FOR? MONITOR & EVALUATEOIL & GAS SHOWS CONFIRM or ADJUST FORMATION PRESSURE ESTIMATION ESTABLISH ACCURATE & COMPREHENSIVE DOCUMENTS, REPORTS, ...
INFORM
( IN REAL TIME) PEOPLE INVOLVED IN WELL MONITORING
OF ALL PLANNED EVENTS .... or .... IN CASE OF UNFORECASTED EVENTS =>
ALERT
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING: AIMS (2)

HOW?
INSTALL ALL REQUIRED SENSORS CONTROL SENSORS RELIABILITY and ACCURACY RECORD CONTINUOUSLYALL MEASURED PARAMETERS NOTIFY ANY EVENTS OBSERVED PREPARE SAMPLES FOR DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS ASSIST, when needed , FOR CORE RECOVERY, TESTING OPERATIONS, ...
CONCLUSION: the MUDLOGGING ... ... M ONITOR O BSERVE but should N EVER E NSURE Y OURSELF SECURE A SSISTANT for VISUALIZING & for EVALUATING R ESERVOIR
but it is a ...
MUDLOGGING is a HIGHLY VALUABLE SERVICE at LOW PRICE (only 2-3% of well cost: 1500-2000 USD/d)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING : JOB PURPOSES

WELL FOLLOW UP ...
PARAMETERS EVENTS DATA ACQUISITION DOCUMENTS
?
BS
MONITORING & DETECTION
QUICK UNDERSTANDING & FAST REACTING
RECORDING
REPORTING
... ON A ROUTINE BASIS

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ML & well behavior examples: WASH OUT

DRILLING Possible ORIGIN: . very abrasive formations (hd SLST, Pyrite, ...) . and/or deviated wells (Drillpipe along casing) PHENOMENA: Abnormal friction/wear along Drill-pipe / BHA upto create a hole along pipe => Wash pipe Surface DETECTION in Mudlogging unit: Injection Pressure (SPP) slowly reducing to fast dropping (=> Flow-Rate may increases ) Final Consequence => FISHING! (if not detected) How to solve the situation? POOH with heavy sluginside pipes and check every stand prior breaking the strings: then locate the WASH-OUT Other: TWIST-OFF, but no forewarning signs!
Lost nozzles on bit (check hydraulic report)
GEOLOGY
Possible origin:
. formations poorly cemented, indurated, ... . and/or inappropriate drilling fluid (mud)
Refer to chapter SAMPLING
Mudlogging crew => INFORM Drlg Supervisor => DECIDE & ACT: WOO
Mudlogging crew => DECIDE & ACT then ... INFORM => Drlg Supervisor
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ML & well behavior: FLOW-CHECK & CIRCULATION
AIM
OBSERVATION of WELL ANNULAR LEVEL WHEN?
AIM
WELL CONTROL
WHEN?
. after a fast DRILLING BREAK ( unexpected event) . after breaking a core, prior POH (no slug pumped) . to check possible swabbing, ( while pulling out at shoe depth), ... WHY? to check if well is still in equilibrium in static conditions; observed if any Gain or Losses... and report rate (vol/ time) HOW? Stop circulating ( Pumps OFF) Stop adding mud into Active sum ( transferring, mixing, diluting , ...) Duration : at least 15 min ... fct(depth, OH length)
15 min 5 0
Water + -
Oil + -
Gas +
. prior performing SBT, LOT, FIT, ... (=> drilling circulation: code F) . to check lithology at TD (=> geological circulation: code G) . for mud and/or well conditioning ( prior possible rising MW) . After a positive Flow-Check : gain ... ( circulate through Choke Manifold) WHY? to clean out annular volume ( gas cut mud, cuttings) to homogenize mud properties ( U tube) to determine coring point depth (code G) to set casing shoe depth, ... (to wait on weather, orders, contractors, ...) HOW? Stop drilling ... Flow-Check ; then ... Resume circulating (Pumps ON) Duration : at least ONE Bottom-updepending on ... LAG TIME / LAG STROKE Requested by . . . DRILLING SUPERVISOR WELLSITE GEOLOGIST
EVENT
time
ACTIVE PITS
ACTIVE PITS
ACTIVE PITS
Requested by . . . DRILLING SUPERVISOR
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: JOB PURPOSES

WELL FOLLOW UP ...
LOGGING: wireline , LWD
INPUT
DRILLING
MUDLOGGING
MWD & MUD
CORING & TESTING
GEOLOGICAL INTERFACE
LITHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION & CORRELATIONS

(FACIES)
SAFETY: HP/HT RISK EVALUATION
OUTPUT GAS & SHOWS INTERPRETATION RESERVOIR & FLUIDS CHARACTERIZATION
REPORTING: MUDLOG, GWR, ...
... ON A ROUTINE BASIS

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST AIMS

REACH TARGETS ANTICIPATE
Casing depth Coring depth Pressure regime RISKS, ...
FIND RESERVOIRS & IDENTIFY FLUIDS

(CONTACTS QUANTIFY Hcb)
EVALUATE
FOLLOW
DRILLING PROPOSAL (Casing, (Mud,...)
Phi
GAS OIL WATER
Sw
Pp Pf ...
SAFETY FIRST REACT

to hazardous & unexpected events (people, equipments & RIG)
SAVE MONEY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST: Job spirit

AVAILABLE 24h/day
PROMPT TO REACT
(IRON FIST)
FAST TO DECIDE
(VELVET GLOVE)
COMPETENT
SECURE
AUTHORITY
CONVIVIAL in any circumstances
ACCURATE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DATUM, SENSORS & D A T A

SUMMARY - REFERENCE DEPTHS: Onshore & Offshore - Well PROFILES - Well PROJECTION: horizontal & vertical views - HORIZONTAL DRAIN NOMENCLATURE - RIGSITE SENSORS LOCATION (simplified) - DATA: real time & delayed - LAG TIME: definition & control - LAG TIME: interpretation & consequences - DRILLING SENSORS - MUD SENSORS - Technical Data Sheets: TOOLBOX module 5.2
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
REFERENCE DEPTHS
ONSHORE OFFSHORE
0 (+)
TVDBRT origine
Ground Level
ZERO reference SUB-SEA depth
RTE / (KB)
R otary Table El evation (Kelly Bushing)
0
TVDMSL origine
PERMANENT DATUM
RTE / KB
riser
Water Depth
MSL (Annual) Mean Sea Level
(-) (+)
Sea Bed or ( Sea Floor) TD

(Terminal Depth)
TMDBRT
(Below R otary Table)
PILOT HOLE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELL PROFILES
ONSHORE
LAND RIG SWAMP-BARGE (0 - 20m)
OFFSHORE
JACK-UP (20 - 100m)
SEMISUB DRILLSHIP (80 - 2000m)
KOP
(Kick Off Point)
GO ON THE GAME, GUY!
ROV
(R emote Operating Vehicule )
BU E R W well extended reach well

ii (Build U p section)
Jii well
VERTICAL well
SLANT well DOP

(Drop Off Point)
BOP s +PGB
HORIZONTAL well/drain
Landing phase
ULTRA DEEP WELL
TMDBRT
(Below R otary Table)
PILOT HOLE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELL PROJECTIONS
HORIZONTAL VIEW VERTICAL VIEW
N
WELL HEAD
+
delta X
WELL HEAD
PROJECTION PLANE: AZIMUTH N140

we ll pr of ile
CURRENT DEPTH
DEPARTURE at CURRENT DEPTH
delta Y
CURRENT DEPTH
we ll pr of ile
VERTICAL SECTION at CURRENT DEPTH
ANGLE (inclinaison)
S
Departure= (deltaX)2 + (deltaY)2
Azimuth N140
TVD DEPTH
DISTANCE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
HORIZONTAL DRAIN NOMENCLATURE

AIM dip calculation depends on TST, Drilled Thickn. and on Apparent Vert. Thickn. Layer follow-up along azimuth drain TST: True Stratigraphic Thickness
(Reference Thickness inside drain)
TOP
Drilled Thickness between TOP-BTM

VERTICAL well BTM
Apparent Vertical Thickness
TST TVD
Layer identification TVD: True Vertical Depth PILOT (Below R otary Table)HOLE
TMDBRT WELL TRAJECTORY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SENSORS: SIMPLIFIED RIGSITE VIEW

Crown Block Travelling Block & Hook (old) => TOP DRIVE SPP swivel Stand Pipe hoose DRILL FLOOR (DRUM missing) Kelly Bushing Rotary Table RPM, TRQ ROP => Depth HKPos, H 2S Choke Manifold Pit level Temp IN Resist.IN Dens.IN Note zoological nomenclature missing: DOG HOUSE MONKEY DECK GOOSE NECK MOUSE HOLE CAT WALK WIDOW MAKER! POOR BOY !! SUCTION PIT
RESERVE PIT
Mixing pit (hoopers)
H 2S mud Pump and SPM
Pit level RETURN PIT Degaser, Dens.OUT Resist.OUT, H 2S
WOH on dead line (=>WOB) Well head WHP, CP BOP s CAVE H 2S
desanders & desilters (to sand trap) SAND TRAP
Temp OUT
Flowmeter on Flowline
TRIP TANK POSSUM BELLY & SHALE SHAKER
to RIG DEGASER
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DATA : REAL TIME or DELAYED?

DATA TYPE ACQUISITION MODE DRILLING
MUD GEOLOGICAL
REAL TIME DATA

downhole events visible on surface => instantaneous data
Depth TRQ RPM SPM
ROP WOB SPP WHP
PITS & FLOW (gain & losses)
DELAYED DATA
downhole events , carried by mud, after LAG TIME => immediate data
MW data: Temp OUT Density OUT Resistivity OUT
GAS & CUTTINGS (analysis & observation)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LAG TIME
=> ELAPSED TIME (BY MUD) FROM BOTTOM TO REACH SURFACE
L a g T im e =
Lag Stroke =
A n n u lar Vo lum e Flow Rate
m in
Annular Volume stroke nb ( Stroke vol) * (Pump eff . )
with
AV = (OH vol + IDCSG vol) - (OD IRON vol in hole) FR = S ( troke vol) * (Pump efficiency %) * (SPM)
Note:
. if riser (offshore) => Take into account booster pump to improve FR in riser annulus . short cycle => (Surface -> Bit) + (Bit -> surface) . long cycle => (short cycle) + (transit time on surface: from return pit to succion pit) . LAG CHECKS, to be performed during pipe connection (short cycle):
. Calcium Carbide lag (CaC2) => Acetylene peak (C2H 2) on chromato. (WBM mud only) . Crushed brick lag => First arrival easily seenon Shakers screen (reddish grained ) . Rice lag => Not expensive, but not easy to check on Shakers ( milky-whitish-light tan) . Eventually Mica => in case of LWD (warning: possible effect on WL response)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LT Interpretation & Consequences

LTobserved > LTtheoritical LTobserved < LTtheoritical
Cuttings arrive late regarding to ROP Hole Enlarged => CAVINGS reducing hole cleaning efficiency Shale shape & size (poping, propeller,...) in both cases DRILLING PROBLEMS IN VIEW ... as delta P
Cuttings arrive early regarding to ROP Tight Hole => STICKY HOLE Shale hydration (Monmorillonite)
=> Carefully check lithology on all sieves

BUT, IT MAY ALSO BE DUE TO: - Wrong Pump efficiency (Toolpusher data) and/or false adjustment (Data Engineer) - Incomplete or erroneous pipes dimensions (OD & ID) and volumes, ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DRILLING SENSORS
SENSORS items mounting on method MEASUREMENT principle
PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
WOH Weight On Hook ................................... Dead line

orHook Load => WOB Weight On Bit computed from Archimees law (or buoyancy effect)
measuring strain on force triangle (klbs or tons)
HYDRAULIC
SPP Stand Pipe Pressure ....................... Stand pipe Manifold CP Casing Pressure ..................................... Diverter Manifold
and WHP Well Head Pressure Hydraulic system
TRQ Torque ................rotary table (RT)

Electrical line
measuring variations of steel diaphragm (psi or bars) measuring capacitance of detecting diaphragm (psi or bar)
CURRENT TRANSDUCER
HALL effect: measuring electrical field flowing in motor cable (Amp)

PROXIMITY SWITCH
ELECTRIC
ROP Rate Of Penetration & Depth

Drawwork ... axle
HKPos Hook Position / Travelling Block RPM Revolution or ........................................... Rotary Table
Rotation Per Minute or Top Drive
measuring crown sensor counter (logic condition: 0 or 1)
SPM Strokes Per Minute .................................... Pump piston

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUD SENSORS
SENSORS items mounting on method MEASUREMENT principle
above mud tank
Echo pulse (ultrasonic)
ACOUSTIC
PITS Volume ..............................

mud in tank
Potentiometer (floater) Potentiometer (paddle) ELECTRIC
Flow Rate .......................................................flow line TEMP ...................................

