Find the detail meaning of the words. 1.

Fakta/ Facts

A fact (derived from the Latin word factum) is something that has really occurred or is actually the case. The usual test for a statement of fact is verifiability, that is whether it can be proven to correspond to experience. Standard reference works are often used to check facts. Scientific facts are verified by repeatable experiments. In science, an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and for all practical purposes is accepted as true. Truth in science, however, is never final and what is accepted as a fact today may be modified or even discarded tomorrow. The scientific concept of fact is central to fundamental questions regarding the nature, methods, scope and validity of scientific reasoning. In the most basic sense, a scientific fact is an objective and verifiable observation, in contrast with a hypothesis or theory, which is intended to explain or interpret facts Various scholars have offered significant refinements to this basic formulation (details below). Also, rigorous scientific use of the term "fact" is careful to distinguish: 1) states of affairs in the external world; from 2) assertions of fact that may be considered relevant in scientific analysis. The term is used in both senses in the philosophy of science 2. Konsep/ Concepts Concepts is a mental image, about materials objects and intangible event in theor surrounding. It is used for thinking and communicating based on properties or attributes that describe a thing or event. (Tillery B.W.) In general usage, concepts mainly denotes idea or notion. It is envisaged or psychological thing presupposing conscious mind which at least potentially have the concepts (Dictionary of the Social Science). Concepts is an idea of something formed by mentally combining all its characteristics or particulars. Concepts is also defined as an aspects of thought. A concepts is a kind of unit in terms of which one thinks; a unit smaller than a judgement, proposition or theory but one which necessarily enters into these. 1

Concepts correspond to or are meaning of all meaningful words, with certain qualifications. Concepts are more naturally described as applicable or inapplicable, valid or invalid, useful or useless. 3. Prinsip/ Principle A principle is a kind of rule or law. Principles help to decide what will happen in a particular situation. Archimedes principle tell us which substances will float in water and which one will sink.(Mellet P.) Principle refer to a rule of science that explain how something work. For example, principle of the lever. principle is also one of the elements that compose a substance especially one that give some special quality or effect. Principle is the scientific law that explain a natural action. For example, the principle of cell division. Principle is also an essential element, constituent or quality, one that produces a specific effect. Example, the effect principle of a medicine.(The American Heritage Dictionary of Science) Kamus Dewan state the definition of principle as asas atau dasar yang menjadi pokok sesuatu pemikiran, kajian, tindakan, hukum sesuatu teori. Principle is one that is testable for consistency by performing an experiment. We can never prove anything absolutely this way but we must be able to disprove it if it is wrong. 4. Teori/ Theory Theory is a broad working hypothesis that is based on extensive experimental evidence. A scientific theory tells us why something happen. The term scientific theory is reserved for historic schemes of thought that have survived the test of detailed examination for long period of time. The atomic theory was developed in the late 1800. The atomic theory and other science theory form the framework of scientific thought and experimentation today. Science theory point to new ideas about the behaviour of nature and this idea result in more experiment, more data to collect and more explanation to develop.

All this may lead to a slight modification of an existing theory, a major modification of an existing theory, a major modification or perhaps the creation of an entirely new one. (Tillery B.W) Theory is a broad detailed explanation that guides development and explanation that guides development and interpretation of experiments in a field of study. 5. Hukum/ Law Law is a special kind of theory or rule. A law is a rule which is true everywhere. For example, the law of gravity says that objects will fall downwards to the Earth. (Mellet P.) According to The American Heritage Dictionary of Science, law is a statement of what always occurs under certain conditions, description of a relation or sequence of phenomena invariable under the same conditions. The examples are Laws of Motion and Mendels Law. A law also refer to a Mathematical rule or relationship on which the construction of a curve or a series. Chamber Dictionary of Science and Technology state that law is also a rule or generalization which describes specified natural phenomena within the limits of experimental observation. An apparent exception to a law tests the validity of the law under the specified condition. A true scientific law admits of no exception but is of no scientific value unless it can be related to other laws comprehending relevant phenomena. 6. Bersifat objektif/ Being objective Being objective means a statement of fact based on real life. Be objective also means not controlled or influenced by an own feelings and prejudices; unbiased. (Kamus Dewan). Objectivity in science is a value that informs how science is practicedand how scientific truths are created. Objectivity in science appeared in the mid-nineteenth century. In the early eighteenth century, before objectivity, there existed an epistemic virtue in science which Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison have called truth-to-nature. This ideal was 3

