Durability of Concrete using Recycled Aggregates

W.K. Fung SCCT Annual Concrete Seminar 3 February 2005

Condominium Complex in Hamburg, Germany, built 50 years ago

Berendrecht Lock in Belgium 1987-1988 (C 35 recycled concrete)

Environmental Building at BRE, 1995-1996 (C25 for foundations, C35 for concrete slabs)

Durability Indicators
Carbonation Resistance to Chloride Penetration Permeability Resistance to Corrosion Fire Resistance Alkali Aggregate Reaction

The Recycled Aggregate

Ordinary Concrete

Recycled Concrete

Carbonation front in relation to permeability of the recycled aggregate and the new mortar

(a)

(b)

(c)

a) b) c)

Permeability of the recycled aggregate > permeability of the new mortar Permeability of the recycled aggregate = permeability of the new mortar Permeability of the recycled aggregate < permeability of the new mortar

Carbonation of concrete with different recycled aggregate content, used wet or dry in air and in 3% carbon dioxide (Second Series of Tests)

(Philipp Holzmann, 1998)

The 5% Carbon Dioxide Chamber

Measured Carbonation Depth

Uncarbonated concrete turning into pink color

Table 11.4(a) Carbonation Depths (mm) Concrete Grade Recycled Coarse Aggregates (%) Control 0 20 30/20 20 40 60 0 40/20 20 40 60 30/20 25% PFA 40/20 25% PFA 60 60 Sample G H G H G H G H G H G H G H G H G H G H G H Corner 1 d1 11 12 0 0 20 11 0 0 0 20 16 22 10 8 4 10 7 6 0 0 8 10 d2 20 20 0 0 21 17 0 0 0 27 28 25 14 10 8 9 9 17 0 0 24 18 d3 10 15 0 0 7 13 0 0 0 16 20 9 12 5 3 10 7 8 0 0 19 6 d1 17 10 9 0 16 13 0 0 0 20 12 0 12 15 6 5 9 12 0 0 13 5 Corner 2 d2 26 24 10 0 20 21 0 0 0 25 20 0 23 15 15 10 10 13 0 0 17 7 d3 21 23 11 0 13 19 0 0 0 6 16 0 17 6 5 7 6 9 0 0 8 5

Note: d1, d2 & d3 are defined in the previous slide

RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES AS REPLACEMENT FOR RIVER GRAVEL 0.8

0.6

50% river sand 75% river sand 100% river sand reference

Chloride (%)

0.4

0.2

0 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 Depth (mm) Chloride penetration in concrete mixtures with W/C of about 0.45. In case of 75% river sand or 50% river sand in the fraction < 4mm the amount of recycled material is 25% or 50% respectively (vol/vol)
(Fraaij et al, 2002)

ASTM C 1202-97 Test Set-up

Schematic Diagram of the ASTM C 1202 97 Test

Grade 30/20 Concrete

Results of ASTM C 1202 tests

Control 20% Replacement 40% Replacement 60% Replacement

60% Replacement with 25% PFA

8000

6000

New chart based on Table 11.3(a)

High

Coulombs

4000

Moderate
2000
1000 100

Low Very Low Negligible

0 10 20 30 40 50

Chloride Ion Penetrability Test to ASTMC 1202

Grade 40/20 Concrete

Control 20% Replacement 40% Replacement 60% Replacement

Results of ASTM C1202 tests

8000 6000

60% Replacement with 25% PFA

New chart based on Table 11.3(b)

High

Coulombs

4000

Moderate
2000
1000

Low Very Low

0 10 20 30 40 50

100 0

Negligible

Chloride Ion Penetrability Test to ASTMC 1202

140 120

WATER PENETRATION, mm

100 80 60 40 20 0 1 B0/0 2 B100/0 3 B0/100 4 B50/50 5 B100/100 6 B100/100+

CONCRETE MIX Variation of water permeability for different mixes (Kenai et al, 2002)

Initial Surface Absorption Test

Schematic layout of the ISAT equipment

Concrete Society Technical Report 31 (1987)

Reading taken Low Average High

10 min

<0.25

0.25-0.50

>0.50

30 min

<0.10

0.10-0.35

>0.35

60 min

<0.07

0.07-0.20

>0.20

where the numbers are in ml/m/sec.

Classification of Initial Surface Absorption

ISAT Results
Grade 30/20 Control Mix Specimen G
Surface A Bottom of cube 10 minutes 30 minutes 60 minutes Permeability 0.34 0.22 0.16 Average Surface B Side 0.46 0.31 0.25 Average Surface C Side 0.48 0.34 0.26 Average Surface A Bottom of cube 0.42 0.27 0.18 Average

Specimen H
Surface B Side 0.46 0.34 0.27 Average Surface C Side 0.51 0.33 0.27 High

Grade 30/20 Specimen G

Surface A Bottom of cube 10 minutes 30 minutes 60 minutes Permeability 0.39 0.23 0.17 Average Surface B Side 0.44 0.25 0.18 Average

60% replacement

25% PFA Specimen H

Surface C Side 0.45 0.25 0.18 Average

Surface A Bottom of cube 0.41 0.25 0.17 Average

Surface B Side 0.37 0.23 0.17 Average

Surface C Side 0.43 0.22 0.17 Average

0.7

w/c = 0.55
0.6

w/c = 0.55

Potential in Volts (CSE)

0.5

w/c = 0.40
0.4

w/c = 0.40

0.3

0.2

Conventional Concrete Recycled Aggregate Concrete

0.1

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Cycles of Ponding and Drying

Half-cell potentials of steel bars embedded in specimens made from recycled and conventional aggregate

(ACI Manual, 2003)

Recycled coarse Aggregate (%) 0

Recycled fine aggregate (%) 0

Moisture content in concrete (%) 4.7

Explosive fracture

Residual compressive strength (%) 14.5

No

30

5.7

No

12.8

30

5.2

No

12.2

30

30

6.2

No

13.0

50

6.0

No

13.5

100

7.1

No

13.1

Residual Compressive Strength of Concretes after Fire (Teranishi et al 1998)

2nd generation concrete with low soluble alkali content (S2) Expansion in mm/m

2nd generation concrete with high soluble alkali content (S1)

Parent Concrete A

Comparison of expansion of 3 concrete prisms at 40oC and 100% RH

Linear expansion [mm/m]

Low alkali cement

Days Expansion of concrete prisms containing different percentage of recycled aggregates (Haase and Dahms, 1998)

Durability Indicators
Carbonation Resistance to Chloride Penetration Permeability Resistance to Corrosion Fire Resistance Alkali Aggregate Reaction

Conclusion
From all tests which serve as indicators of durability, it is evident that: Recycled Concrete is just as durable as Ordinary Concrete

Thank You