IN ........ suction pit OUT ....... possum belly IN ........ suction pit
Platinium resistance
COND. / RESIST. ..................
Toroidal induction coil

OUT ....... possum belly IN ........ suction pit
Mud Weight / DENSITY.....
OUT .....gas trap IN ....... stand pipe OUT ....... possum belly
Differential pressure Gamma ray absorption
HYDRAULIC
(NUCLEAR)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SENSORS MEASUREMENT & SPECIFICATION

MUD & DRILLING sensors Pressure
M E T H O D HYDRAULIC ELECTRIC ACOUSTIC NUCLEAR
P R I N C I P L E
WOH / WOB SPP CP / WHP T ) TRANSDUCER TRQ (diaphragm DENS. / MW Current TRQ (Hall effect)
PROXIMITY switch
0
(counter)
POTENTIOMETER RESISTIVITY ULTRASONIC RADIOACTIVE
ROP / Depth HKPos RPM SPM PITS Vol. (floaters) FR (paddle) COND. / RESIST. TEMP PITS Volume (ultrasonic) (DENS. / MW )
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
G A S : DEFINITION & MEASUREMENT

S U M M A R Y (1/2) DEFINITION - GAS SAMPLING HISTORY - GAS TYPES RECORDED - GAS SHOWS: Definition Origin or sources Swab & Surge Gas Events vs warning! Main ranges - MUD DEGASSING ON SURFACE MEASUREMENT - GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN - DEGASSER TYPES - GAS LINES:efficiency main & back-up - DETECTOR:principles - DETECTORS for ACID GASES - H2S: HYDROGEN SULPHIDE => the Killer gas - CHROMATOGRAPHY: problems to solve principles & efficiency - FID: total gas & chromatography - TCD: total gas & chromatography
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
G A S : INTERPRETATION
S U M M A R Y (2/2) INTERPRETATION - LOG/LOG DIAGRAM (SNPA) - PIXLER PLOT - Wh, Bh, Ch RATIOS - RATIOS ACCURACY - GAS NORMALISATION: AIM - GAS NORMALISATION: magic! or bluff? (BAROID) (EXLOG) - TRIANGLE METHOD (GEOSERVICES) - LIGHT HYDROCARBON RATIOS: interpretation
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS Sampling: HISTORY

< 1930 s > 1930 s (1980 s) -> PRESENT FUTURE
rule of thumb method
Mudlogging Blooming
Fast & Accurate ...
R & D
Based on . shows estimation . depth levels uncertainty oily appearance, petroleum odor, ... Qualitative method: => Identification by . centrifugation (oil) . ignition ( gases) => no quantitative evaluation
Lagged depths with associated lithology (off-line Cabin) =>Degaser calibration : Steam Still analysis (VMS 1950 s, constant vol) =>Hot Wire systems:
( Thermal Conductivity Detector) ( Catalytic Combustion Detector)
Integrated services (on-line Unit) => Degasser efficiency improvement (constant flow & vol) => FID system:
( Flame Ionisation Detector)
Micro-indices on surface: . detection . analysis (geochemistry) borehole & fluid travel contamination? Downhole measurements . in-situ data(?) & . horiz. wells (geosteering)
.total gas detection and .components identification Combustibles: C1...C 4, H 2 . Other gases: H 2S,CO2,N 2,
from > 5 min to < 1 min only for combustible gases (C1 ... C 5) and optional hot wire for other gases
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS TYPES RECORDED

HYDROCARBON Gas
alkanes series
(CnH 2n+2) C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 iC5 nC5 (C6 Methane Ethane Propane iso -Butane normal-Butane iso -Pentane normal- Pentane Hexanes ) POLAR DRY INERT HUMID
NON-HYDROCARBON Gas
Inert gas
N2 H2 He (Rn Nitrogene Hydrogen Helium Radon)
Polar gas or acid gas

H 2S CO2 Hydrogen Sulfid Carbon Dioxide
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS SHOWS: definitions

GAS SHOWS on surface is reflecting a combination of: LIBERATED Gas PRODUCED Gas CONTAMINATED Gas RECYCLED Gas
from formation WHILE drilling

by breaking the rock pore space
from formation AFTER drilling

Connection Gas (air slug) Swab Gas / LCT Trip Gas, ... => short duration
from other sources than formation itself

as mud additives (chemical reacting), bit, turbine effects, ...
Remaining in the mud (whatever origin), then recirculating downhole

due to imperfect degassing on surface
FORMATION Gas (FG)

minimun gas value (almost constant): BACKGROUND Gas (BKG)

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ORIGIN of GAS SHOWS

GAS RECORDED on surface
DRILLED GAS LIBERATED (L) NON DRILLED GAS RECYCLED( R) PRODUCED (P) & CONTAMINATED( C)
GAS from Fault GAS from SHALE (cavings ) P P L . GAS from Gas . GAS from Oil . GAS from Water ( Dissolved ) GAS from CUTTINGS Other Produced GAS: Pipe Connection, Swabbing/LCT, Trip Gas, ...
C
Surface mixing New additives Downhole chemical reactions ...
L L
affecting
BACKGROUND GAS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SWAB
POOH
&
SURGE
RIH
SWAB & SURGE

function of: - pipe velocity - annulus diameter (hole, pipes) - mud rheology (MW,Visc) delta Pmud GAINS delta Pmud LOSSES
final CONSEQUENCE on both cases EMW
suction
injection
imbalance between mud pressure and formation fluid pressure and possible KICK
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAFETY: GAS EVENTS WARNING!

Qualitative ALERT method
nil
BKG
. . . based on gas observations when circulation stopped

IDENTIFY Origin of gas observed INDICATORS (possible gas origin)
- PIPE CONNECTIONS - SWAB GAS TEST - LCT (Long Connection Test) - TRIP GAS - BACKGROUND GAS (BKG) Miscell: survey false connections carbide ( Lag-Time check) FORMATION Gas
1 std
traces
SYMMETRICAL peaks
Total Gas (TG)
Peak heights increase => back to baseline between each gas event (peaks becoming wider) Initial Baseline
P > 0
P 0
ASYMMETRIC peaks BKG increase => back to new baseline - shifted between each gas event
G BK
Phenomena emphasized IF: cumulative gas events recycled gas rig degasser OFF( Poor Boy ) INFORM and Precise : Change to new baseline (based on MW) Lithology (Phi-K) associated to peaks Gas observed= BKG + Gas eventorigin
P < 0
- increased between each gas event
GAS EVENTS reflect PressureRegime and/or Formation fluid content TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS SHOWS: scale range

=> Blow-out => Kick
100
Spectacular=> Muster point

Exceptional to Dramatic Risky to Hasardous Daring to Lucky
80
too late! -> Life jacket
Delta P > 0
60
Questionable
Gas (%) observed

40
Delta P < 0
Delightful to Interesting Promising Nice (or Lovely)
Fair to Slightly
20
Weak to Poor Disappointing
0
-50
Nil
0
50 100
delta P (bars) influence

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUD DEGASSING on surface

Drill String
Decanting tube (water)
(Air + Gas)
loss of free gas Bell Nipple

AIR inlet Possum Belly
GAS LINE to Unit
DEGASSER
Shale Shakers Gas Trap
GAS BUBBLES and CUTTINGS
Flow line
loss of free gas

(=> recycled in part) MUD PIT(s)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN

DEGASSER
1
Located in possum belly: (shale shaker header box) either immersed: mud level non-constant &agitator or degassing at constant mud volume & flow via a suction probe EFFICIENCY ? PLUGGING ?
GAS LINE
No
DETECTORS
gas elution
Yes
2
Gas + Air mixture to Mudlogging cabin (mini 2 gas lines) PLUGGING ? LEAKING ?
3
TOTAL GAS detection & H 2S, CO2, ... (FID burner with H2 flow and/or TCD based on Wheatstone bridge ) CALIBRATION ? SENSITIVITY ?
4
CHROMATOGRAPHY combustible gas (FID, TCD) non-combustible gas (TCD) CALIBRATIONS ? ACCURACY ? REPEATABILITY ?
EXTRACTOR
CARRIER
OBSERVER
ANALYSER
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DEGASSER TYPES
EFFICIENCY = fct ( degasser location , chamber volume vs degassing time, mud type, ... )
THE LONGER THE MUD UNDER AGITATOR, THE GREATER THE EFFICIENCY immersed types STEAM STILL Constant mud volume (reference degasser ) (50) SUCTION PROBE Constant mud flow & Constant volume Qantitative Gas Trap Measurement Constant mud flow Continuous GAS EXTRACTING MODE TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS TRAP EFFICIENCY (%) (100) -
BASIC Variable mud flow Discontinuous

DEGASSER
GAS LINES EFFICIENCY

DETECTOR DETECTOR
DETECTOR
DEGASSER
NEITHER TOO LONG ... (C 3 + analysis)
DEGASSER
LENGTH
. . . NOR TOO SHORT (safety reasons)
APPROPRIATE GAS LINES LENGTH => TRANSIT TIME TO UNIT < 100 sec
depending on AIR + GAS mixture flow rate through Monoflex and on motor pump suction efficiency
FLOW RATE
NEITHER TOO FAST ...
. . . NOR TOO SLOW
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS LINES: main & back-up
AT LEAST, 2 INDEPENDANT GAS LINES per DEGASSER
MAIN GAS LINE GAS LINE

SPARE GAS LINE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DETECTORS: principles
TOTAL GAS
CONTINUOUS PROCESS
for
CHROMATOGRAPHY
BATCH PROCESS
for
UNDIFFERENTIATED GASES QUANTITATIVE measure
INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS QUALITATIVE measure
CCD
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION
(NO LONG EXISTS) ADVANTAGES
TCD
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
FID
FLAME IONISATION
Low threshold detection (100ppm)
No combustion Detection of non-combustible gases High threshold (>500ppm) Very high sensitivity to H 2 Low sensitivity to Hcb other than Methane
Very low threshold (5-20ppm) High repeatability Accurate only for combustible gases Need continuous H 2 supply
DISADVANTAGES
Poor detection for non-combustible C6+ cause breakdown of filament (Platinum) High T filament (800C)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ACID GASES DETECTORS

CO2
<= QUANTITATIVE RESULTS =>
H 2S
Infra-Red ABSORPTION principle

CO2 ATTENUATES the IR RADIATION EMITTED BY THE SOURCE (IR beam) Voltage proportional to CO2 content => accuracy: 1000 ppm (0.1%) warning: CO2 highly absorbed by basic water contained in WBM and also in OBM (water phase)
1- SEMICONDUCTOR principle
H 2S REDUCES THE METAL OXIDE COATING TO METALLIC SULPHIDES Conductivity proportional to H 2S content => accuracy: 1 ppm (0.0001%) warning: humidity reduces sensor sensibility
2- DELPHIAN MUD DUCK

IDENTIFY SOLUBLE SULPHIDES IN THE MUD related to mud pH (>10) & temperature warning: operating ONLY in water base mud
CO2
DRAEGER hand-held (QUALITATIVE RESULTS)
H 2S
graduated tube filled with HYDRAZINE (N 2H 4) ... turning to BLUE-PURPLE ( +/- 10 %)
graduated tube filled with silicagel impregnated with LEAD ACETATE ... turning to DARK-BROWN ( +/- 10 ppm)
) with various SENSITIVITY RANGES ** ** DETECTOR AVAILABLE FOR ALL GASES (various reactants
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S) SAFETY

% ppm
THE KILLER GAS

DEATH => 1 min
0.1 1000
0.07 700
UNCONSCIOUSNESS
DIZZINESS
DEATH => 15 min

permanent cerebral injury
H2S concentration
0.05
500
breathing ceases after 30 min => prompt artificial respiration STINGS EYES & THROAT within 3-5 min
ACID GAS COLORLESS DEADLY GAS
0.02
200
KILL SMELL
0.01 100
H2S
HEADACHE
0.002 20
safe for 8 hours
FLAMMABLE ( blue flame )
0.001 10
ROTTENEGGS EGGS ROTTEN odour odour H2S effects
sg=1.18 (heavier than air)

Highly CORROSIVE to certain metals
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CHROMATOGRAPHY:problems to solve
hey, guys!
Question: HOW TO BE FAST AND ACCURATE FOR

SEPARATING GASEOUS COMPONENTS MIXTURE (AT A MAXIMUM MUD FLOW) and for AVOIDING CONTAMINATION BY SUCCESSIVE & REPEATING MEASURES ?
Answer: yes, absolutely right, Mr O NURB,

IT DEPENDS ON ANALYSIS SYSTEM EFFICIENCY ... mainly BASED ON ...
Heu! it depends ... IF THERE IS WIND, IF ITS HOT ...
SAMPLING RATE
(TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE)
and on
PROCESS ACCURACY
(COLUMNS and/or CAPILLARY TUBES)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CHROMATOGRAPHY:principles & efficiency

1
COLUMNS
Length: 6-20 ft ID: 0.125 - 0.25 inch ONE STATIONARY solid phase as SILICAGEL, SQUALANE, ... packing (coating film thickness ) stainless or aluminium made ONE MOBILE liquid phase with GAS SAMPLE+CARRIER (Air, He ) percolating through or over the solid phase
=> DIFFERENTIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE SAMPLE COMPONENTS BETWEEN 2 PHASES:
CAPILLARY TUBES
Length > 300 ft ID < 0.03 inch
TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE EFFECTS Temp & Press .

QUICK and POOR ELUTION => bent or coiled for compactness C1C2 C3 C 4 C 5
Temp & Press .

