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A New Measurement Method for Power Signatures of Nonintrusive Demand Monitoring and Load Identication
Hsueh-Hsien Chang, Member, IEEE, Kun-Long Chen, Student Member, IEEE, Yuan-Pin Tsai, Student Member, IEEE, and Wei-Jen Lee, Fellow, IEEE

AbstractBased upon the analysis of load signatures, this paper presents a nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) technique. With a characterizing response associated with a transient energy signature, a reliable and accurate recognition result can be obtained. In this paper, articial neural networks, in combination with turn-on transient energy analysis, are used to improve recognition accuracy and computational speed of NILM results. To minimize the distortion phenomenon in current measurements from the hysteresis of traditional current transformer (CT) iron cores, a coreless Hall CT is adopted to accurately detect nonsinusoidal waves to improve NILM accuracy. The experimental results indicate that the incorporation of turn-on transient energy algorithm into NILM signicantly improve the recognition accuracy and the computational speed. Index TermsArticial neural networks (ANNs), EMTP, Hall effect, load identication, nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM).

I. I NTRODUCTION RADITIONAL load-monitoring instrumentation systems employ meters for each load to be monitored because they tend to be comprehensive, systematic, and convenient. These meters may incur signicant time and costs to install and maintain. Future load-monitoring systems will focus on developing strategies to minimize the number of instruments using a nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) system [1][3]. Fig. 1 shows the NILM system used to monitor voltage and current waveforms at an electric service entrance powering representative loads of different important load classes. Due to the importance and the difference of recognition accuracy of power signatures, several previous studies have addressed the load identication of power signatures in the
Manuscript received June 25, 2011; accepted October 15, 2011. Date of publication December 26, 2011; date of current version March 21, 2012. Paper 2011-PSEC-277, presented at the 2011 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL, October 913, and approved for publication in the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS by the Power Systems Engineering Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society. This work was supported by the National Science Council of the Republic of China, Taiwan, under Contract NSC 100-2221-E-228-006. H.-H. Chang is with Jin Wen University of Science and Technology, New Taipei 23154, Taiwan (e-mail: sschang@just.edu.tw). K.-L. Chen and Y.-P. Tsai are with the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan (e-mail: D9507103@mail.ntust.edu.tw; tsyunpin@temes.com.tw). W.-J. Lee is with the Energy Systems Research Center, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA (e-mail: wlee@uta.edu). Color versions of one or more of the gures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TIA.2011.2180497

Fig. 1.

Data collection and load identication system for a NILM system.

NILM. Hart [1] proposed a load identication method that examined the steady-state behavior of loads. Hart conceptualized a nite-state machine to represent a single appliance where power consumption discretely varied with each step change. Although the method performs well, the method has some limitations. For example, small appliances or some appliances, which are always on or have nondiscrete changes in power, cannot be chosen as targets for the method [1], [4]. Robertson et al. [5] employed a wavelet transformation technique to classify several unknown transient behaviors for load identication. This technique, however, is expensive since it requires powerful devices to detect the transient behavior of the loads. In addition, the detection of transient behavior can be obscured by the simultaneous transient of multiple loads [6]. Cole and Albicki [6], [7] examined a data extraction method and a steady-state load identication algorithm for NILM. The algorithm developed by Cole and Albicki can be employed for load switching between individual appliances when one or more appliances are switched on or off. This algorithm, however, requires an extended period of time to accumulate real power P and reactive power Q for sample data. In addition, any appliance power consumption that does not change cannot be recognized [7].

