ANARCHY BADDD

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THE STATE IS ESSENIAL FOR ECONOMY: LOOK EMPERICALLY TO JAPAN

University of Kent at Canterbury. Economic Thought and the Role of the State in ‘Late
Development’: Friedrich List and the Japanese ‘Miracle’ BY Ralf Kroessin (MA by
Research in International Relations), 1998
In an era of so-called ‘globalisation’, the media and a growing part of the
scientific community are arguing that the nation state and national economic objectives
are increasingly devoid of meaning, and are generally pointing towards Anglo-American
style market economies for ideal types. However, economic development does not
necessarily have to be facilitated only through market forces, and there has been a
growing tendency to overlook the statist perspective on development. Nevertheless,
economic history illustrates that development has been brought about by various
means: markets and states have often equally contributed to the economic success or
failure of countries. But as this dissertation has shown, the Japanese economic ‘miracle’
is an extremely powerful illustration that the state is not completely out of the equation
for economic development. Nevertheless, the notion of a ‘miracle’ alone usually would
imply that there is more to it than simply just a continuous process of industrial
development. The term ‘miracle’ has been coined by Anglo-American economists to
‘explain’ the inexplicable. But as we have seen, only in terms of classical or neo-classical
theory the high-speed growth of the government-led industrialisation and development in
Japan cannot be fully explained since the state is disregarded as an economic actor and
only market forces are accounted for. The Japanese model, the developmental capitalism
described, is still a controversial topic but there is a growing body of literature which
points to this relatively new insight into national economic development. Chalmers
Johnson, one of the outstanding scholars of Japan, has written, “that Japan has invented
and put together the institutions of capitalism in new ways, ways that neither Adam Smith
nor Karl Marx would recognise or understand.”
Thus, the state has taken a truely active role in Japan by shaping the
direction the market takes through the co-ordination of an industry-wide consensus
on development objectives, industrial policy and administrative guidance for
selected targets. Consequently, this has lead to a reconsideration of development models
in the western world, even though in East Asia a fundamental understanding of this is
already common place and was used to build up the tiger or dragon economies in the
Newly Industrialising Countries (NICs) of the region. An important part of this re-
thinking process is the re-emergence of Friedrich List, who inspired and gave direction to
the Japanese economic development from the Meiji period onwards.
In conclusion, it is simply unjustified, despite the recent economic crisis in Asia,
to declare the state’s role as invalid and unimportant. In theoretical terms, the
common Anglo-American depiction of state versus market is too simplified to account for
the economic reality, especially in East Asia. Not the choice between Stalinist state
controlled (plan ideological) and free market (market ideological) economy has led to the
success of Japan’s economic system, but the demonstrated synergy between state and
markets was essential.
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AN ECONOMIC DOWNTURN WILL SPREAD THROUGHOUT THE GLOBAL

ECONOMY
Kupchan, Georgetown international relations professor, ‘03 [Charles, THE END OF
THE AMERICAN ERA, Knopf, p. 95 (PDOCSS1071)
The stock market and the economy as a whole cooled off with welcome calm in light of
the excesses built up over the 1990s. By the spring of 2001, the average price-to-earnings
ratio on the S&P Index had settled in less dangerous territory. But as the past makes all
too clear, any number of unforeseen developments could have turned a relatively
benign environment into an economic maelstrom. And the effects of a U.S. economy
in distress would surely be felt throughout the global economy. The same features of
globalization that Friedman finds so attractive-its speed, depth, scope, and low cost-make
it a safe bet that bad times in America will be transmitted to the rest of the world with
impressive efficiency. This is a central point. Globalization itself is a neutral phenomenon
made possible by the expanding infrastructure-the plumbingof the global economy. In
good times, this infrastructure quickly transmits prosperity and stability. But in bad
times, it just as quickly transmits impoverishment and volatility: The effects of
globalization depend entirely upon what is running through its fast and wide pipes.
The East Asian financial crisis gave us a good taste of just how quickly and
ruthlessly trouble can spread through the global economy.

ANOTHER DEPRESSION WILL CAUSE AN ARMED CONFLICT THAT

THREATENS SURVIVAL
Norman Bailey, Senior Director of International Economic Affairs, THE WORLD AND
I, 1990, p. 33 (MHBLUE1667)
"The thirties after all began three months after the inception of the Great
Depression and ended four months after the start of World War II. This is not a
coincidence. Tens of millions were killed and maimed in the Second World War. If
another historical credit liquidation cycle is allowed to take place in the usual
chaotic fashion the chances of another global armed conflict will be greatly
increased--time not only would hundreds of millions (rather than tens of millions) be
killed or wounded but the very hopes and the future of mankind, as such, might well
be destroyed in the process.