SLOW and GOOD ELUTION C1 C 2 C3 C
4
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
total gas & chromatography : FID

response(mV)
C1 C2
SCHEMATIC CHROMATOGRAM
(after Geoservices) C3 iC4 nC4
peak area
BASELINE
iC5
nC5
time analysis # 300 sec
iC5
ionisation chamber
Retention time for C1
signal Gas line GAS in (mixture) manual injection P1

C 6+C 4 C 1 C2 C3 C5
backflush(*) P2 > P1 Precut elution Main elution (separation)

C4 C C 5 C 2C
3 1
waste effluent
H2
Air
purge
speed up
TOTAL GAS detection line
(*) Backflush starts only when compounds of interest have passed through the PRECUT column (depending on selection of cycles)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
total gas & chromatography : TCD

SCHEMATIC ANALYSIS CHROMATOGRAM
SI column
(SILICAGEL)
(after Geoservices)
COMMUTATION
SQ column
(SQUALANE)
deflection
H2
C1
composite peak (H 2/C 1)
C2
C3
peak length
iC4
nC4
BASELINE
BASELINE
RT C 1
# 120 sec
(long cycle) (short cycle)
time
# 250sec
# 120 sec
thermal conductivity chamber
Gas line GAS in (mixture) manual injection

C 6+C 4 C 1 C2 C3 C5
SI (slow)
C4C3 C 1 H 2 C2
signal waste effluent

WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
2 columns with different characteristics SQ (fast)
H2 C4 C3 C2 C
1
Air
TOTAL GAS detection line

commutation valve
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LOG/LOG Diagram (SNPA)

100000
S.N.P.A. (1950 s), now ELF

developed over Lacq gas& oil field (France)
10000
(C2/C1)x103
gas ratios used: (C2/C1) x 103 (C3/C1) x 103 based on production gas data (DST)
1000
3 2
1 2 3 4
DRY GAS dissolved in water

100
GAS with CONDENSATE
1
GAS with OIL
10
... grading to TARS & BITUMEN

1 1 10 100
(C3/C1)x103
1000 10000 100000
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PIXLER PLOT (Baroid)

PIXLER (1969) modified FERRIE (1981)
Texas and Louisiana experiences C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4+ C1/C5+
(no free gas)
Non-productive Gas
gas ratios used: C1/C2 C1/C3 based on production C1/(iC4+nC4) gas data (DST) C1/(iC5+nC5) => LINES ARE DRAWN BY CONNECTING INDIVIDUAL RATIOS Comments: - Plot basically based on C1/C2 ratio
(see ratios accuracy )
(dry gas)
Productive Gas
(wet gas)
(volatile oil)
Productive Oil
(heavy oil)
- Steep slopes are usually a tight reservoir criteria - Negative slope might be a water zone
Non-productive Oil
(tars, bitumen)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
TRIANGLE METHOD (Geoservices )

so-called POTATO PLOT (early 1970 s)
developed in Middle-East, extended to Europe & Africa
A
4 /C (15)
C2/C(1-5)
gas ratios used: C2 / (C 1+ C2+C3+C4+C5) based on production C3 / (C 1+ C2+C3+C4+C5) gas data (DST) C4 / (C 1+ C2+C3+C4+C5)
1 - TRIANGLE (size & orientation) defines FLUID TYPE:
upward a apex downward
b c
dry
GAS c b OIL
wet
B
high GOR: Condensate
low GOR: Tars
a
2 - HOMOTHETIC CENTER defines PRODUCTIVE ZONES: by drawing 3 lines from initial plot apexes (A,B,C) to sample ratios apexes (a, b, c) IF HOMOTHETIC POINT IS INSIDE brown POTATO
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
C
/C (1 C3 5)
Wh, Bh and Ch ratios (EXLOG)

EXLOG (1985), now BHI
gas ratios used based on drilling:
1 - WETNESS 2 - BALANCE 3 - CHARACTER
Wh = (C 2 + C 3 + C4 + C5) * 100 (C1 + C 2 + C 3 + C 4 + C5)
Wh ratio Ch ratio Bh ratio

1 VERY LIGHT DRY GAS 10 100 0 1 2 3
( C 1 + C 2) Bh = ( C 3 + C 4 + C 5)
Ch = (C 4 + C 5) C3
17.5
40
0.5
Wh Fluid
< 0.5 DRY GAS
0.5 - 17.5 GAS
17.5 - 40 OIL
> 40 Residual Oil
LIGHT GAS
Bh
> 100 > Wh
Fluid
dry Gas GAS
Bh
>>Wh > Wh
Fluid
coal bed GAS
Bh
< Wh
Fluid
Bh
> Wh
Fluid
N/A*
GAS & LIGHT OIL COAL-BED EFFECT MEDIUM GRAVITY OIL
> Wh coal-N/A* OIL
= Wh lt G / Cond
<<Wh heavy OIL
heavy to << Wh residual OIL
< 0.5
GAS or COAL N/A*
COAL or N/A* OIL
Ch
> 0.5
RESIDUAL OIL
(*) N/A => incompatible
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CO NT IN UO US
PL OT TI NG
LIGHT HYDROCARBONS ratios INTERPRETATION

100000
(C2/C 1)x103
10000
1000
WHICH PLOT to trust ?
C 2/C(1-5)
4 /C (15)
100
10
(C3/C 1)x103
1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
NONE or ALL ! WHY ?

VERY LIGHT DRY GAS
Wh ratio Bh ratio
1 10
Ch ratio
1000 1 2 3
Non-productive Gas
Productive Gas
NO MIRACLE METHOD
CALIBRATED IN SPECIFIC AREAS
LIGHT GAS GAS & LIGHT OIL COAL-BED EFFECT MEDIUM GRAVITY OIL RESIDUAL OIL
Productive Oil
Non-productive Oil
... based on RATIOS ACCURACY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
C
/C (1 C3 5)
RATIOS ACCURACY
DEPEND ON . . .
... DRILLING PARAMETERS Rate Of Penetration Drilling modes (rotary, sliding) Mud Flow Rate Bit types Mud weight Mud type (WBM, OBM, ...) Help for GAS NORMALISATION ... GAS MEASUREMENT CHAIN DEGASSER: location GAS LINE: Flow pressure Ambiant Temp (Atmosph. Press.) DETECTORS: windows ... for each component thus, better use C1+C2
(instead of C2/C1 or C1/C2 ratios)
efficiency? pre-elution?
calibration? sensitivity ? overlap?
SELECTED GAS RATIOS REMAIN HIGHLY HELPFUL for: - Fluids pre-identification & characteristics - Geosteering (warning: recycling?) - Detection & Monitoring HP wells and ... GAS DATA RELIABILITY!
NEVER FORGET ROP vs Cycle time analysis vs Reservoir thickness
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS NORMALISATION: AIM

AIM: TO ELIMINATE CHANGES IN DRILLING PARAMETERS AND IN MEASURING CONDITIONS BASED ON TOTAL GAS Measurement(TG) APPROACH remains empirical (surface cond.) and/or approximate (downhole cond.)
It normally ONLY represents the LIBERATED GAS content per volume of rockdrilled warning IF: GAS RECYCLED (from surace) IF: GAS CONTAMINATION ( from mud, bit, ...) => BACKGROUND GAS IF: GAS PRODUCED ( from Open Hole)
CGI
Corrected GasIndex attempts for GAS NORMALISATION
SPI
Surface Potential Index
VGN
Volumetric Gas Normalisation
CGS
Calculated Gas Saturation
SEVERE LIMITATIONS: sources ofgas, Temperature& Pressure effects on mud gas composition while gas migration , ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GAS NORMALISATION: magic!

CGI (Corrected GasIndex)
Gas(%)* FR(bbl / min) CGI(%) = HV(bbl / ft) * ROP(ft / min)
approximate normalisation for changes of flow rate (FR), of hole volume (HV) and of ROP (equivalent to SPI)
SPI (Surface Potential Index)

SPI = 197 . * Gas(%) * FR (l / min) * ROP(min/ m) 100 * (BS(inches))2
BS: bit size
SPI estimates, at SURFACE CONDITIONS, the m3 of gas per m3 of rock (dimensionless value)
THE MOST REALISTIC INDEX FOR FAST & EASY COMPARISONS
tremendously
VGN (Volumetric Gas Normalisation)

VGN (%) = Gas(%) * ROPnormal HVnormal FRactual 1 * * * ROPactual HVactual FRnormal E
E=degasser efficiency in decimal %)
MAGIC!
CGS (Calculated Gas Saturation)

Pa (kg / cm2) Tu( K) * *Z Pu(kg / cm2) Ta( K)
CGS = 100 * SPI *
(ROP in m/hr
HV in bbl/ft
Pa: ambiant surface pressure=1 Ta: ambiant surf. temp (AMST) Pu: estimated fluid pressure Tu:estimated bottom temp (BHT) Z: deviation coefficient from Ideal Gas Law (gas compressibility )
normal conditions derived from a specific field, basin or region (!) Similar to CGI, more rigorous but incomprehensible !
CGS estimates, at BOTTOM CONDITIONS, the m3 of gas per m3 of rock (dimensionless value) Gas saturation affected by drilling conditions (flushing)
Recommended DEGASSERS: steam still (Cst volume) and/or suction probe (Cst flow)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Generality & Formation PRESSURES

SUMMARY GENERALITIES Concepts Pressure Regime status HYDROSTATIC Pressure OVERBURDEN: Definition OVERBURDEN: Calculation OVERBURDEN: Evaluation PORE Pressure:Definition Overburden and Pore Pressure COMPACTION: Normal & Abnormal LUCKY & UNLUCKY: examples FORMATION PRESSURE Acquisition Indicators Evaluation Swab Gas Test & LCT Drilling pressure evolution ROPnormalized story Advanced d exp
(1/2)
./.
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Formation & Well PRESSURES

SUMMARY (2/2) FORMATION PRESSURE (suite) Normal Compaction Trend dCn Rock bit types vs ROP curve vs dexp Compaction vs Drilling parameters Compaction vs Lithology Compaction Trend Observed dCo Shale Pore Pressurecomputed: Eaton method Pore Pressure:Eaton formula (dC, tcl, R cl) and Overlays EATON Overlays: isodensity (EMW) dCoOVERLAYS example: Excel worksheet Fracturation pressureevaluation WELL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS THEORETICAL TESTS: CSG, SBT, LOT, FIT
(Casing, Shoe Bond Test, Leak Off Test, Formation Integrity Test)
PRESSURE RECORDING PLOT Equivalent Mud Weight (EMW) CHARACTERISTIC PROFILES ANALYSES & INTERPRETATIONS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE CONCEPTS
HYDROSTATIC pressure OVERBURDEN pressure PORE pressure
H 2O
Matrix + Fluid into pores
Fluid
in pore
beurk!
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE REGIME STATUS

Pressure (psi)
0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 0
1000
Eq .D
LITHOSTATIC pressure
2500
IC AT ST ) RO i/f t D ps Y f t) H 68 si/ 0.4 3p c( 43 g/c c (0. 08 /c 1. 0g s= 1.0 en .D s= en Eq
Depth (meters)
en
5000
2000
.31
g/c c(
1p
7500
si/f t)
3000
SUBNORMAL pressure
4000
ABNORMAL pressure
GE OS TA TI C
10000
12500
15000
5000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Pressure (kg/cm2)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Depth (feet)
.D Eq
s= 2
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
Pressure exerted by a static fluid at a given point in a column
FLUID
theoretically Ph = (d . h) / 10
practically HP = (MW x TVD) x 1.422
0m mud weight:
1000m
1000m
water density:
1.00g/cm3
1.30g/cm3
TVD
TMD
1300m
MW (2) TVD g/cm 3 meter Ph = 130 kg/cm2
g/cm 3 meter
HP = 1850 psi
(1)
d h
Note: 130 kg/cm2 = 1850 psi
Pressure depends on vertical height (1) and on fluid density (2)

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN PRESSURE
OBG Pressure exerted by the total weight of overlying sediments (sea water + matrix + fluids into porous medium)
Cumulative Geostatic pressure

EMW
air gap
S OBG =
1 * (Z i Z i 1 ) * i Z i i =1
Zi - 1
EMW
sea water
Z i Z i 1 = int erval (usually 50m TVD )

i = average density ( litho log y ) along int erval
i
Zi
cumulative
cumulative
SOBG
SOBG expressedin EMW
SOBG
TVD TVD
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN CALCULATION
0m RTE
pb= 0
Air gap 25m AMSL Sea water

S1= (0 x 25) / 25 = 0.000 EMW
pb= 1.03
125m Sea bed

pb= 1.65
S2= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03)] / 125 = 0.824 EMW
Litho 1
300m Unit 1
pb= 1.75
S3= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03) + (175 x 1.65) ] / 300 = 1.306 EMW
Litho 2
S4= [(0 x 25) + (100 x 1.03) + (175 x 1.65) + (150 x 1.75)] / 450 = 1.454 EMW
450m Unit 2
and so on ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN EVALUATION
BULK DENSITY EVALUATION directly from DENSITY log:
average value along constant interval => NOT ACCURATE in case of heterogeneousformations
OVERBURDEN EVALUATION
known regionally, ie from logs ( t )

S OBG
n 1 = * (Z i Z i 1 ) * i Z i i =1
derived from SONIC log:
unknown (ie exploration: wildcat)

=> rough approximation:
? t (sec/ft ) =
(Z i
TTI(msec )*1000
Z i 1 ) * 3.28
SOBG = A*(ln ZTVDBRT) + B *ln ZTVDBRT + C

2
note : interval (Z i Z i 1 ) 50m
=> parabolic equation with
Sonic velocity (sec/ft), computed whatever formations: AGIP formula If SOFT form. =2.75 2.11 * (t 50 ) b ( > 70 sec/ft) (t + 200 )
in feet soft hard
A 0.01304 0.01447
B -0.017314 -0.018350 B -0.014215 -0.014912
C 1.4335 1.4846 C 1.2462 1.2870
If HARD form.
( < 70 sec/ft)
= 3 . 28
t 89
A in meters soft 0.01304 hard 0.01447
=> or regional equation/parameters
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PORE PRESSURE
Po Pressure exerted by fluids density into pore space
SUBNORMAL NORMAL ABNORMAL
Po
Po < Ph
Po = Ph
Po > Ph
LOSSES
EQUILIBRIUM
GAINS
- for SHALE - for RESERVOIR

=> Po corresponds to Pp (d exp, Sigmalog) => Po corresponds to Pf (formation testers)

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OVERBURDEN and Pore Pressure

PRESSURE
Pressure supported only by matrix

DEPTH
PP
S
d ui Fl re ure Po ss e pr
Pressure supported by FLUIDS and MATRIX

OVERBURDEN = effective Pore Stress + Pressure
S = + PP
(TERZAGHI law)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION
He-he!
Oooh
NORMAL
ABNORMAL
pore pore
WEIGHT TRANSMITTED ...
pore pore
... ONLY BY GRAIN TO GRAIN CONTACT

... BY GRAIN CONTACT AND ... BY PORE FLUIDS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LUCKY and UNLUCKY ?