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Recently, several papers have proposed new power signature analyses [8][12], load identication methods [13][16], and feature selection approaches [17][19] to recognize loads and to solve classication problems. For the load identication methods, many papers have been published to improve the performance of recognition using articial neural networks (ANNs) for the NILM system. For example, Roos et al. [2] proposed a detailed analysis of steady-state appliance signatures to recognize industrial electrical loads. This method, however, requires complicated computations for accurate data of power signatures. In addition, Srinivasan et al. [16] proposed a neural-network-based approach to identify nonintrusive harmonic source. The method does not incorporate the various operational modes of each load and operation under different voltage sources. In a practical power system, there exist many harmonics. How harmonics affect the results of the NILM system has been demonstrated in [20]. However, harmonic content is very small for constant linear loads [10], particularly for commercial buildings and residences. Therefore, other features aside from harmonics are necessary for load identication on commercial buildings and residential customers. To mitigate the disadvantages of the previously published research, a new method for load identication of the NILM system is proposed in this paper. This method uses the turnon transient energy signature UT and traditional steady-state power signatures to improve the recognition accuracy and to reduce computational requirements. The proposed improvement technique is unrelated to operational mode, voltage variations, and power consumption change. The proposed method can be applied for commercial loads and industrial loads. Moreover, the proposed method can be applied for different loads with the same real and reactive powers or with the simultaneous starting time. Experimental results show that the proposed method for the NILM system allows efcient recognition of commercial or industrial loads, as well as improvement of computational requirements. II. DATA P REPARATION Fig. 1 illustrates the overall scheme of a NILM system. Three-phase or one-phase electricity powers the loads, which are representative of important load classes in a facility. A meter data management system (MDMS) connects to the smart meter/NILM system to manage and measure the operation, the load quality, and the power demand of each load through a wireless sensor network. The client computers can also read all information from MDMS through Internet or Web systems. A. Data Acquisition The main parameters to be acquired are the voltage and the current of aggregated loads. To compile data for training purposes, a representative sample of the loads should be monitored. Taking 256 samples of each cycle is sufcient, and hence, the sampling frequency is approximately 15 kHz. In the sinusoidal steady state or under linear time-invariant loads, complex power is calculated from voltage, current, and respective phase angles measured. In (2), the real number is the

real power P or the average power, and the imaginary number is the reactive power Q in the complex power S . In [21], they can be computed by V = Vm ejV I = Im ejI 1 S = VI 2 1 = Vm Im ej (V I ) 2 = P + jQ (1)

(2)

where variables Vm and Im are the maximum values of voltage and current, and variables V and I are the phase angles of voltage and current. The current and voltage consumed for a periodically nonlinear load can be represented by a Fourier series expansion. The appropriate coefcients corresponding to the current and the voltage in each harmonic are extracted from the results. The number of terms represented by the expansion determines the dimension of the feature vector. The real power and the reactive power can be computed by
N

P =
n=0 N

Pn = V0 I0 +
N

1 Vn In cos(Vn In ) 2 n=1

(3)

Q=
n=1

Qn =

1 Vn In sin(Vn In ) 2 n=1

(4)

where n is the harmonic number; V0 and I0 are the average voltage and average current, respectively; Vn and In are the effective nth harmonic components of the voltage and the current; and Vn and In represent the nth harmonic components of the voltage and current phase angles, respectively. B. Data Preprocessing Neural-network training can be made more efcient if certain preprocessing steps are performed on the network inputs. Before training, it is often useful to scale the inputs and the targets so that they always fall within a specied range. The approach for scaling network inputs and targets is to normalize the mean and the standard deviation of the training set, normalizing the inputs and the targets so that they will have zero mean and unity standard deviation. These can be accomplished by Pn = (P meanp)/stdp tn = (t meant)/stdt (5) (6)

where matrices P and t are the original network inputs and targets, respectively, and matrices P n and tn represent the normalized inputs and targets, respectively. Vectors meanp and stdp contain the mean and the standard deviations of the original inputs, and vectors meant and stdt contain the means and standard deviations of the original targets.

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real-power transient of each load captured by a NILM system at the entry of an electrical service. In Fig. 2(a) and (b), these are a 160-hp induction motor and a 123-hp induction motor, driven by variable-voltage drives, respectively. The turn-on real-power transients differ from each other because the induction motor is using different startup methods. In Fig. 2(c), this load is a bank of loads that is supplied by a six-pulse thyristor rectier that delivers ac power. The real-power transient is slowly increased to the normal rated power because of the control method of the thyristor rectier. The one-phase turn-on transient energy is determined as follows: V (k ) = v (k ) v (k 1) I (k ) = (i(k ) + i(k 1)) /2
K

(7) (8) (9)

UT = U1,transient =
k=0

V (k )I (k )

Fig. 2. Turn-on real-power transient waveform from a NILM system. (a) A 160-hp induction motor, (b) a 123-hp induction motor driven by variablevoltage drives, and (c) a bank of loads supplied by a six-pulse thyristor rectier for ac power.