TURN: THE STATE IS ESSENTIAL FOR PRESERVING SOVEREIGNTY,

FREEDOM, AND JUSTICE.
THE NATION: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES
Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León, President of the United Mexican States, September 1,
1997
The existence of the State is essential for preserving national sovereignty,
guaranteeing democratic freedoms and ensuring observance of the law. But it is also
essential because of the great responsibility it has to secure social justice
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TURN: FREEDOM CANNOT EXIST WITHOUT THE STATE TO SUSTAIN IT

Fred Dalimayr, Political Scientist, POLITICAL THEORY, May 1984, pp. 204-234.
(MHDRG/E735)
Again in concordance with Heidegger, Arendt perceives a close proximity between
genuine freedom and human solidarity "We first become aware of freedom or its
opposite," she observes, "in our intercourse with others, not in the intercourse with
ourselves. Before it became an attribute of thought or a quality of the will, freedom was
understood to be the free man's status, which enabled him to move, to get away
from home, to go out into the world and meet other people in deed and word."
Basically, "without a politically guaranteed public realm, freedom lacks the worldly
space to make its appearance." Given its connection with human solidarity or plurality.
Freedom cannot coincide with voluntarism or the mere exercise of free will; even
less can it coincide with an absolute free will or an absolute will power as it has
traditionally been formulated in the doctrine of sovereignty.

ANARCHY INCLUDES A PERPETUAL RISK OF THE DESTRUCTION OF

OTHER’S LIVES AND PROPERTY. MOREOVER, THE STATE IS ESSENTIAL
FOR HUMAN SOCIAL EXISTENCE.
Reflections on the Minimal State, by John Hasnas, Associate Professor of Law
George Mason University, 2002
The exemplar of the argument for the state can be taken from Chapter IX of John Locke's
Second Treatise of Government.(9) There Locke contends that in the state of nature,
i.e., in the absence of a state, human beings can have no "established, settled, known
law," no "known and indifferent judge," and no "power to back and support [a]
sentence when right, and to give it due execution."(10) The lack of a uniformly
accepted body of law and any recognized judicial and enforcement authority means
that individuals' lives and property are always at risk of invasion by others. Because
only a state can supply the rule-making, adjudicative, and enforcement services that
individuals require for "the mutual preservation of their lives, liberties and
estates,"(11) the state is essential for human social existence, and is therefore morally
justified.(12)

THE STATE IS ESSENTIAL FOR EDUCATION

Education: Question for Debate has been jointly prepared by the EI education department
team composed of Elie Jouen, Monique Fouilhoux, Ulf Fredriksson and consultants
Yves Baunay and Richard Langlois, 1999
The involvement of the State is essential to ensure:
universal access to quality education, which requires appropriate social policy
provisions (free education, support services, etc.);
the continuity of public service provision accessible to all.
In order to serve the interests of the general public and society at large, and in order
to pursue long-term objectives, the public education system must not be subservient
to the interests of individual groups (local pressure groups) or to short-term
interests.
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EDUCATION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECT OF SOCIETY; WITHOUT

IT, HUNDEREDS OF CULTURES AND LANGUAGES WOULD PERISH FROM
THE EARTH.
A SPEECH DELIVERED BY MR. ZING CUNG, VICE CHAIRMAN OF CHIN
NATIONAL FRONT, CHINLAND. AT THE 16TH SESSION THE UNITED NATIONS
WORKING GROUP ON INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS, Geneva, 27 - 31 July 1998
Education is the backbone of any society structure and all other social elements are
the flesh, which are embedded in the framework called education. As I present the
topic on indigenous peoples, their language and education. I would like to view this in
terms of formal and informal education. Formal education simply includes basic
schooling from kindergarten to college, and informal education includes cultural
values and traditional wisdom which are passed on through education is designed by
the dominant racial group.
In Burma, Chin people are denied the possibility to learn and nurture their native
language in a formal education setting. This is a very unfortunate situation, because
once a language is dead, it can never be recovered. Chin language is push to the
brink of extinction; their cultural values and traditional wisdom are left un-
nurtured. With the demise of any language however small it may seem, a priceless
wisdom of a culture is lost which has been passed through the language. If big and
powerful language group succeed to eliminate other smaller, it will be like creating a
one color system flower in a garden because every language has its own unique color
and beauty.

EXTRA CARDS

US ECONOMIC DOWNTURN WILL CAUSE WORLDWIDE DEPRESSION

Financial Post, April 3, 1999, p.D7 (BLUEOC1639)
This year, eight economies will be in recession, two in depression. But all should be
growing again in the second half of next year, he predicts. Asia is moving toward the
beginnings of recovery and is no longer in crisis, in Mr. Sinai's view. South Korea has
turned around, from depression to modest growth. Japan seems past the worst, judging by
its stock market revival. However, if the U.S. economy falters seriously, so will the
fledgling recoveries, Mr. Sinai warns. Asian growth would be stymied. China might
devalue, causing new problems for the region. Europe could go into recession.
Canada's growth, heavily dependent on exports to the U.S., would disappear. Latin
America would fall into depression. All this could lead to financial market collapse,
and perhaps a world depression. 'The odds on this are not zero,' Mr. Sinai says.