(NORMAL and ABNORMAL PRESSURES)
sponge + H 20 plastic bag sponge + H 2O
weight H 20 H 20
weight H 20
weight
H2 0 H2 0
weight
H 2O
KICK
H
2O
NORMAL COMPACTION
UNDERCOMPACTION <=> OVERPRESSURE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
H 2O
Formation PressureACQUISITION
1 - CONTRACTORS INVOLVED vs DATA MODES
DATA
RECORDING REAL TIME DRILLING POST DRILLING
On SURFACE
MUD LOGGING
CREW
controlled (DST) uncontrolled (FFT)
ACQUISITION
and WIRELINE LOGGING CREW
DOWNHOLE (transmitted to surface)
LOGGING WHILE DRILLING

CREW
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Formation PressureINDICATORS
2 - DATA INVOLVED and RESULTS
PARAMETERS BKG, LCT, SwG, PCG, Ratio, ROP, WOB, Bit type, TRQ, Drag Shape, Size, Density (shale) Thermal gradient: (T IN , TOUT) none none none Empirical formula or laws
GAS DRILLING CUTTINGS Well Temp NUCLEAR ELECTRIC ACOUSTIC RESULTS THROUGH
none ROP, CAL, Rotary/Sliding modes none BHT, Mud T, Tool T GR, Density (RhobCL), Neutron (PhiNCL) Resistivity (R CL) SONIC Transit Time (deltaTCL) Direct physical measurements
dexp, Sigmalog, Form. testers

COMPACTION TREND SOBG PORE PRESSURE(PP) Psh, Pf
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Formation PressureEVALUATION
3 - DATA RESPONSES versus SHALE POROSITY INCREASE EFFECTS
NORMAL ABNORMAL
GAS DRILLING CUTTINGS Well Temp NUCLEAR ELECTRIC ACOUSTIC
BKG ROP Cavings
PCG WOB Size Thermal gradient RHObCL ResCL DeltaTCL PHINCL
LCT TRQ Shape

(diversity)
WHOLE CRITERIA MAY or MAY NOT REACT and IF ONLY 1 => ALERT
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Swab Gas Test & Long Connection Test

AIM ANTICIPATE the ARRIVAL OF the TRANSITION ZONE with the lowest MW
Hook height Hook height
SwGT
SPM
SPM
LCT
Stop drilling Off Bottom2-3m Circulating ~10min Stop circulating LCT time ~10min Resume circul~5min Back to drilling Total DURATION < 30min
time
Stop drilling FormG Stop circulating BKG Off Bottom3-5m swabbing time < 1min Resume circulation Back to drilling Total DURATION: 5-10min
PSWB << PFORM < PECD
PC
TG lagged
PC
TG lagged FormG BKG
1 std (Top Drive) 1 single (Kelly)

SwG
SwG
LCT
PC
time
PC
PLCT < PFORM < PECD
Better PFORM follow-up with LCT than SwGT (PSWAB < PLCT) PROCEDURE
Mudlogging crew records gas on surface (and checks associated lithology), then informs WSG and Co-Man for actions: Keep on drilling to next gas test Increase MW step by step (5 points= 0.05sg) Logging & Set casing (depending on LOT, FIT)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DRILLING PRESSURE EVOLUTION

PRESSURE (EMW)
What to do? 1 2 3 4 5
too early (?) for - setting Casing - rising MW (possible LOSSES) too late (?) for rising MW => KICK (if porous reservoir ) PP = MW, but still < ECD Unsafe drilling => well in equilibrium (in static conditions) ECD > PFRAC ( or PLOT) => LOSSES (slow pump rate: reduce ECD and pump LCM) drilling conditions => LOSSES (ECD > P FRAC) static conditions (PP > MW) => GAIN to KICK depending on permeability THE WORST SITUATION!
EN RD BU ER OV
DEPTH
1
c tati ros Hyd . ss Pre
MW
PP
z 2 3
FR AC ECD
4 5
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ROPNORMALIZED STORY!
dexponent
WOB (lbs) = K. BS (inches)
d
empirical formula
BINGHAM (1964, Gulf coast): relationships between LITHOLOGY and DRILLING PARAMETERS
ROP RPM
( ft / hr )
with d = compaction exponent(=> d exp) and K =lithological constant
JORDEN & SHIRLEY (1966) solved this equation for a constant lithology (K=1 for shale) Why only for SHALE?
( Cst*Z ) CLAY @ Z depth = surface * exp
CLST SST
RUBEY & HUBBERT law (1959)
log ROP 60 RPM ' d' = log 126WOB 10 BS

( ft / hr) 10 * * 10 *
(lbs)
Any decrease in d exp (expressed in EMW) when drilling a shaly sequence is a function of the degree of undercompaction
(inches )
REHM & McCLENDON (1971): d exp correctedfor mud weight (P function of Shale pore presure)
' dc ' =' d '.
Phydro ECD
( EMW )
Parameters not takeninto account:
( EMW )
Yeah!
Fair enough? NO !
easy, Man?
- P, not known accurately - bit type and bit wear - mud hydraulics when drilling with jetting (unconsolidated Clay )
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
UPGRADED or ADVANCED d exp

How to restitute an almost true normalized ROP ?
corrected for ROCK BITS as new ones for each depth drilled
where a = 0.93 * Z 2 + 6 * Z + 1 with Z= 0.31 * BW 2 3 * BW + +1 8 8 0.31 * x 2 + 3 * x + 1 and RPM corrected = RPM ( 8*10
HELP!
4
a log 0 .3048 * ROP * RPMc Ph * d= 0.026469 *WOB ECD log BS

(min/ m ) c (T ) ( inches )
( EMW ) ( EMW )
and p = 0.3 0.5 (teeth bit) 0.1 0.2 (insert bit)
0.0 ? ( PDC bit)
YES!
*RPM + 1.09 )
dCo
dCn
and x= BW Bit depthOUT Bit depthIN * 8 (Interval drilled)

WELLSITE GEOLOGIST & MUDLOGGING Crew MUDLOGGING Unit COMPUTER
and dCnstill not drawn !

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
NORMAL COMPACTION TREND dCn

RUBEY & HUBBERT
log() = -c.Z + log( o) => linear relationship between Depth (Z) and Porosity ()
3
INTERCEPT
5
1.00
dc(EMW)
2 3
ZAMORA: the d exp (proportional to porosity),

follows the same law for claystone/shale: log(dCn) = A.(DEPTHTVDBRT) + B
Slope A Intercept B
dCn
1000
At any depth:
A*Depth+ log(B)] dCn =10[
3000
(TVDBRT)
A=
Depth
log (d Cn 2 / d Cn 1 ) Depth 2 Depth 1
log( B ) = log( dCn ) A * Depth

log( dCn ) A* Depth ] B =10 [
*
2000
Example:
@ 1500m @ 4500m dCn= 1 dCn= 2
dCo
PE SLO
Geologist job Computer job

(MUDLOGGING CREW)
4000
slope A= 1.003*10-4 intercept B= 0.707
*
5000
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ROCK BIT types vs ROP curve vs dexp

Cone bits
NOZZLES 3 x ??/32 TEETH bit INSERT bit
Fixed head bits

NOZZLES or TOTAL FLOW AREA
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact

NOZZLES 3 x /32 TFA inch2 converted to equiv. nozzles
Rock is SHATTERED by pressure

ROP curve CONTRASTED: drilling parameters relativelysteady Cuttings shape & size generally well representative of rock compaction
Formation is CUT with cutters

ROP curve SMOOTHED: parameters adjustedvs lithology Cuttings shape & size fairly to non representativeof rock compaction
+
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION TREND and Drilling param s

Fast ROP (min/m) Slow
COMPACTION TREND
assumed to reflect a normalized ROP
TEETH
tricone bit OBM effect
DCn
PDC bit
WBM effect
with constant (!) DRILLING & MUD parameters
INSERT
tricone bit
WOB RPM Bit type Bit size
OBM WBM MW ECD
Core bit
IT WORKS!
Depth
Worn bit
ADJUST END to ENDSHIFTS WITHOUT CHANGING SLOPE(S)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION TREND and LITHOLOGY

Fast ROP (min/m) Slow
COMPACTION TREND
assumed to reflect a normalized ROP
DCn
SILT effect CO3 effect
based on pure (!) CLAYSTONE / SHALE
Sand baseline
Dcn => NORMAL
Dco
=> OBSERVED
Shale baseline
DCo
Depth
check LITHOLOGY check CALCIMETRY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
COMPACTION TREND OBSERVED dCo

dCo
reflects a Normalized ROP corresponding to :
0
d(EMW)
3 5
1.00
normal compaction dCo= dCn abnormal compaction dCo < dCn
1000
dCn
pore
2000
pore
Depth
3000
dCo
4000
pore pore
The increasein pressure is proportional to the difference dCn and dCo

5000
PRESSURE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SHALEPore Pressure COMPUTED

Shale Pore Pressure (P P) EATON method
3 5
d(EMW)
1.00
2 3
1000
Example at 4000m: dCo Ph

4
Depth
dCo(observedtrend) PP (EMW) =SOBG (SOBG Phydrostatic ) d Cn (normal trend)

= 1.50 g/cc (EMW) = 1.00 g/cc (function of water salinity)
1.2
2000
dCn
3000
dCo
dCn = 10(1.003*10- *4000 + log(0.7)) = 1.76 g/cc (EMW) at 4000m SOBG = 0.01447*(ln4000)2 + (-0.014912*ln4000) + 1.287 = 2.16 g/cc PP = 2.16 - (2.16-1.00)(1.50/1.76)1.2 = 1.20 g/cc (EMW)
4000
5000
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Pore Pressure & Overlays

EATON formulas
isodensity EMW
Overlays
While drilling
(Pp sucessively taken to1.00, 120, 1.40, )
dCo(observed trend) PP =S (S Phydro) dCn (normal trend)

During logging
1.2
dexp
dCo = dCn n * 1.2
S Pp S Ph
tn (normal trend) P P =S (S P hydro ) to (observedl trend)
t clay
t o = t n * 3
S Ph S Pp
S Pp S Ph
R clayn (normal ) P P =S (S P hydro ) R clayo (observedl )
1 .5
Resclay
Rclo = Rcln *1.5
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EATON Overlays: isodensity (EMW)

Isodensity lines for dexp
0
2 3 5
d (EMW) 1.00
1.00
1 - Determine the dCntrend: ( slope & intercept)

1000
1.20
2 - Compute at each depth, knowing - the SOBG (regional or recomputed) - the Ph hydrostatic gradient (1.00 to 1.08) the theoritical values of the dCofor different pressure gradients (1.20, 1.40, 1.60, ) using Eaton s formula:
1.40
2000
dCn
depth
1.60
dCo
1.80
3000
dCo = dCn n * 1 .2
S Pp S Ph
4000
Quick look method for Shale Pp

Note: Eaton exponents may vary(1.1 - 1.5)
5000
2.00
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
dCoOVERLAYS example (Excel worksheet )

NORMAL TREND dcn:
log(dcn)=A*depth+B dcn1 = 0.75 dcn2 = 0.9 depth1 = 250 depth2 = 1000 Pr.hydr. = EATON exp'= 1.01 1.2 sgEMW sgEMW m m sgEMW A=(log(dcn2/dcn1))/(depth2-depth1) 0.00010557 => slope B=10^(log(dcn1)-A*depth1) 0.70577702 => intercept
OVERBURDEN:
S=a*(ln(depth))^2+(b*(ln(depth))+c depth in meter a => 0.01447 b => -0.01491 c => 1.28700
=> dcn at depth:

dcn=10^(A*(depth)+log(B))
=> OVERLAY at depth:

S = dcn = 2.129 1.65
or enter newcoefficients
SHPP= S-(S-Ph)*[dco/dcn]^1.2 => 1.249 sgEMW
dco= dcn*[(S-Pp)/(S-Ph)]^(1/Eaton exp') or enter local OBG formula
SHALE PORE PRESSURE at depth: dco = DEPTH (mTVDBRT) 100 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 3750 4000 4250 4500 4750 dcn= 1,00 1.00 0.723 0.750 0.797 0.847 0.900 0.956 1.016 1.080 1.148 1.220 1.296 1.377 1.463 1.555 1.653 1.756 1.866 1.983 2.107 2.239
1.35
SOBG OVERLAYS (sgEMW) (EMW) 1.20 1.40 1.525 0.493 0.222 1.646 0.558 0.340 1.753 0.623 0.429 1.822 0.678 0.491 1.874 0.732 0.546 1.916 0.786 0.598 1.952 0.842 0.651 1.983 0.901 0.705 2.010 0.963 0.760 2.034 1.028 0.818 2.056 1.097 0.879 2.076 1.169 0.942 2.095 1.247 1.010 2.113 1.328 1.081 2.129 1.415 1.156 2.144 1.507 1.236 2.159 1.605 1.321 2.172 1.709 1.411 2.185 1.819 1.506 2.198 1.937 1.607
OPEN FILE
1.60 #NOMBRE! 0.084 0.214 0.288 0.346 0.398 0.447 0.496 0.546 0.596 0.649 0.704 0.761 0.821 0.885 0.952 1.024 1.099 1.179 1.264
1.80 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! 0.043 0.117 0.173 0.222 0.268 0.312 0.356 0.401 0.447 0.495 0.544 0.596 0.650 0.708 0.768 0.832 0.900
2.00 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! 0.024 0.071 0.113 0.153 0.193 0.232 0.273 0.315 0.359 0.404 0.452 0.503
2.20 #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE! #NOMBRE!
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
FRACTURATION evaluation
WHY ?
TO DETERMINE the MAXIMUM: - Mud Weight (ECD) permitted during drilling - Annular surface pressureallowed during kick - Casing shoe settings FRACTURE gradients depend on: - stress conditions in the wellbore (x, y, z) - Hole geometry & orientation
(FRACHORIZ. WELL << FRAC VERT. WELL) - FRACOFFSHORE < FRAC ONSHORE
- Mud Weight, wellbore Temp, Lithology, ...