where V (k ) is a derivative of transient voltage for sample k ; I (k ) is the average transient current for sample k ; v (k ) is the voltage sampled for sample k ; v (k 1) is the voltage sampled for sample k 1; i(k ) is the current sampled for sample k ; i(k 1) is the current sampled for sample k 1; K is the number of samples, k = 1, 2, . . . K . The three-phase turn-on transient energy is computed as follows: UT = U3,transient
K

III. P ROPOSED M ETHODS A. Turn-On Transient Energy Algorithms The transient properties of a typical electrical load are mainly determined by the physical task that the load performs [22], [23]. Transient energy may assume different forms in consumer appliances, depending on the generating mechanism [1]. Estimating current waveform envelopes at the utility service entrance of a building, for example, allows accurate transient event detection by using the NILM [22]. Load classes performing different tasks are therefore distinguishable by their transient behavior [22], [23]. Since the envelopes of turnon transient instantaneous power are closely linked to unique physical quantities, they can serve as reliable metrics for load identication. However, the transient is the dominant state directly after load inception. In actual current measurements, this paper adopted a new current measurement method, i.e., coreless Hall-effect current transformer (HCT) [24], to accurately detect nonsinusoidal waveforms in both transient and steady states. The nonlinear response of the traditional CTs will lead to the distortion in current measurements. In this new method, four coreless Hall sensors are symmetrically attached to an electric conducting cable for current measurement. The proposed layout can eliminate the ambient interference to achieve better current measurement. Moreover, without using iron cores, the HCT can accurately measure transient and harmonic current waveforms to identify load signatures in NILM. Fig. 2 plots the turn-on

=
k=0

(V a(k ) Ia(k )+ V b(k ) Ib(k )+ V c(k ) Ic(k )) (10)

where Va (k ), Vb (k ), and Vc (k ) are derivatives of transient voltage in phases a, b, and c for sample k ; Ia (k ), Ib (k ), and Ic (k ) are the average value of the transient current in phases a, b, and c for sample k .

B. Wavelet Transform To overcome the problems of short-time Fourier transform, Morlet and Grossman proposed the concept of wavelet transform, i.e., 1 a,b (t) = g a tb a (11)

where a,b (t) is called the daughter wavelet, g (t b/a) is the mother wavelet, a is the scale factor, and b is the shift factor. Wavelet transform essentially uses scale and shift factors to decompose the signal to be analyzed into a series of mother wavelets. Therefore, it is suitable for analyzing transients [5]. Wavelet transform can be classied into continuous wavelet transform (CWT), discrete wavelet transform (DWT),

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Fig. 3.

Three decomposed levels of DWT.

stationary wavelet transform, and wavelet packet transform. CWT is dened as

wa,b =

a,b (t)x(t)dt

(12)

Fig. 4. Measured overlapping envelopes of instantaneous average power for a NILM system.

where x(t) is the original signal; a,b (t) is the daughter wavelet. In order to get the DWT, the discretization of the scale and the shift factor is represented as follows: a = am 0 b = nb0 am 0 . Then, substituting (13) into (12), one will get Wm,n = a0 Set a0 = 2 b0 = 1 then the result is Wm,n = 2 2
m

(13)

m 2 k

m x[k ]g a 0 n kb0 .

(14)

(15)

x[k ]g [2m n k ].
k

(16)

DWT essentially decomposes the original signal into detailed and approximate signals via high-pass lter h[n] and low-pass lter g [n], respectively, as shown in Fig. 3. The relationship between high- and low-pass lters is shown in h[L 1 n] = (1)n g [n] (17)
Fig. 5. Event detection with DWT decomposition and coefcients of turn-on transients for the signal of Fig. 4.

where L is the length of lter. In this paper, Daubechies is used as the mother wavelet for wavelet transform. Fig. 4 shows the measured envelope of instantaneous power in one phase during the turn-on transient of a bank of loads connected to the ac source via a six-pulse power electronic converter followed by the turn-on transient of a three-phase 160-hp induction motor and then a 123-hp induction motor driven by variable-voltage drives. In this paper, we propose to utilize a wavelet transform analysis to detect and localize various types of turn-on transient events measured by NILM. The main underlying idea of this approach is to decompose a

given turn-on transient signal into other signals, representing a smoothed version and a detailed version of the original signal containing the shape edges, the transitions, the jumps, and the duration [5]. We also investigate the uniqueness of the wavelet transform coefcients (WTCs) since they represent the occurrence of the turn-on event. Fig. 5 shows the event detection using the Daub3 wavelet transform of the envelope of instantaneous average power waveform of Fig. 4. From Fig. 5, we see the detailed version

