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Solutions to Chapter 3 Problems

S.3.1
Initially the stress function, , must be expressed in terms of Cartesian coordinates. Thus, from the equation of a circle of radius, a, and having the origin of its axes at its centre. = k (x 2 + y 2 a 2 ) From Eqs (3.4) and (3.11) d 2 2 + 2 = F = 2 G 2 x y dz Differentiating Eq. (i) and substituting in Eq. (ii) 4 k = 2 G or 1 d k= G 2 dz From Eq. (3.8) T =2 i.e. T = G d dz x 2 dx dy +
A A

(i)

(ii)

d dz

(iii)

dx dy

y 2 d x d y a2
A

dx dy

(iv)

where A x 2 dx dy = Iy , the second moment of area of the cross-section about the y axis; A y2 dx dy = Ix , the second moment of area of the cross-section about the x axis and A dx dy = A, the area of the cross-section. Thus, since Iy = a4 /4, Ix = a4 /4 and A = a2 Eq. (iv) becomes T =G or 2T T d = = 4 dz G a GIp From Eqs (3.2) and (v) zy = d Tx = 2kx = G x = x dz Ip (vi) (v) d a4 dz 2

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and zx = d Ty = 2ky = G y = y dz Ip (vii)

Substituting for zy and zx from Eqs (vi) and (vii) in the second of Eqs (3.15) zs = in which, from Eqs (3.6) l= dy ds m= dx ds T (xl + ym) Ip (viii)

Suppose that the bar of Fig. 3.2 is circular in cross-section and that the radius makes an angle with the x axis. Then. m = sin and Also, at any radius, r y = r sin x = r cos Substituting for x , l, y and m in Eq. (viii) gives zs = Tr (= ) Ip l = cos

Now substituting for zx , zy and d/dz from Eqs (vii), (vi) and (v) in Eqs (3.10) Ty Ty w = + =0 x GIp GIp Tx Tx w =0 = y GIp GIp (ix)

(x)

The possible solutions of Eqs (ix) and (x) are w = 0 and w = constant. The latter solution implies a displacement of the whole bar along the z axis which, under the given loading, cannot occur. Therefore, the rst solution applies, i.e. the warping is zero at all points in the cross-section. The stress function, , dened in Eq. (i) is constant at any radius, r , in the crosssection of the bar so that there are no shear stresses acting across such a boundary. Thus, the material contained within this boundary could be removed without affecting the stress distribution in the outer portion. Therefore, the stress function could be used for a hollow bar of circular cross-section.

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S.3.2
In S.3.1 it has been shown that the warping of the cross-section of the bar is everywhere zero. Then, from Eq. (3.17) and since d/dz = 0 (x , y ) = 0 This warping function satises Eq. (3.20). Also Eq. (3.21) reduces to xm yl = 0 (ii) (i)

On the boundary of the bar x = al, y = am so that Eq. (ii), i.e. Eq. (3.21), is satised. Since = 0, Eq. (3.23) for the torsion constant reduces to J=
A

x 2 dx dy +
A

y2 dx dy = Ip

Therefore, from Eq. (3.12) T = GIp as in S.3.1. From Eqs (3.19) zx = G and zy = G Tx d (x ) = dz Ip Ty d (y) = dz Ip d dz

which are identical to Eqs (vii) and (vi) in S.3.1. Hence zs = = as in S.3.1. Tr Ip

S.3.3
Since = kxy, Eq. (3.20) is satised. Substituting for in Eq. (3.21) (kx + x )m + (ky y)l = 0 or, from Eqs (3.6) x (k + 1) dy dx + y(k 1) = 0 ds ds

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or x2 y2 d (k + 1) + (k 1) = 0 ds 2 2 so that Rearranging x2 + 1k 1+k y2 = constant (i) y2 x2 (k + 1) + (k 1) = constant on the boundary of the bar 2 2

Also, the equation of the elliptical boundary of the bar is x2 y2 + =1 a2 b2 or x2 + Comparing Eqs (i) and (ii) a2 = b2 from which k= and b2 a 2 xy a 2 + b2 Substituting for in Eq. (3.23) gives the torsion constant, J , i.e. = J=
A

a2 2 y = a2 b2 1k 1+k b2 a 2 a 2 + b2

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

b2 a 2 + 1 x2 a 2 + b2

b2 a 2 1 y2 d x d y a 2 + b2
Ay

(v)
2 dx dy =

Now A x 2 dx dy = Iy = a3 b/4 for an elliptical cross-section. Similarly Ix = ab3 /4. Equation (v) therefore simplies to a 3 b3 a 2 + b2 which are identical to Eq. (v) of Example 3.1. From Eq. (3.22) the rate of twist is J= T (a 2 + b 2 ) d = dz G a 3 b 3