0
NUMEROUS ATTEMPTS ALL METHODS ARE APPROXIMATIONS
1000
SOBG
2000
depth
The less worse : EATON
FRAC
3000
FRAC = FRAC * (S PP )+ PP 1
POISSON s RATIO =>K
4000
P PLOT LOT
5000 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50
sg (EMW)
ln(K) = a * ln(depth) + b equation equivalent to SOBG
DEFAULT COEFFICIENTS with depth in feet
with 0.33 < < 0.45
soft fm hard fm
a 0.226 0.354
b -2.667 -3.607
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WELL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

Theoretical Pressure tests types
Casing and/or Liner Test SBT Shoe Bond Test
TO CHECK possible leaks at casing shoe (cement: presence and hardness) after drilling out casing shoe
LOT Leak Off Test

TO DETERMINE the maximun pressure up to leak off = PLOT which can be applied at the first permeable level below the shoe (or no more than 50m)
FIT Form. Integrity T.

Equivalent to LOT, TO CONFIRM the validity of former LOT at shoe with cracking the formation PFIT P LOT while drilling the new section
DRILLER interest
DRILLER & GEOLOGIST interest
TO CHECK possible leaks along casing or liner equipments before drilling out cement
Practically
PERFORM IN A ROW ( RAT HOLEDRILLED) UP TO FRACTURATION/INJECTIVITY THROUGH THE FORMATION OR at a LOWER PRESSURE (assumed to be valid as PLOT ), DEPENDING ON EXPECTED FORM. PRESS. ALONG THE SECTION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE RECORDING PLOT

Measurementsfor the determination of the maximun mud weight permitted for drilling (ECD) without loss of circulation 2 3a 3b PINJECTIVITY METHOD: Increasing the mud pressure, generally using Cement Unit pump(s), by shut-in-well (well closed)
Pressure (psi)
PLOT
1 1
PUMPING
4
BLEED OFF
LINEAR INCREASE IN ANNULAR PRESSURE, PROPORTIONAL TO THE VOLUME PUMPED, AT CONSTANT MUD FLOW RATE DEPARTURE FROM LINEAR SLOPE: START OF LEAK OFF=> PLOT => AS PUMPING CONTINUES, MUD PENETRATING/INJECTING THE FORMATION CRACKING and INJECTIVITY THROUGH THE FORMATION => STOP PUMPING END OF INJECTIVITY f (racture propagation ) WELL STILL CLOSED (TIME > 15 min) END OF TEST: PRESSURE PURGE => COMPARE VolPUMPED vs VolRETURNED
THEORITICAL
3a
Volume (bbl)
Pressure outputs
Time (min)
MUDLOGGING UNIT
CEMENT UNIT
3b 4
paper print screen plot computer
+ -
+ + +
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EQUIVALENT MUD WEIGHT: EMW

(psi)
PINJECTIVITY
EMW =
(g/cc)
Pressure (psi)
PLOT
FRACTURE PROPAGATION
PLOT * 0.7032 + MW TVDBRT (conversion (g/cc) factor)

(m)
BLEED OFF PUMPING
example PLOT = 1250 psi Shoe = 1820 mTVDBRT MW = 1.22 g/cc VolPUMPED = 5.50 bbl VolRECOV = 4.25 bbl
Volume (bbl)
Time (min)
EMW = 1.70 g/cc Injected through formation: => 1.25 bbl = 200 liters
CONVERSION:
In OBM well, the pumping phase might be smoothly curved , due to fair oil compressibility
1psi = 14.22 kg / cm2
10 = 0.7032) 14.22 1bbl 42 gal 160 liters (
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CHARACTERISTIC PROFILES
P (psi)
1 Csg Test
CASING SHOE
P (psi)
2 SBT
(15 min)
VOLRECOV = VOLPUMPED
VOLRECOV
SOB !
VOLPUMPED
T (min)
V (bbl)
T (min)
V (bbl)
P (psi)
3 LOT
P (psi)
4 FIT
Permeable bed
VOLRECOV
<
VOLPUMPED Permeable bed
VOLRECOV<< VOLPUMPED
Permeable bed
Volume (bbl)
Time (min)
Volume (bbl)
Time (min)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESSURE ANALYSES
P (psi)
1 PLOT > Ppropag.

CASING SHOE
CEMENT P (psi)
2 PLOT = Ppropag.
A B
RAT HOLE
B A
SOB ! Volume (bbl) Time (min) Volume (bbl) Time (min)
VOLRECOV << VOLPUMPED POOR or WEAK CEMENT JOB POSSIBLE REMEDIAL JOB?
VOLRECOV < VOLPUMPED
SBT
?
HIGH PROPAGATION INTO re-OPENED FRACTURES, LIMITED ECDWHILE DRILLING
GOOD CEMENT JOB, SAFE in case of KICK CONTROL (CIRCULATION through CHOKES)
?
FORMATION NOT DAMMAGED BELOW THE SHOE
LOT
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE PROCESSING
SUMMARY
SAMPLING PROCESS: - SAMPLES: Why? and Types? - SAMPLES: Preservation ... what for? SAMPLING: BASIC RULES CUTTING PREPARATION WASH OUT SAMPLE EVALUATION CUTTING PERCENTAGE ACCURACY and VISUAL ESTIMATION DESCRIPTION and Order Standardization: General RECOMMENDATIONS 1 - ROCK NAME 2 - COLOUR 3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION 4 - TEXTURE: General Summary SEDIMENTARY PARTICLES CARBONATE DESCRIPTION 5 - MATRIX and CEMENT 6 - FOSSILS and ACCESSORIES 7 - Apparent POROSITY 8 - OIL SHOWS: Generalities Observation Comments
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLING PROCESS (1)

AIM OBSERVATION and EVALUATION OF FORMATION DRILLED,
SUMMARIZED IN MUDLOG DOCUMENT, ON RIGSITE SOLIDS samples
=> to rebuilt lithological column => to visualise reservoir characterisation
FLUIDSsamples
=> to identify true formation fluids => to precise rheology
(drilling fluid)
WHY?
SAMPLES
Gas
TYPES?
CUTTINGS Unwashed (UNW) Washed & Wet (W&W) Washed & Dried (W&D) ( + spot samples)
CORES + wax preserved samples
FORMATION SAMPLES Liquids Cond Oil Water
MUD SAMPLES Prior logging job, New mud type (per Drlg phase) ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLING PROCESS (2)

SOLIDS samples
CUTTINGS BAGS
PRESERVATION MODE
FLUIDSsamples
FORMATION SAMPLES
Liquids jerricans bottles Gas PVT cells chamber
CORES BOXES wooden

(preferably) or plastic
MUD SAMPLES
CANS Jerricans
cotton, paper, plastic,aluminium, glass pills
SAMPLES
UNW W&D W&W
LABORATORY STUDIES
measurement (on rigsite)

&
=>Accurate DESCRIPTION Lithology CALCIM., FLUO., Shale density Thin sections, ... HCb extraction, TOC (W&W) Heavy Mals identification Microfauna, ...
=> Rough description CHIPS observation CALCIM., FLUO. (thin sections) PETROPHYS. on Plugs SCAL (Phi-K, matrix, Sw) SEDIMENTOLOGY on slabbed core
Quick look Density (API), Pour Point, Resistivity & Salinity, ...
Component C1 ... C 5 CO2, H 2S
Mud weight OBM: Elect. stability O/W ratio, ... WBM: Rm, Rmf, Rmc Visc, Gels, ...
analysis (in town)
same analysis more accurate + Volume Factor (Bo, Bg) + Gravity, Finger prints, ...
rarely to none
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLING: BASIC RULES

UNFORESEEN EVENTS OCCUR ONLY ONCE DURING WELL DURATION
THUS
NEVER MISS OPPORTUNITY TO COLLECT SAMPLES

SOLID SAMPLES
=> WHILE TRIPPING/FISHING ... rock samples remaining stuck on BHA: - bit (tricone) - stabilizers - junk basket - ... Bigger cuttings for nicer thin sections
OTHERWISE
...
LIQUID SAMPLES
=> WHILE DRILLING ... ... Oil on Shale-Shakers (fractures indicator ?) => WHILE TESTING ... no flow on surface or nothing while reverse circulation (but test technically successful !) CHECK below DST string
YOU CAN BE TRAPPED !

AND LOOSE SOME IMPORTANT WELL DATA
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CUTTINGS PREPARATION
FROM SHALE SHAKERS SIEVES
WRITTEN WITH PENCIL DEPTH
THROUGH SIEVES COLUMN
UNWASHED sample
WASHED sample
RAW & MIXED CUTTINGS EMBEDDED WITH MUD including

ADDITIVE PRODUCTS
COARSE sieve MEDIUM sieve FINE sieve
FOR CHECKING POSSIBLE CAVINGS BIGGER CUTTINGS MAY BE USED for: - SELECTIVE CALCIMETRY - THIN SECTIONS FOR PERCENTAGE EVALUATION & FOR DESCRIPTION (Medium and Fine granulometric sizes may be mixed)
(Polymers, LCM, ...)
SUCK EXTRA WATER with towel, sponge, paper filter, ... STEEL / INOX
SAMPLE TRAYS
GLASS-WATCH curved
ALUMINIUM DISH undulated area
flat area
RECOMMENDED . . . . . . . . . . . . IF NOTHING ELSE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GEOLOGICAL WASH OUT

Possible ORIGIN: . formations poorly cemented , indurated, ... . and/or inappropriate drilling fluid (mud) PHENOMENA: Drilling with almost no WOB ( jetting ) => vf-f SD/SST Washable CL/CLST, SLST, ... Surface DETECTION in Mudlogging unit: Samples do not reflect the expected lithology Volume cuttings recovered<< Volume drilled Final Consequences => Miss DATA, borehole instability How to solve the situation? Wash samples yourself & check residue inside sink Look for lostsamples: flow-line, sand-trap, ... Washed out evaluation: Other: unexpected SALT, drilled ... with WBM not saturated
h Height AFTER ... H
coarse Height BEFORE ... medium fine
WASHING sieves set
Raw percentage after washing: SAND: 80% CLAY: 20%
WASH OUT EVALUATION
Mudlogging crew => DECIDE & ACT then ... INFORM => Drlg Supervisor
h SAND =0.8 x = 0.4 => 40 % H h H h CLAY = 0.2 x + = 0 .6 => 60 % H H
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CUTTING PERCENTAGE ACCURACY

ACCURACY EXPECTED ?
1000
remember: 5% TRACES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CUTTING PERCENTAGE ESTIMATION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (1):
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
WELLSITE GEOLOGIST
BE CONSISTANT BE SELECTIVE BE HOMOGENEOUS
limestone
BE ACCURATE
BE CONCISE
LMST
LST
LS
Lime-stone
OBSERVE under same conditions
RECOGNIZE and DISREGARD
USE usual codification
NOTE DOMINANT
REPORT MAIN
TIME => hardness LIGHT => colour FOCUS => texture ...
CAVINGS and other contaminants
STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS
SIGNIFICANT DETAILS
ROCK FEATURES
=> EXAMINE SEVERAL SAMPLES IN A ROW ... for updating the interpretated lithological column ... and KEEP LAST SIGNIFICANT ONES BUT AVOID TO fill up volume for the base Geologist!
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (2): BASIC RULES or STANDARDISATION

DESCRIPTION ORDER
1 - ROCK NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - COLOUR
and abundance (estim.%) under Cst lighting
....................................
3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . subjective appreciation 4 - TEXTURE: rock s components . . . . . . . . . . . . characteristic elements 5 - MATRIX and/or CEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . mechanical/chemical process 6 - FOSSILS & ACCESSORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . secondary rock particles 7 - POROSITY (apparent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qualitative 8 - OIL SHOWS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
evaluation
ephemeral approach fct (rock Phi,K)

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
1 - ROCK NAME
SILICEOUS
SLST SD SST CHT Silstone Sand Sandstone Chert
ARGILLACEOUS
SH CLST MRL Shale Claystone Marl
CARBONATES
LS/LMST Limestone DOL Dolomite CHK Chalk
Six (6) BASIC CATEGORIES OF ROCKS