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of sharp turn-on transient events that occur in the vicinity of 0.05, 0.15, and 0.35 s, respectively. The WTCs at scale 1 show the occurrence of the sharp events of a turn-on transient. This is because, at scale 1, the analyzing wavelet is most localized. C. MFNN Most backpropagation (BP) neural-network applications employ single- or multilayer perceptron networks using gradientdescent training techniques, with learning by back propagation. These multilayer perceptrons can be trained with supervision using analytical functions to activate network nodes (neurons) and by applying a backward error-propagation algorithm to update interconnecting weights and thresholds until proper recognition capability is attained. In this paper, the BP classier is generally used as a trainable classier for a multilayer feedforward neural network (MFNN). Classication in this context denotes a mapping from a feature space to the set of class labels, i.e., the names of commercial or industrial load combinations. A supervised MFNN is generally divided into three layers, i.e., input, hidden, and output, including neurons. The neurons are connected by links with weights that are selected to meet the desired associations between the input and output neurons. These weights should be trained with existing inputoutput pairs using an appropriate algorithm. An appropriate momentum and learning rate should be given during the training phase. The purpose of the MFNN in this paper is to identify loads of the NILM system. The MFNN based on the BP method is adopted in this paper, and this ANN can identify the similarity between given data and known data [25]. The input, output, and hidden layers of the ANN are described. 1) Input Layer: The power signature information including the real power, the reactive power, and/or the turn-on transient energy for an electrical service entrance serves as inputs. 2) Output Layer: The number of output neurons is the same that of the identied individual appliances. Each binary bit serves as a load indicator for the ON/OFF status. 3) Hidden Layer: Only one hidden layer is used in this paper. Some heuristic approaches have been proposed to determine the number of neurons in the hidden layer [26]. The common number of neurons for the hidden layer is (number of input neurons + number of output neurons)/2 or (number of input neurons + number of output neurons)0.5 . The simulation results show no signicant difference between these two options. IV. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS A. Turn-On Transient Energy Repeatability To determine whether turn-on transient energy exhibits repeatability, a NILM system with three important loads was examined in an industrial plant. These loads include a 95-hp induction motor, a 140-hp induction motor, and a bank of loads supplied by a six-pulse thyristor rectier for ac power. The turn-on transient energy for each load was computed from

TABLE I VARIATION C OEFFICIENT D URING P ERIODS OF N EARLY S TEADY E NERGY FOR E ACH L OAD

the measured voltage and current waveforms at the service entrance according to (10). Because of the varying transients (which often depend on the exact point in the voltage cycle at which the switch opens or closes), it is essential that data sets for load identication have highly repeatable transient energy signatures. Therefore, the instantaneous power prole for each turn-on transient load is sampled when the system utility voltage is switched from 0 to 350 in 10 intervals, i.e., the number of load samples n is 36. Table I shows coefcient-of-variation values during periods of nearly steady energy for each load, all of which are less than 1% [8]. The simulation results indicate that the turn-on transient energy should have good repeatability. Therefore, the turn-on transient energy can be used as a power signature to recognize commercial or industrial loads. Moreover, the turn-on transient energy feature can be also used to recognize different loads with the same steady-state real and reactive powers or with the simultaneous start in a NILM system.

B. Case Study Environment and Results Experimental data sets were generated by preprocessing the data on the voltage and current waveforms of the total load. Each nal sample consists of (T 60 256) data samples obtained over a period of T . Each example of the power feature includes a voltage variation from 5% to +5% at 1% intervals, yielding 11 examples of power feature for each scenario and (2N 1) 11 raw data for 2N 1 scenarios given N loads in a power system network. To conrm the inferential power of the neural networks, the raw data examples are categorized into ((2N 1) 11)/2 learning and test data sets, respectively. The full input data set comprises a ((2N 1) 11) (T 60 256) matrix as both the training data set and the test data set. Notably, the learning data and the test data are randomly selected from all data. A neural-network simulation program was designed using MATLAB. The program was run to identify load on an IBM personal computer with an Intel 1.5-GHz Pentium M central processing unit. Each entry in the table represents ten different trials, where different random initial weights are used in each trial. In each case, the network is trained until the mean square error is less than 0.0001 or the maximum of epoch is 3000. Case Study 1EMTP Simulation: In Case Study 1, a simulated NILM system monitors the voltage and current waveforms in a three-phase electrical service entrance powering representative loads in an industrial building. The neural-network algorithm in the NILM system identies three loads with transient and steady-state signatures observed during operation of the 480-V common bus. These loads include a 160-hp induction motor, a 123-hp induction motor driven by variable-voltage