(vi)

(vii)

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The shear stresses are obtained from Eqs (3.19), i.e. zx = so that zx = and zy = i.e. 2Tx a3 b which are identical to Eq. (vi) of Example 3.1. From Eq. (3.17) zy = w= i.e. w= T (b 2 a 2 ) xy G a 3 b 3 (compare with Eq. (viii) of Example 3.1) T (a 2 + b 2 ) G a 3 b 3 b2 a 2 a 2 + b2 xy GT (a2 + b2 ) G a 3 b 3 b2 a 2 a 2 + b2 x+x 2Ty ab3 GT (a2 + b2 ) G a 3 b 3 b2 a 2 a 2 + b2 yy

S.3.4
The stress function is = G 1 2 d 1 2 (x + y2 ) (x 3 3xy2 ) a2 dz 2 2a 27 (i)

Differentiating Eq. (i) twice with respect to x and y in turn gives d 3x 2 = G 1 2 x dz a 2 d 3x = G 1+ 2 y dz a Therefore 2 2 d = constant + 2 = 2 G 2 x y dz and Eq. (3.4) is satised.

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Further on AB, a y=y 3 x 2a on BC, y = + 3 3 3 x 2a on AC, y = 3 3 3 x=

Substituting these expressions in turn in Eq. (i) gives AB = BC = AC = 0 so that Eq. (i) satises the condition = 0 on the boundary of the triangle. From Eqs (3.2) and (i) zy = and zx = d 3xy = G y+ y dz a (iii) d 3x 2 3y2 =G x + x dz 2a 2a (ii)

At each corner of the triangular section zy = zx = 0. Also, from antisymmetry, the distribution of shear stress will be the same along each side. For AB, where x = a/3 and y = y, Eqs (ii) and (iii) become zy = G and zx = 0 From Eq. (iv) the maximum value of zy occurs at y = 0 and is zy (max) = Ga d 2 dz (vi) (v) a 3y 2 d + dz 2 2a (iv)

The distribution of shear stress along the x axis is obtained from Eqs (ii) and (iii) in which x = x , y = 0, i.e. zy = G zx = 0 From Eq. (vii) zy has a mathematical maximum at x = +a/3 which gives zy = Ga d 6 dz (viii) 3x 2 d x dz 2a (vii)

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which is less than the value given by Eq. (vi). Thus the maximum value of shear stress in the section is (Ga/2)d/dz. The rate of twist may be found by substituting for from Eq. (i) in (3.8). Thus 1 2 1 2 (x + y2 ) (x 3 3xy2 ) a2 dx dy (ix) 2 2a 27 The equation of the side AC of the triangle is y = (x 2a/3)/ 3 and that of BC, y = (x 2a/3)/ 3. Equation (ix) then becomes T = 2 G d dz d T = 2 G dz which gives T= so that Ga4 d 15 3 dz
2 a /3 a / 3 (x 2a/3)/ 3 (x 2a/3)/ 3

1 2 1 2 (x + y2 ) (x 3 3xy2 ) a2 d x dy 2 2a 27

15 3T d = dz Ga4 w zx d = + y x G dz

(x)

From the rst of Eqs (3.10)

Substituting for zx from Eq. (iii) d 3xy w = y+ y x dz a i.e. 3xy d w = x a dz whence 3x 2 y d + f ( y) 2a d z Similarly from the second of Eqs (3.10) w= w= Comparing Eqs (xi) and (xii) f (x ) = 0 and f ( y) = y3 d 2a d z y3 d 3x 2 y d + + f (x ) 2a d z 2a d z (xi)

(xii)

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Hence w= 1 d 3 ( y 3x 2 y ) . 2a d z

S.3.5
The torsion constant, J , for the complete cross-section is found by summing the torsion constants of the narrow rectangular strips which form the section. Then, from Eq. (3.29) bt 3 (2a + b)t 3 at 3 + = 3 3 3 Therefore, from the general torsion equation (3.12) 3T d = dz G(2a + b)t 3 J=2 The maximum shear stress follows from Eqs (3.28) and (i), hence max = Gt d 3T = . dz (2a + b)t 2

(i)

Solutions to Chapter 4 Problems

S.4.1
Give the beam at D a virtual displacement D as shown in Fig. S.4.1. The virtual displacements of C and B are then, respectively, 3D /4 and D /2.

Fig. S.4.1

The equation of virtual work is then RD D from which RD = 1.75W It follows that RA = 1.25W . 2 W D W 3D =0 2 4