ANH Anhydrite GYP Gypsum SA or HAL Salt BM BAS GRT SSDD Basement Basalt Granite SXST COAL LIG BIT Coal Lignite Bitumen
EVAPORITES
Miscellaneous
ORGANICS
PERCENTAGE QUALIFIERS Less than 5 = TRACES
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
NOTE: DIATOMITE and RADIOLARITEmay be encountered, but FORAMINIFERITE generally corresponds to an intensive washing of Argillaceous deposits !
2 - COLOUR
ROCK COLOUR DEPENDS ON: a- CONSTITUENT GRAINS b- MATRIX and/or CEMENT c- STAINING (mud products, iron, ... , OIL) STRESS ON PREDOMINANT COLOUR
SAMPLE TRAY: a- MUSHROOMS, TOMATO, ... b- CHEESE, NODDLES, ... c- MEAT, PAPRIKA, ... , Oil
for more details, see the ROCK COLOR CHART (The Geological Society of America) representing the: U.S. Geological Survey, AAPG, ...
REDDISH to LIGHT BROWN
(rdsh-lt brn)
TRAFFIC LIGHTS for COLOUR BLIND WSG
BROWNISH to ORANGE
(brnsh-or)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
3 - HARDNESS / INDURATION
MOH s scale (standard Mineral and Qualifying terms)
1 - TALC 2 - GYPSUM 3 - CALCITE 4 - FLUORINE 5 - APATITE 6 - ORTHOCLASE 7 - QUARTZ 8 - TOPAZ 9 - CORUNDUM 10- DIAMOND loose, uncons. friable soft plastic firm brittle (as coal) moderately hard hard very hard very hard
ROP ANHYDRITE (very hard) SALT v slow v fast
French scale
Ta your Grosse huge Concierge caretaker Follement madly Amoureuse in love Ose dares Qumander asking Tes your Caresses divine Divines caresses
(brittle)
NAIL: 2.5
GLASS: 5.5 STEEL: 6.5
(soft)
lse, uncons fri sft plas frm brit mod hd hd v hd v hd

OBM mod hd firm
WBM pasty, soft lost
(friable)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION (6): 4 - TEXTURE: GENERAL

ORGANISATION of the COMPONENT ELEMENTS ofthe ROCK
SIZE
(simplified WENTWORTH scale)
SHAPE ROUNDNESS: edges sharpness

v ang ang sbang sbrnd rnd wl rnd
ARRANGEMENT SORTING: grains range size
CLASTICS
Grains
Mud - Clay Silt vf - f med - v crs
size of element
< 20 20 - 63 63 - 250
CARBONATES
Crystals
crpXln - mXln extrXln vfXln - fXln
v elong elong sli elong sli spher spher v spher
extr wl srt v wl srt wl srt

pr fr gd
monomodal
mod srt pr srt v pr srt
250 - 2mm medXln - vcrsXln extrcrsXln
Granule-Boulder 2 - 256mm
SPHERICITY : shape of the grain (ratio width/length)
polymodal
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
4 bis - TEXTURE summary

ROCK GRAINS / CRYSTALS ORGANISATION
SIZE ROUNDNESS SORTING
SHAPE
SPHERICITY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
TEXTURE: SEDIMENTARY PARTICULES

very coarse
coarse
medium
fine
very fine
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CARBONATE DESCRIPTION
CLASSIFICATION according to DEPOSITIONAL TEXTURE
Structures of ELEMENTS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
5 - MATRIX and/or CEMENT

MATRIX
MECHANICAL DEPOSIT Silt, Clay
CEMENT
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATE Silica, Calcite, Dolomite, Pyrite, Salt, ...
OF SMALL INDIVIDUAL GRAINS, AROUND GRAINS or CRYSTALS, BETWEEN LARGER GRAINS , OFTEN BOUNDED TO THE SEDIMENT , FILLING INTERSTICES BOTH REDUCING FILLING INTERSTICES and/or VOIDS
POROSITY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
6 - FOSSILS & ACCESSORIES

EASY TO RECOGNISE, DIFFICULT TO IDENTIFY
MINOR ROCK PARTICLES ARE USEFUL FOR CORRELATIONS and FOR ENVIRONMENT INDICATORS
even if it is A SPECIALIST S job
DON T FORGET PERCENTAGE QUALIFIERS > 10 % Abundant 5-10 % Minor 1-5 % Rare < 1 % Trace and COLOUR OSTRACODS BRYOZOA ...
FOSSILS FORAMINIFERA
GASTROPODS PELECYPODS CORALS ALGAE
ACCESSORIES
(crystal, framboid)
PYRITE
CALCITE
=> DIAGENETIC, CONFINED DEPOSITS
GLAUCONITE
=> MARINE: EXTERNAL SHELF => FAULT, RECRYSTALL (BIOT, MUSC => detrit acid rocks) MICA (CHLORITE => fluvio -marine) SCATTERED GRAINS (Org.Mat, Coal, Gyps., ...l
HEAVY MINERALS
(APATITE: detritic, PO4 deposits)
ORGANISMS
MINERALS
lithics rock fragments magnet => Fe-Mg minerals

...
=> INFORMATION on ORIGIN and HISTORY of the SEDIMENT

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
7 - APPARENT POROSITY
PERCENTAGE QUALIFIERS
0 - 5% 5 - 10% 10 - 15% 15 - 20% 20 - 25% negligable visual porosity(n vis por: nvp) poor porosity (p vis por) fair/medium visual porosity (fr/med vis por) good visual porosity (g vis por) very good visual porosity(vg vis por)
INT ER GR AN ULA cuttings? R
soft sediments solid or liquid ?
INTERCRYSTALLINE MOLDIC
CORE => OK
VUGGY
INTRAGRANULAR
FRACTURE
CONNECTED or ISOLATED network ?

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
8 - OIL SHOWS: Generalities

ONE OF THE MAIN INTEREST OF A WELL knowing that:
SHOWS ARE EPHEMERAL (highly volatile)
SHOWS ARE FUNCTION OF: - mud weight flushed while drilling - mud types (WBM, OBM) samples washing - bits used cuttings size STRONGEST SHOWS DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THE BEST RESERVOIR
DESCRIPTION ORDER FLUORESCENCE (direct) ODOUR & COLOUR: intensity DISTRIBUTION:staining & bleeding FLUORESCENCE (cut, residual)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
8bis - OIL SHOWS: Observation

FLUORESCENCE Minerals ( calcite, ...) Bitumen Dead Oil Crude Oil DIRECT YES NO YES SOLVENT NO YES YES
2 4 4a
TEST TUBES
OIL ODOUR & OIL COLOUR the stronger, the darker (dk brnsh), the lower API the fainter, the lighter (lt yelsh), the higher API
SOLVENT FLUORESCENCE (crushed sample )

OIL STAINING & BLEEDING DISTRIBUTION
EVEN MOTTLED PATCHY SPOTTY SPECKLED PINPOINT NIL very good good fair poor very poor >40% 20-40% 10-20% 1-10% 1-2 grains
CUT
4b
PAPER FILTER
solvent reference DEPTH
1 SPEED
flash: instant. fast: < 5sec slow: 5-10sec crush: needle
2 STRENGTH
strong weak faint
solvent reference
RING sample
3 FORM
blooming streaming ( sl, mod, ...)
(RATING roughly= 1/permeability)
BRIGHT => DULL => PALE => FAINT (strong to weak)
INTENSITY
RIGSITE COMPARISONS (test tubes or white porcelaine)
EASY STORAGE for later comparisons
4 COLOR RING FLUORESCENCE or RESIDUAL

brown, gold, ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
8ter - OIL SHOWS: Comments

CUT FLUORESCENCE
PERFORM ON
DIRECT FLUO main COLOUR Brownish Orange Gold yel-grnsh White-Milky Whitish-Blueish OIL Gravity deg API <15 15-25 25-35 35-40 >45 g/cc >0.97 0.97-0.90 0.90-0.85 0.85-0.80 <0.80
DRY POWDERED SAMPLE

(before calcimetry analysis )
DIR CUT 3 2 1 1 2 3
SOLVENTS +++ CHLOROTHEN (fairly toxic ... only!)
++ +
ACETONE (satisfactory for heavy Hcb) ETHER (volatile, for light soluble Hcb)
MUD
PRODUCTS & ADDITIVES VENTILATED AREA
TETRACHLORID (poison very toxic!)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
LABORATORY: ANALYSIS & MEASUREMENTS

LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS : - CALCIMETRY - SHALE DENSITY ANALYSIS: - CHEMICAL TEST(Sulfates, Cement, Chlorides, Coal & Lignite) - OIL POUR POINT Temperature - THIN SECTIONS STAINING: - CALCITE COLORATION - OTHERS: Carbonates and Feldspars SUMMARY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CALCIMETRY Measurement
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100%
CALCIMETER
CARBONATE CONTENT
e
20
TIME (min)
BLEED OFF
(mechanical or electronic)
CORROSIVE ATTACK USING HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl 50%) ON WASHED & DRY CRUSHED / POWDERED ROCK (1 g),
d c
LEAK
either RAW and/or SELECTED samples

THE APPARATUS RECORDS THE CO 2 PRESSURE PRODUCED (BOURDON tube)
10
COMPLETE REACTION achieved after 1 30 +min , depending on LST-DOL content ( ...dolomimetry) Report values after 1 min AND after stabilization (NEVER CHANGE CALCIMETRY SCALE ON MASTERLOG)
a
1mn 0
PERCENTAGE
CHECK: - On Chart: depth and curve readings - Under microscope / binoccular: residue (Qz, clay, other Minerals, Org. matter, ...)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SHALE DENSITY Measurement

MICROSOL METHOD (Geoservices ) VARIABLE-DENSITY COLUMN METHOD
WASHED & HUMID samples and at least 3 MEASUREMENTS perlevel
d1
displacement in AIR
d2
displacement in WATER
Calibration Chart
soapy WATER
Apparent SHALE DENSITY
d SH =
d1 g / cc d1 d 2
VAPORS HIGHLY TOXIC (Bromoform 2.85sg, Trichloroethane, 1.47sg ...)
FAIR RESULTS IN OBM (Oil Base Mud)
ACCURACY & RELIABILITY NOT EFFICIENT
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL TESTS

(GYPSUM, ANHYDRITE)
SULPHATES
BaCl2 DECANT
(filter paper)
CEMENT
SST, tan-gy, vf-f, w cmtd, p calc, rare Glauco, ... TURNING to REDDISH-PURPLE with
HCl (10%)
HEAT
(destroy CO3)
WHITE PRECIPITATE
PHENOLPHTALEIN (pH 8.3)

CEMENT components are a BASE (Sandstones are not)
BaSO4
CHLORIDES
distilled water AgNO3 [N/10]
COAL & LIGNITE

HNO 3 (10%)
+
filter
white precipitate
CHECK with Mud Engineer for quantitative test
brownish LIGNITE SHAKE and DECANT transparent COAL
CHECK your fingers if not convinced !
remember : Always add acid to water , not the opposite way round
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
THIN SECTIONS
HELP TO IDENTIFY ROCK TYPES (mainly eruptives, ...) on SELECTED SAMPLES
AR KA NS ON
sti ck
2
HOT PLATE
3
frosted glass
4
300
(A)
ARKANSON MOLTEN (MUST NOT BOILED) PLACE the SAMPLES 600 RUD DOWN UNIFORMY with ABRASIVE POWDERS (300 => 600) RE-HEAT GLASS SLIDE (A) WITH SAMPLES HEAT NEW GLASS SLIDE (B) WITH ARKANSON
glass slide
5
REVERSE (B) OVER (A) REMOVE (B) MAINTAIN SAMPLES with needles to eliminate air bubbles PLACE some QUARTZ grains at slide corners
7
RUB DOWN SAMPLES with thinner Abrasive Powders TO
8
Put a COVER SLIDE or not (=> see stain tests )
Qz
(B)
APPROPRIATE THICKNESS
rolling grey OK
rolling yellow too thick
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OIL POUR POINT TEMPERATURE

AIM RAW OIL CHARACTERISTICS during SAMPLING (API, viscosity, ...)
TEMPERATURE
40 C 2
POUR POINT (C / F) 1 ambiant Temp
METHODOLOGY 1 COOL DOWN the OIL sample
to the COMPLETE SOLIDstate

2 REPORT the POUR POINT Temp
at the FIRST OCCURRENCE of LIQUID phase note: NEVER DO IT from LIQUID to SOLID state
5 C
into FRIDGE SOLID state
FIRST DROP LIQUID
LIQUID state
OIL phase behaviour
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
STAINING TEST: CALCITE COLORATION

HELP TO IDENTIFY CARBONATE ROCKS COMPONENTS on Cores & Cuttings
SAMPLES (Core chips, Drill cuttings) REAGENT MUST BE CLEAN & DRY
1 gram ALIZARIN RED S 1 liter distilled water (998cc) 5 drops HCl [N] (2cc)
CALCITE
PROCEDURE
APPLY 1-2 DROPS of SOLUTION LEAVE TO DRY OBSERVE under Microscope
DOLOMITE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
OTHER (advanced) STAINING TESTS

CARBONATES
A
1 ml HCl 1 ml Alizarin red 1 ml saturated Potassium Ferricyanide 8 ml distilled water Dip 1 min on polished sample, Let stand until dry
RED PURPLE
FELDSPARS
* Etch polished surface in close vessel of
HF ( hydrofluoric acid) vapor for 5 min 5% BaCl2 solution; then, rinse in & outinto * Dip sample (quickly 2 times
pure CALCITE ferrugineous (Fe++) CALCITE
Place sample for 1 min into saturated Sodium Cobaltrinitrate solution (40g in 100 ml water)
YELLOW Potassium FELDSPAR (Alkali)
LIGHT BLUE ferrug. DOLOMITE Ca,Mg/Fe(CO3)2 DARK BLUE ANKERITE Ca,Fe(CO3)2
Cover etch with rhodizonate reagent ; then, rinse

RED
(reagent: 0.2g rhodizonic acid potassium salt in 30ml water)
Plagioclase FELDSPAR (Na, Ca)

Damned! HF ?
Dip in solution AgNO 3 at 60C for 3 sec ( rinse with water to eliminate excess ) Dip in solution K 2CrO4 at 10% for 30 sec ( rinse & leave to dry)
PRECIPITATE of SILVER CHROMATE ON CALCITE (no stain on Dolomite)
ALWAYS WORK UNDER HOOD + RUBBER GLOVES + GOGGLES (dangerous acid fumes)
HYDROFLUORIC ACID or HIGH FREQUENCY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORES & CORING

SUMMARY - GENERALITIES . POLICY AGREEMENT . WHY CORING? . WHEN CORING? . WHAT FOR? - EQUIPMENT and TECHNICS . CORE BARREL and CORE BIT . AXIAL and LATERAL CORING - CORING OPERATION . MUDLOGGING ASSISTANCE . CORE RECOVERY: general - METHODOLOGY . UNSLEEVED CORE . SLEEVED CORE . CORE ORIENTATION and LABELLING . PRESERVED SAMPLE: S.C.A.L. - LABORATORY . PLUGS and SLABBED SECTIONS . ORIENTATION: Dip & Deviated wells - Finally: CORING: it s good ...
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: POLICY AGREEMENT

CONTRACT s OWNER ...
CARE with CORE
CORE with CARE
... CONTRASTED RESULTS
CORING IS EXPENSIVE and IT CAN BE A CONTINGENCY OPERATION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WHY CORING ?
BRING TO SURFACE
A COLUMN
OF THE DRILLED FORMATION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WHEN to cut a CORE?