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TABLE II RESULTS OF LOAD IDENTIFICATION IN CASE STUDY 1

TABLE IV RESULTS OF LOAD IDENTIFICATION IN CASE STUDY 3

TABLE III RESULTS OF LOAD IDENTIFICATION IN CASE STUDY 2

TABLE V RESULTS OF LOAD IDENTIFICATION IN CASE STUDY 4

drives, and a bank of loads supplied by a six-pulse thyristor rectier for ac power. Table II shows that values for training and test recognition accuracy of load identication in multiple operations are 100% for features with real and reactive powers (P Q) or with real and reactive powers and turn-on transient energy (P QUT ). Case Study 2Experiment: The NILM system in Case Study 2 monitors the voltage and current waveforms in a threephase electrical service entrance powering representative loads in the laboratory. The neural-network algorithm in the NILM system identies three actual loads with transient and steadystate signatures on a 220-V common bus. These loads include a three-phase RL linear load, a one-phase 0.2-hp induction motor, and a three-phase 1-hp induction motor. Table III shows that values for the training accuracy of load identication in multiple operations are 100% for features with real and reactive powers (P Q) or with the turn-on transient energy (P QUT ). Furthermore, the test accuracy of load identication in multiple operations is at least 94% in this case. Case Study 3EMTP Simulation for Different Loads with the Same Real and Reactive Powers: In Case Study 3, the NILM system monitors voltage and current waveforms in a three-phase electrical service entrance powering a collection of representative loads of the major load classes in a commercial building. The neural-network algorithm in the NILM system identies three loads with transient and steady-state signatures operating on a 220-V common bus. These loads include a 2.6-hp induction motor, a 4.7-hp induction motor, and an RL linear load with real and reactive powers equivalent to that of a 4.7-hp induction motor. Table IV shows that values for the training and test recognition accuracy of load identication in multiple operations are all 100% for features with real and reactive powers (P Q), as well as the turn-on transient energy (P QUT ). However, the training

and test recognition accuracies of load identication in multiple operations are only 58.97% and 39.47%, respectively, for features with real and reactive powers (P Q). Those loads cannot be identied by real- and reactive-power features because the second and third loads are different loads with the same real and reactive powers, as are combinations of the rst and second loads and combinations of the rst and third loads. In other words, test recognition for those loads in multiple operations is quite low when using only real- and reactive-power features. Case Study 4Experiment for Different Loads With the Same Real and Reactive Powers: In Case Study 4, the NILM system is used to monitor voltage and current waveforms in a onephase electrical service entrance powering representative loads in the laboratory. The neural-network algorithm in the NILM system identies three actual loads with transient and steadystate signatures on a 110-V common bus. These loads include a 119-W dehumidier, a 590-W vacuum cleaner, and an RL linear load with real and reactive powers equivalent to that of a 590-W vacuum cleaner. Table V shows that values for the training and test recognition accuracies of load identication in multiple operations are also all 100% for P QUT . However, the accuracies of training and test recognition of load identication in multiple operations are only 51.28% and 39.47%, respectively, for the P Q approach. The test recognition for those loads in multiple operations is also quite low when using only real- and reactivepower features. The reason is the same as that for the previous section. In other words, the presence of different loads with the same real and reactive powers can be conrmed in two ways. First, test recognition in multiple operations is quite low when only using features of real and reactive powers. Second, the turn-on transient energy for one of the features can improve load identication, particularly for different loads with the same real and reactive powers.

