Automotive tyre

1. Specification of product Main features design : Thread (tapak bunga) , body , and beads 1. Tread - raised pattern in contact with the road. Tread compounds include additives to impart wear resistance and traction in addition to environmental resistance. Give more grip when it contact with the road. 2. Body - supports the tread and gives the tire its specific shape. 3. Beads - rubber-covered, metal-wire bundles that hold the tire on the wheel. 4. Others feature (inside body) Inner liner, sidewall, apex, belt package , cushion gum, others Tire code = specifies the dimensions of the tire, and some of its key limitations, such as load-bearing ability, and maximum speed. The code is written at the tyre sidewall giving information to the user about the specification.

**based on Tire and Rim Association (TRA) pattern

Size of tyre designed for 1) Passenger vehicle (P) - It was designed to be fitted on vehicles that are primarily used as passenger vehicles. This includes cars, minivans, sport utility vehicles and light pickup truck 2) Light Truck (LT)- It was designed to be used on vehicles that are capable of carrying heavy cargo or towing large trailers. This includes medium and heavy-duty (typically 3/4- and 1-ton load capacity) pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles and full-size vans. 3) T: Temporary tyre(T) - It was designed to be used temporarily only until a flat tire can be repaired 4) Special trailer (ST)- It was designed to only be used on boat, car or utility trailers. ST-sized tires should never be used on cars, vans or light trucks. This type of tyre is not available in my factory because the cost of manufacturing is too high due to additional raw material (especially chemicals) , also the specifications for each trailer are not flexible

2. Uses of product Tyres are essential components for the safety of vehicle user. It is the only point of contact between the vehicle and the road, it must allow for acceleration, cornering and braking whatever the road, driving or weather conditions. All while giving drivers and their passengers a feeling of comfort. As an engineer who responsible to design perfect tyre which suit with the vehicles on the road, The tyre must fulfils six essential functions for the safety drivers and passengers 1. Carrying A tyre carries more than 50 times its own weight and is subject to more than 20 million deformations over its lifetime. It must also withstand considerable load transfers during both acceleration and braking. 2. Driving A tyre must retain its performances on all sorts of road surfaces and at temperatures that can vary from -50C to +50C. For reasons of efficiency and environmental protection, it must also offer low rolling resistance. 3. Guiding The tyre must provide stability at all times on the vehicle's trajectory. This means that it must withstand the transversal forces without drift. Among other things, this property depends on the correct choice of pressure between the front and rear axles. 4. Transmitting Straight line, corner, acceleration, braking The tyre transmits the energy from the engine to the ground at all times. It must respond to the many demands of the drive, the road and the environment. It provides longitudinal and transversal efforts that can reach its own load on a surface hardly bigger than a hand. 5. Absorbing The tyre absorbs obstacles and dampens irregularities in the road, thus ensuring the comfort of drivers and their passengers and the longevity of the vehicle. Its main attribute is its flexibility, especially in the vertical direction. 6. Lasting The lifespan of a tyre depends on the conditions of use (load, speed, condition of the road surface, condition of the vehicle, driving style, etc.) and on the quality of the contact with the ground. Pressure therefore plays a major role in this field. It affects:

3. Raw material

Composition of Raw material for tyre manufacture

Others

Chemicals Nylon tyre cord Rubber

Carbon black

Rubber Rubber is the main raw material for the production of automobile tyre. It account 52% of value for a tyre. In general, there are 2 types of rubber ; natural rubber and synthetic rubber. Natural rubber consists of suitable polymers of the organic compound isoprene with minor impurities of other organic compounds and water. Natural rubber is obtained from the milky secretion (latex) of various plants. The latex is a sticky, milky colloid drawn off by making incisions into the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels. This process is called "tapping". The latex then is refined into rubber ready for commercial processing. Meanwhile, Synthetic rubber is any type of artificial elastomer (polymer) mainly synthesised from petroleum byproducts. An elastomer is a material with the mechanical property that it can undergo much more elastic deformation under stress than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation. Synthetic rubber has the following advantages over natural rubber: better aging and weathering, more resistance to oil, solvents, oxygen, ozone, and certain chemicals, and resilience over a wider temperature range. The advantages of natural rubber are less buildup of heat from flexing and greater resistance to tearing when hot. Besides that, the cost of natural rubber is cheaper than synthetic rubber. Due to the pros and cons, I decided to hybrid this 2 type of rubber for the manufacturing of tyre in my factory. The ratio of rubber probably not same because my objective is to produce a very good quality of tyre but at the same time we want to reduce the production cost. Based on the road condition in Malaysia and research done by the expert engineers, most suitable ratio for the consumption of natural rubber to synthetic rubber is 40:60. However, for the production to be export to the other country, the proportion might slightly change. For example, india which require

towards higher usage of natural rubber due to Indian climatic conditions, over loading of vehicles and poor road condition. In India the consumption of natural to synthetic rubber is 80:20 which is in stark contrast to international ratio. Carbon Black Carbon Black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of petroleum products. Carbon Black is a form of amorphouscarbon that has an extremely high surface area to volume ratio, and as such it is one of the first nanomaterials to find common use. Carbon black is often used as a pigment and reinforcement in rubber and plastic products. It is known to be carcinogenic and harmful to the respiratory tract if inhaled, because it contains large amounts of Polycyclic hydrocarbons. Carbon black is a key raw material used in the manufacture of automotive tyres. More than 70 per cent of the demand for carbon black is from the tyres segment. Its main use is as a reinforcing agent in tyres. The molecules in carbon black absorb UV rays converting them to heat that can dissipate off the tire. Carbon black conducts heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire, reducing thermal damage and increasing tire life. This compound also is what gives tires their color. Nylon tyre cord Nylon tire cords are the optimum reinforcing material for bias ply tires such as truck, bus, and offroad vehicles, due to the nylon's high tenacity, the toughness, the superior fatigue resistance and the good adhesion to rubber. For my tyre production, Im using Nylon-6 dipped tyre cord, also called NYLON TYRE CORD FABRICS (NTCF),. The Nylon-6 dipped tyre cord is a high and new technology product. It has such advantages as follows: ** (reference:http://www.ganpatiexim.com/specification/NylonTyreCordFabrics/index.html)

High breaking strength; Excellent impact resistance; High fatigue-proof strength; Good adhesive strength with rubber; Its is the high quality framework material of all kinds of rubber tyre.

Chemicals In 1839 Charles Goodyear added sulfur to raw rubber and became the world's first compounder. Since then compounders have added a staggering number of substances to rubber to improve performance, lower cost or both. Over time, certain classes of materials have become standard ingredients in rubber compounds. Fillers, oils, activators, antidegradants, vulcanizing agents and accelerators are present in nearly all rubber formulations. Here are few example of chemical used in tyre production (as rubber accelerator).

2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Dibenzothiazole Disulfide N-Cyclohexy-2-benzothiazole sulfonamide Ethylene thiourea

Others such as metal-wire bundles used. For the beads of a tire, wire bundles are formed on a wire wrapping machine. The bundles are then formed into rings, and the rings are covered with rubber.