-
EXPLORATION WELLS
CORING
DELINEATION & DEVELOPMENT WELLS

CORING
WHEN THE FORMATION EXHIBITS SHOWS CHARACTERISTICS of POTENTIAL RESERVOIR
FOR RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION PURPOSES OF KNOWN RESERVOIR and THEIR BOUNDARIES
WHEN UNKNOWN or UNEXPECTED GEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
FOR PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS
FOR BASEMENT IDENTIFICATION (TD CORING) . . .
FOR GEOLOGICAL MODELLING ,. . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: WHAT FOR? (AIMS)

GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Facies deposition Sedimentary sequences Fracturation network Dip (apparent, structural) Thin sections: microfossils, mineralogy, petrography ...
SEDIMENTOLOGIST, PALEONTOLOGIST, ...
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION STATIC parameters DYNAMIC Matrix: Rhoma, Phie m , n& acoeff. Water Saturation Sw Shaliness distribution => barriers Correlations ... PLUGS (surface cond.): - Phi, K (horiz. and vert.) SCAL (downhole cond.): - Irreducible Swirr - Relative permeabilities - Kro, Krw, => wettability ...
RESERVOIR Eng.
LOG ANALYST
YES, ARE THESE ENOUGH PURPOSES and/or REASONS TO TAKE GREAT CARE DURING & AFTER CORING? in view of ... the GEOLOGICAL MODEL
. . . almost!
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING EQUIPMENT
CORE BARREL
(DBS)
CORE BITS
(DBS)
IMPREGNATED (DIAMOND type)
CUTTERS (PDC type)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING TECHNIQUES
AXIAL CORING CORE BARREL
CONTINUOUSRECORD Possible ORIENTATED (Dip, Azimuth) PETROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES minimally disturbed Various INNER TUBES: . Aluminium, Fiberglass . Rubber sleeve, Sponge, ... SLOW and EXPENSIVE Possible POOR RECOVERY along: . FRACTURED zones . UNCONSOLIDATED formations
LATERAL CORING SIDEWALL
ADVANTAGES
WIRELINE ACQUISITION FAST & CHEAP RUN at ANYTIME (preferably at TD) SELECTED SAMPLES ( after logging) PERCUSSION or MECHANICAL bullets Mineralogy studies , ... DISCONTINUOUS RECORD MODERATE RECOVERY (flushed zone) NO Phi-K ANALYSES
LIMITATIONS
DRILLING Departments prefer not to core; but, they want: high ROP, long footage, not too many trips, no twist-off, not to be stuck, ...(BHI Coring Seminar)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING OPERATION & MUDLOGGING ASSISTANCE

... UNDER WELLSITE GEOLOGISTRESPONSIBILITY 1 - BEFORE Coring . CHECK (or prepare) CORE TRAYS on rig floor and/or CORE BOXES:
T
nb
=> Quantity (length cored + 10%), Order (numbering & labelling) . DATABASE: INCREASE SAMPLING RATE => every 0.5m, instead of 1m . CHECK SPP & FR : - before dropping the ball: mud circulates through the innertube - after dropping the ball: mud circulates in annulus, between outer barrel-inner tube
2 - WHILE Coring . ADJUST coring param(reduced compared to drillingphase) according to Core-man, . RECORD & MONITOR, as usual, all parameters (including lithological control), ?
. DETECT eventual troubleshootings: core jammed/broken, connections, worn bit, ... ... in order to stop coring, if necessary .
3 - STOP Coring
. BREAK the core by pulling up (the core catcherretains the core in the inner tube) when the core barrel isfull or if no more penetration is observed , . PULLING OUT the core assembly WITHOUT CIRCULATING at TD
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING OPERATION: RECOVERY

UNSLEEVED CORE
CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE
CORE-BARREL
SLEEVED CORE
=> inner tubes: RUBBER SLEEVE: FIBER GLASS: ALUMINIUM: ORIENTED CORING Sponge: => main use: soft / unconsol. Fm more and more used high Temp Fm dip, fractur., direct.K, ... Fluid recovery (?)
LAY DOWN on DRILL-FLOOR
Hammer, Plastic bags
LAY DOWN on PIPE-RACK / WALKWAY

T1
CATCHING CORE BOXES
Bottom
B1
Top
Bn Tn
Electric saw + caps & clips to seal each section
Bottom
Top Tn
BETTER OBSERVATIONS ON RIGSITE
B1
BETTER PRESERVATION for TRANSPORTATION
... ALWAYS UNDER WELLSITE GEOLOGISTRESPONSIBILITY

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
UNSLEEVED CORE
CORE RECOVERY
CONVENTIONAL PRACTICE
CORE-BARREL
METHODOLOGY
CORE TRANSPORTATION
1 - CATCHING CORE BOXES to ML Unit 2 - Rough SHOWS Observation: => Oil staining & bleeding + UV light: Dir.Fluo.
CORE MARKING
LAY DOWN on DRILL-FLOOR
Hammer, Plastic bags
T1
CATCHING CORE BOXES
Bottom
B1
3 - Soft washing with RAGS, BRUSH, Humid Sponge 4 - Pieces MATCHING & ORIENTING from Top to Btm into DEFINITIVE CORE BOXES 5 - DRAW Orientation linesfrom TOP to BOTTOM 6 - Measuring core& mark depths 7 - % recovery = (Recov.Length / Interv.cored) x 100
CORE EXAMINATION
Top Tn
Bn
8 - Detailled SHOWS 9 - Litho. description, including sedimentary features, ... 10-Labo analyses: calcim., Cut fluo, thin sections, ...
CORE PACKAGING
BETTER OBSERVATIONS ON RIGSITE
11-Subsidiary, Well Name, Core Nb, Box nb, T B => note: Never write depths outside boxes
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
SLEEVED CORE
CORE RECOVERY
=> inner tubes: RUBBER SLEEVE: FIBER GLASS: ALUMINIUM: ORIENTED Sponge:
CORE-BARREL
METHODOLOGY
CORE TRANSPORTATION
=> main use: soft / unconsol. Fm more and more used high Temp Fm dip, fractu., direct.K, ... Fluid recovery (?)
1 - CLEAR a.s.a.p. pipe-rack area , and move ... 2 - DEFINITIVE CORE BOXES to ML Unit 3 - COLLECT core chips every meter and place chips inside plastic bags for examination
CORE MARKING
LAY DOWN on PIPE-RACK / WALKWAY Top

T1
Electric saw + caps & clips to seal each section
4 - DRAW / underlined Orientation lines T => B 5 - NOTCH up with saw each segment / inner tube => for orientation inside inner tubes 6 - Clean with rags & mark depths on tubes 7 - % recovery = (Recov.Length / Interv.cored) x 100
CORE PACKAGING
Bottom
Bn
8 - SEAL with caps and clip each segments ends 9 - Subsidiary, Core Nb, Well Name, Box nb note: Never write depths outside boxes
CHIPS EXAMINATION
BETTER PRESERVATION for TRANSPORTATION
10 - A/A ... and fill in Core Description Sheet
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: ORIENTING & LABELLING

Pieces matching Orientation lines
LEFT: BLUE or BLACK RIGHT: RED
4
Good fit
3-4
3
Poor fit (one line each side of break)
2-3
2
No fit (two lines each side of break)
1-2
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
PRESERVED SAMPLE for SCAL => PHANTOM

OU CH !
SCAL#1
25 cm
ALUMINIUM FOIL
MiaouH
WAX or PARAFFIN HOT Bath
199 SCA L 8.5 TO CO 0-1 #1 TA RE 998 L O #1 .25 WL m Lm -
td -
o we x 5 ll G /7 HO ST #1
ououH ououH
1 AL# SC
HO
UU OO
...!
Woou!
Btm
1998.50 OST#1 H well: G
1 SCAL# .25m -1998
Btm
Btm
along GOOD and POOR facies
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING & LABORATORY

PLUGS SLABBED SECTIONS
V
E R T I C A L 3 SCRATCHES FOR ORIENTED CORING
V
PLUG
H ORIZONTAL
PREFERABLY CUT AT THE SAME DEPTH
CORE
PLUG
STRUCTURAL DIP and/or HOLE DEVIATION NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
CHIPS USED FOR THIN SECTIONS
SMALL CORES CUT INSIDE MAIN CORE LONGITUDINAL CROSS SECTIONS (for partners, ref., ...)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING ORIENTATION: DIP & DEVIATED WELL

DEVIATION AZIMUTH
STRUCTURAL DIP
= 90 ( + )
DEVIATION ANGLE
TMD
HORIZONTAL SECTION
TVD
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING
IT S GOOD IN ANYCASE,
MY DEAR COLLEAGUE !
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Reporting DGR& Coding DDR

REPORTING - GEOLOGY: . REPORTING ... through AGES! . CURRENT REPORTING: when? & what to report? . DGR : Daily Geological Report => CEF/SUB form - GWR : Geological Well Report - DRILLING: . OPERATIONS CODING . OPERATIONS TIMING: planned & unscheduled . DDR :Daily Drilling Report => FPL/OPS form ( DAISY ) SUMMARY
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
GEOLOGICAL REPORTING through AGES

AIM DAILY INFORM the SUBSURFACE OPERATIONS GEOLOGIST in BASE
HOW ?
Quantity of data transmitted
INFO-RIG
DOCUMENTS
e-mail
RADIO YESTERDAY
TELEX
PHONE
FAX
TODAY
Data transfer equipment
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CURRENT GEOLOGICAL REPORTING

INFO-RIG DOCUMENTS
afternoon reporting RUSH PRINTS => provisional data MASTERLOG ... if requested Deviation data ( detailled outprint ) Main LOG Raw Pressure &Sampling data Rush Core description ... morning reporting UPDATED FILES & PRINTS => previous day: 00:00 => 24:00 DAILY GEOLOGICAL REPORT MASTERLOG LOGGING files (ie): - Logg. Supervision Report - Press./ Samples / Temp, ... Core sheets ... TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
WHEN ?
ON A BASIS ROUTINE => TWICE A DAY ... on pre-scheduled time ON UNUSUAL OPERATION => AT ANY TIME TD, Logging, Coring point, ... CURRENT SITUATION DEPTH (TMD/TVD) OPERATION IN PROGRESS with details ... if requested (ROP, litho, intervals shows, ...) Possible Contractors failures , ... Oper. planned ... w/ expect. timing Miscellaneous: - job: equipm. transp. <=> base - perso: booking ...if any return ticket
WHAT ?
DAILY GEOLOGICAL REPORT

T O T A L
" Subsidiary" DAILY GEOLOGICAL REPORT
Report: Nb Date: dd/mm/yyyy
COUNTRY: Operator: Rig Name " X X X x x " LICENCE: Partners:
Contractors
=> strictly one A4 sized page => Expansible item boxes according to
FIELD: Drilling: Coring: SURVEY DATA Mud: MWD:
Platform:
1
Mud Logging: LWD:
V section(m/ft)
W ell Name
(abbrev.)
Slot: Well Type: L ogging: Testing: UNIT Off./Onshore Well status:
Other
OPERATION SUM M A R Y m/ft

TMDBRT(m/ft) Angle Azimuth Survey Type
TVDBRT(m/ft)
delta X(m/ft)
delta Y(m/ft)
operations in progress (ie LOGGING)

1 2
HEADER: - well data: Name, location, status, type, contractors - daily data: Report nb & Date ... as per DDR Focus on main data ... and dog-leg
RTE MSL GL/WD

PREVIOUS DEPTH
TMDBRT 907.4 900 800
TVDMSL 907.4 900 107.4
2
Operation SUMMARY
MIDNIGHT DEPTH
DAILY PROGRESS
1200
400 310 890
L ast Casing Shoe : 13 3/8"

OPEN HOLE : 12 1/4"
MUD type:
WBM
sg (g/cc, ppg)
-292.6
400 597 890
1.04
4
L A ST FORMATION TOPS / LAST MARKERS
TMD BRT(m/ft) Driller/Logger Driller/Logger TVD MSL(m/ft)
LAST FORMATION TOPS/LAST MARKERS
PROGNOSED Delta X (m/ft)
Delta TVD MSL
Delta Y(m/ft)
(m/ft)
TMD BRT(m/ft)
TVD MSL(m/ft)
ACTUAL Delta X (m/ft)
Delta Y(m/ft)
depth & Mud data ... as DDR 3 Midnight (casing diam & size, ... precise units used ) T re-COPY the Drilling report (DDR) 4 DON
Driller/Logger
L I T H O L O G Y
From (TMD) To (TMD)
Main Litho
LITHOLOGY and DESCRIPTION
(m/ft)
(m/ft)
Fluorescence Direct
Formation Cut
5
GAS SHOWS
From (TMD) To (TMD)
ROCK name, colour, hardness, texture, matrix & cement, fossils & accessories , porosity, Oil shows
6
iC5 (ppm / %) nC5 (ppm / %) Remarks
5 Intervals depth - See lithological description order 6 Fluorescencesummary, Remarks (ROP, calcim.) 7 Interval depths for each gas types (Nature) 8 and mail box(equipm. failure, Subsidiary requirem .,
Geologist s Contractors crewchange, ...) Unusual operations results(summerized)
Gas Analyser Type: NATURE (m/ft) TG (ppm / %) C1 (ppm / %)
BKG:background gas, FG:formation gas, TpG:trip gas, SWG: swabbed gas, PCG: pipe connexion gas, ..
(m/ft)
C2 (ppm / %)
C3 (ppm / %)
iC4 (ppm / %)
nC4 (ppm / %)
7
OTHER (LOGGING, CORING, SWC, RFT, DST, Remarks)
8
Status @ 06.00hr: Operations planned:
9 Morning situation & planned operations for the day 10 Wellsite Geologist(s) name
GEOLOGIST :
10
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Geological Well Report