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V. C ONCLUSION Based on experimental results and EMTP simulation of NILM, the transient power signature for load identication in NILM can improve the associated recognition accuracy. Turnon transient energy analysis is a useful method for improving load recognition accuracy and reducing computation time in a NILM system. To improve recognition accuracy within multiple operations, particularly for different loads with the same real and reactive powers or with the simultaneous start, features cannot be adequately measured only from steady-state parameters. In contrast to steady-state properties, transient properties such as turn-on transient energy can play an important role. Combining transient and steady-state signatures is necessary to improve recognition accuracy and computational speed. Although the number of weights and biases with the P QUT network is more than the P Q network (24 versus 21), recognition accuracy for these features P QUT is very high. In this paper, a new current measurement method, i.e., coreless HCT, has been utilized to detect nonsinusoidal waves for power signatures in transient and steady states. R EFERENCES
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[16] D. Srinivasan, W. S. Ng, and A. C. Liew, Neural-network-based signature recognition for harmonic source identication, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 398405, Jan. 2006. [17] C. N. Hsu, H. J. Huang, and D. Schuschel, The ANNIGMA-wrapper approach to fast feature selection for neural nets, IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. C, Appl. Rev., vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 207212, Apr. 2002. [18] N. Kwak and C. H. Choi, Input feature selection for classication problems, IEEE Trans. Neural Netw., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 143159, Jan. 2002. [19] M. Kudo and J. Sklansky, Comparison of algorithms that select features for pattern classiers, Pattern Recognit., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 2541, Jan. 2000. [20] H. H. Chang, H. T. Yang, and C. L. Lin, Load identication in neural networks for a non-intrusive monitoring of industrial electrical loads, in Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design IV . Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2008, pp. 664674. [21] C. A. Desoer and E. S. Kuh, Basic Circuit Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969. [22] S. B. Leeb, S. R. Shaw, and J. L. Kirtly, Jr., Transient event detection in spectral envelop estimates for nonintrusive load monitoring, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 12001210, Jul. 1995. [23] U. A. Khan, S. B. Leeb, and M. C. Lee, A multiprocessor for transient event detection, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 5160, Jan. 1997. [24] K. L. Chen and N. Chen, A new method for power current measurement using a coreless hall effect current transformer, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 158169, Jan. 2011. [25] B. Kosko, Neural Networks and Fuzzy Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1992. [26] Y. Y. Hong and B. Y. Chen, Locating switched capacitor using wavelet transform and hybrid principal component analysis network, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 11451152, Apr. 2007.

Hsueh-Hsien Chang (S05M05) was born in Taoyuan, Taiwan, in 1966. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1994 and 1996, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Chung Yuan Christian University, Jhongli, Taiwan, in 2009. From 1996 to 1998, he was a Project and System Engineer with ABB Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan. Since 2009, he has been an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronic Engineering, Jin Wen University of Science and Technology, New Taipei, Taiwan. His current research interests are in neural networks and evolutionary computing applications in power and energy systems, and power quality of power systems. Dr. Chang is a member of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society, Institution of Engineering and Technology, U.K., and Taiwanese Association for Consumer Electronics.

Kun-Long Chen (S11) was born in Shulin, Taiwan in 1982. He received the B.S. degree in 2004 from Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan, and the M.S. degree in 2006 from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Electrical Engineering. His research interest is in current sensors and their applications in power systems.

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Yuan-Pin Tsai (S10) was born in Chiayi, Taiwan, in 1965. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees from National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1992 and 2004, respectively, where he is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Electrical Engineering. Since 1992, he has been with Taiwan Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Services, Inc., where he is a Project Manager. His research interests are in power system protection and electrical safety.

Wei-Jen Lee (S85M85SM97F07) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1978 and 1980, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington, in 1985. Since 1985, he has been with the University of Texas at Arlington, where he is currently a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Director of the Energy Systems Research Center. He has been involved in the revision of IEEE Std. 141, 399, 551, and 739. He is the Vice Chair-Papers of the IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) and the Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Department, and an Associate Editor of the IEEE Industry Applications Society and the International Journal of Power and Energy Systems. He is the Project Manager of the IEEE/National Fire Protection Association Collaboration on Arc Flash Phenomena Research Project. He has been involved in research on utility deregulation; renewable energy; smart grid; microgrid; arc ash; load forecasting; power quality; distribution automation and demand-side management; power systems analysis; online real-time equipment diagnostic and prognostic system; and microcomputer-based instruments for power system monitoring, measurement, control, and protection. He has served as the Primary Investigator (PI) or Co-PI of over 90 funded research projects. He has published more than 240 papers in journals and conference proceedings. He has provided onsite training courses for power engineers in Panama, China, Taiwan, Korea, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, and Singapore. He has refereed numerous technical papers for the IEEE, the Institution of Engineering and Technology, U.K., and other professional organizations. Dr. Lee is a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Texas.