TEXT.doc MUDLOG
PORE PRESSURE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
ASCII fi
les
SAMPLING SEQUENCE
UOY
DATA TRANSFER (ASCII)

TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOG
Basic wellsite document

AUTOMATIC GWR
MANUAL bi-hecto
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CORING: Description sheet
GWR
CORE SHEET
computer aided design deliberately not developed
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Operations CODING and TIMING (1)

AIM
FOR REFERENCING and FILING EACH INTERVENTION & OPERATION DURING WELL DURATION INTO THE DAILY DRILLING REPORT
DRILLING OPERATION MOVING & RIG UP PLUG & ABANDON
A
CASING & CEMENT
B P
PRODUCTION:
WORK-OVER & COMPLETION
C S G
SIDE-TRACK
RESERVOIR EVALUATION
GEOLOGY EVALUATION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Operations CODING and TIMING

00h00 - 24h00
(2)
DDR => DECIMAL TIME 2.50

(GWR => SEXAGESIMAL
TIMING
S
C
02:30 )
PLANNED OPERATIONS
PRODUCTIVE TIME (PT)
UNSCHEDULED EVENTS
(DOWNTIME) NON-PRODUCTIVE TIME (NPT)
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
DAILY DRILLING REPORT

Well NAME RIG NAME
TOTAL subsidiary
drilling PARAMETERS average
DEVIATION SURVEYS
MUD data
OPERATIONS DESCRIPTION
REMARKS
Geological remarks: - TOP FORMATIONS - Main GAS peaks - ...
Mud PRODUCTS
SUMMARY of OPERATIONS
WELL STATUS at:
OPERATIONS PLANNED COMPANYS REPRESENTATIVE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
ANNEXES
SUMMARY Easy RESEARCH Mudlogging KEYWORDS index Usual CONVERSIONS and EQUIVALENTS UNIT CONVERTER (general) Basic Wellsite GLOSSARY(English-Franais-Espaol) Standard LITHOLOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS: A => K Standard LITHOLOGICAL ABBREVIATIONS: L => Z CUTTING DESCRIPTION worksheet (TOTAL & Geoservices forms ) Simplified GEOLOGICAL SRTATIGRAPHIC SCALE International SPELLING CODE
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
EASY RESEARCH Press to

BASIC GLOSSARY
(GB - F - E)
OPEN
CUTTING DESCRIPTION SHEET
UNIT CONVERTER More ? MUDLOGGING AUDIT
OIL FIELD ABBREVIATIONS
GEOLOGICAL WELL REPORT
KEYWORD GENERAL INDEX
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
Mudlogging KEYWORDS index research
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CONVERSIONS & EQUIVALENTS

LENGTH 1 m = 3.28 ft 1 ft = 30.48 cm 1 in = 2.54 cm TEMPERATURE C = (F-32)*5/9 F = (C*9/5)-32 PRESSURE 1 kg/cm2 = 14.22 psi 1 bar = 14.50 psi 1 atm = 14.70 psi 1 bar = 1.02 kg/cm 2 1 g/cc = 2.31 psi 1 psi = 0.433 g/cc 1 psia = 1 psig - 14.7 GRADIENT Pressure: 1 psi/100 ft = 2.262 bar/10m 1 bar/10m = 44.21 psi /100 ft Temperature: 1C/100m = 0.549F/100 ft 1F/100 ft = 1.82 C/100 m VOLUME 1 bbl = 159 lit = 42 gal = 5.61 cuft 1 gal = 3.786 lit 1 m3 = 35.31 cuft = 6.29 bbl 1 cuft = 7.48 gal = 28.32 lit MASS 1 lb = 0.454 kg 1 kg= 2.2 lb SPECIFIC GRAVITY 1 g/cc = 0.12 ppg 1 ppg = 8.345 g/cc AREA 1 acre = 4047 m 2 320 acres = 1.295 km 2 1 ha = 10000 m2= 0.1 km 2 1 ha = 2.47 acres API vs DENSITY(g/cc)
API@60F = 1415 . 1315 . sg(g / cc) @60F
Gallon expressed in US gal (Imperial gal = 1.2 US gal)
ppg => pound (lb) per gallon
psi => pound per square inch
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
UNIT CONVERTER
38 CATEGORIES INCLUDING MORE THAN 170 UNITS
ANGLE AREA CONCENTRATION (mass/mass) CONCENTRATION (vol/vol) DIAMETER ELECTRIC POWER ENGINE SPEED FLUID LOSS Coefficient FORCE FRACTURE CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE TOUGHNESS INVERSE PRESSURE INVERSE TEMPERATURE INVERSE TIME K PRIME LENGTH MASS MASS GRADIENT PERCENT PERMEABILITY POWER PRESSURE PRESSURE GRADIENT RATE (mass/ time) RATE (vol/time) SPECIFIC HEAT SPURT LOSS Coefficient TEMPERATURE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY THERMAL GRADIENT TIME TIME RELATIVE VELOCITY VOLUME VOLUME GRADIENT VOLUME per COUPLING VOLUME RATIO YIELD (vol/mass)
CLICK HERE to open UNIT Converter
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
BASIC WELLSITE GLOSSARY
CLICK HERE to open GLOSSARY
3 SHEETS => 3sorting keys
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS (non exhautive )

A
about above abundant altered alternating amorphous and angular approximate arenaceous argillaceous as above associated at average abt abv abd alt altg amor & ang apprx aren arg a.a., a/a assoc @ av bcm bd biocl bk blky bl btm brk brt brit brn
1/2
C
calcareous carbonaceous caving cement chocolate circulate/ion clastic clean clear coarse common compact conchoidal conglomerate consolidated cream crossbebbed crosslamin . cuttings calc carb cvg cmt choc circ clas cln clr crs com cpct conch cgl consol crm X-bd X-lam ctgs dk deb detr decr dissem dom dty
E
earthy elongate equivalent excellent extremely ea elong equiv ex extr fr ferr fibr f fis flk fluor foram foss frac frag fri gen glas glauc gd grad gy gn
H
hard hd heavy hvy high/ly hi homogenenous hom horizontal hor hour/s hr hydrocarbon hc
B
become/ing bed bioclastic black blocky blue bottom break bright brittle brown
fair ferruginous fibrous fine fissile flake:y fluorescence foraminifer fossil fracture:d fragment friable
I
inclusion increase/ing indurated in part interbedded intercalated intergranylar interval intrisive iron irregular/ly incl incr ind i/p intbd intercal intgran intvl intr Fe irr
dark debris detrital decrease/ing disseminated dominant/ ly dirty
generally glass/y glauconite/ic good grading grey green
J
joint
jn kao
kaolin / itic
after SAMPLE EXAMINATION MANUAL - AAPG, 1981
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS (non exhautive )

L
lamina/ tion/ted large layer light limy lithic lithology little loose lam lge lyr lt lmy lit litho ltl lse mrl mass mat mtrx mky min mod mst md
2/2
O
occasional/ly olive off-white opaque orange organic occ olv offwh op orng org par pch pbl pel k, perm pet pk plas pp por pred prim prob ps purp pyrcl qtz qtzt
R
rare recovery /red red remains rock round/ed r rec rd rem rk rnd sacc aa spl scs scat sec sed shw sil slt/y sz sli/ly sml sft srt stn stky str sb suc
T
tan texture thick thin top trace translucent transparent tn tex thk thn tp tr trnsl trnsp
M
marl/ly massive material matrix milky mineral moderate most/ly mud
N
no sample NS nodule/ar nod no show n/s no visible poro nvp numerous num
particle patch/y pebble pellet permeability petroleum pink plastic pour point porosity predominant/ly primary probable/bly pseudopurple pyroclastic
Q
quartz quartzite/ic
saccharoid /al same as above sample scarse scattered secondary sediment/ary show silica/iceous silt/y size slight/ly small soft sorted stain sticky structure subsucrosic
unconsolidated uncons
very visible vitreous vug/gy
v vis vit vug wxy wthd wk wl wh w/ w/o wd yel
waxy weathered weak well white with without wood
yellow
after SAMPLE EXAMINATION MANUAL - AAPG, 1981 . . . N atters Around Field . . .
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
CUTTING DESCRIPTION Worksheet
A4 size
Booklet from ML Contractor
R GW
Booklet out of print
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
STRATIGRAPHIC SCALE
ANTHROPOZOIC
HOLOCENE PLEISTOCENE CRETACEOUS
MESOZOIC my 2
DOGGER MALM EOCRET. NEOCRET. DANIAN SENONIAN TURONIAN CENOMANIAN ALBIAN APTIAN BARREMIAN HAUTERIVIAN VALANGINIAN PORTLANDIAN KIMMERIDGIAN OXFORDIAN CALLOVIAN BATHONIAN BAJOCIAN AALENIAN TOARCIAN PLIENSBACHIAN SINEMURIAN HETTANGIAN RHETIAN KEUPER MUSCHELKALK BUNTSANDSTEIN
my 70
PALEOZOIC my PERMIAN 250 290 360 400 440 600
95
CARBONIFEROUS DEVONIAN SILURIAN
CENOZOIC
NEOGENE PLIOCENE MIOCENE PALEOGENE OLIGOCENE
130 150 180
JURASSIC
ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN
25
PROTEROZOIC 200 ALGONKIAN ARCHEAN 250 ... 4500 600
PALEOCENE 65
TRIAS
EOCENE
LIAS
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
International SPELLING CODE

A B C D E F G H I J K L M ALPHA BRAVO CHARLIE DELTA ECHO FOX-TROTT GOLF HOTEL INDIA JULIETT KILO LIMA MIKE N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z NOVEMBER OSCAR PAPA QUEBEC ROMEO SIERRA TANGO UNIFORM VICTOR WISKY X-RAY YANKEE ZOULOU
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB
MUDLOGGING CONCLUSION
TEP/DEG/CEF/SUB

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MUDLOGGING ...

. . . N atters A round Field . . .

. . . N atters A round Field . . .

EVALUATING CIRCULATING CO FIS RIN HIN HP G HT G LOGGING

TESTING DATA ACQUISITION

LITHOLOGICAL & GAS DATA WELL FOLLOW-UP

. . . N atters A round Field . . .

STONE AGE BIBLES ...

. . . N atters A round Field . . .

... 21st century BIBLES

TOOLBOX module 6.1

THE TRICKS OF THE TRADE

SAM PLIN G CO RIN G

. . . N atters A round Field . . .

Mudlogging KEYWORDS index research

. . . N atters A round Field . . .

EASY RESEARCH Press to

CUTTING DESCRIPTION SHEET

UNIT CONVERTER More ? MUDLOGGING AUDIT

OIL FIELD ABBREVIATIONS

GEOLOGICAL WELL REPORT

KEYWORD GENERAL INDEX

TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS

. . . N atters A round Field . . .

TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS

TECHNICAL DATA SHEETS

sensor type & model

sensor type & model

equipment & model

equipment & model

Range: N/A Alarm: NO Repeatability:N/A Weight: 38 kg

Type of Output: Sensitivity: 0.1 % Accuracy: 1 % Dimens.: 240x270x300 mm

Range: 0-100% Alarm: NO Repeatibility: Weight: 11 kg

Calibration & frequency: With a tape measurer.

for GASLOGGER and for RESERVAL

Power: Accessories: Electronical balance. Printer. Operating limits:0 -> 50 C.

location: Flow Line. location: Suction pit.

TOOLBOX - module 5.2

Geological Well Report

PORE PRESSURE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

DATA TRANSFER (ASCII)

TOOLBOX - module 7.0

DIRECTION EXPLORATION GISEMENT Dpartment Subsurface

EQUIPMENT and SAFETY AUDIT

SUB TOOLBOX TOOLBOX MODULE 2.1 module 2.1

TECHNICAL and CREW AUDIT

- Degaser - Detector - Analyser non combustible - Detector &Analyser

PREDEFINED CHECKLISTS TAG SUGGESTED ANSWERS and ADD YOUR COMMENTS...

ANNEXES: Gas flow-charts:

- Degaser - Detector - Analyser

ANNEXES: Nominal gas values for Detectors & Analysers

BAKER HUGHES INTEQ (BHI GEOSERVICES HALLIBURTON SPERRY-SUN (SSDS)

Ann-4 a-b Ann-5 a-b Ann-6 a-b Ann-7 a-b

. . . N atters A round Field . . .

. . . N atters A round Field . . .

MUDLOGGING LOGGING (WL & LWD)

DRILLING & RIG MAINTENANCE

DIRECTIONAL DEVIATION POSITIONING CORING MWD

DRILLING MUD CEMENT CASING ROV, ...

. . . N atters Around Field . . .

ACQUISITION EVALUATION DECISION EXECUTION

. . . N atters Around Field . . .

MUDLOGGING CREW WELLSITE GEOLOGIST