practiced by Enlightenment naturalists and scientific atlas-makers and involved active attempts to eliminate any idiosyncrasies in their representations of nature in order to create images thought best to represent what truly is. Judgment and skill were deemed necessary in order to determine the typical, characteristic, ideal or average. In practicing truth-to-nature naturalists did not seek to depict exactly what was seen; rather, they sought a reasoned image (Wikipedia). In the latter half of the nineteenth century objectivity in science was born when a new practice of mechanical objectivity appeared. Let nature speak for itself became the watchword of a new brand of scientific objectivity. It was at this time that idealized representations of nature, which were previously seen as a virtue, were now seen as a vice. Scientists began to see it as their duty to actively restrain themselves from imposing their own projections onto nature. The aim was to liberate representations of nature from subjective, human interference and in order to achieve this scientists began using self-registering instruments, cameras, wax molds and other technological devices. In the twentieth century trained judgment supplemented mechanical objectivity as scientists began to recognize that, in order for images or data to be of any use, scientists needed to be able to see scientifically; that is, to interpret images or data and identify and group them according to particular professional training, rather than to simply depict them mechanically. Objectivity now came to involve a combination of trained judgment and mechanical objectivity.

7. Jurnal/ Journal Many publications issued at stated intervals, such as magazines, or scholarly journals, academic journals, or the record of the transactions of a society, are often called journals. Although journal is sometimes used as a synonym for "magazine", in academic use, a journal refers to a serious, scholarly publication that is peerreviewed. A non-scholarly magazine written for an educated audience about an industry or an area of professional activity is usually called a professional magazine. (wikipedia) Journal is a periodical presenting articles on a particular subject such as a medical and science journal. An example of a journal is the New England Journal of 4

Medicine, in which new studies are published that are relevant to doctors and medicine. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) A periodical dedicated to a particular subject and is divided into periodical; a publication that appears at fixed intervals and annals; reports of the work of a society or learned body.(Thesaurus) Journals are periodicals in the form of radiant compilations containing material that is very sought after people when they are published. When associated with scientific words behind words can journal issue means in the form of periodic compilations containing writings, the much sought after people when they are published.

8. Prosiding/ Proceeding According to the Kamus Dewan, the proceedings refers to the recording of information (usually printed) of the deliberations and decisions of a meeting or conference. In the academic world, the proceedings is a collection of academic papers published in an academic seminars. Usually it is distributed as printed books after the seminar is completed. Proceedings contain the contributions produced the researchers in the seminar. Proceedings are recorded occupations were presented to colleagues and researchers involved in the review process by proceeding Proceedings of a group of papers compiled by one person or more, accounting for the editorial team. The quality of the paper-paper has been made to use outsiders to read the paper-paper before being accepted in the proceedings, this process can be time-consuming review of up to a year. The editors decide the composition of the proceedings, book writing, and make foreword and could be writing another. Although most changes in the paper result, depending on the agreement between the editors and authors, editors can also make changes to the paper itself. Proceedings published proceedings of its own publications (in house), by the seminar organizers, or through the academic issuance. For example: Lecture Notes 5

in Computer Science by Springer Verlag. Current developments, the proceedings will also be published in electronic format CD, or distributed through the internet. Proceedings is one of the most important items for activities of the conference that will be distributed to the participants on the first day. 9. Konferens /Conference The Laboratory for Educational Theory at the School of Education of University of Sterling, UK has conducted a biennial international theorising education conference in 2012. The aim of the conference was to create opportunities for researchers, students, practitioners and others to explore the roles of theory in educational research and educational practice and to engage in theory development and capacity building. The conference theme was The Future of Theory in Education: Traditions, Trends, Trajectories . The conference takes a broad definition of education which includes school education, informal education, work-based learning, vocational education, higher education, adult education and lifelong learning. The conference has been organised around short discussion papers (ca. 3,000 words), full papers (ca. 6,000 words), progress reports from doctoral students (ca. 3,000 words), discussion posters (ca. 1,000 words), and proposals for theory clinics (in which presenters work with the audience in the critical analysis of the theoretical dimensions of existing research or practice) are invited. 10. Seminar

Seminars are educational events that feature one or more subject matter experts delivering information primarily via lecture and discussion. A seminar is, generally, a form of academic instruction, either at an academic institution or offered by a commercial or professional organization. It has the function of bringing together small groups for recurring meetings, focusing each time on some particular subject, in which everyone present is requested to actively participate. This is often accomplished through an ongoing Socratic dialogue with a seminar leader or instructor, or through a more formal presentation of research. Normally, participants must not be beginners in the field under discussion (at US and Canadian

universities, seminar classes are generally reserved for upper-class students, although at UK and Australian universities seminars are often used for all years). The idea behind the seminar system is to familiarize students more extensively with the methodology of their chosen subject and also to allow them to interact with examples of the practical problems that always occur during research work. It is essentially a place where assigned readings are discussed, questions can be raised and debates can be conducted. It is relatively informal, at least compared to the lecture system of academic instruction.

11. Kolokium/ Colloquium Colloquium as a meeting or conference colloquium to discuss things or issues that often was scientific to identify problems. It usually involves the presentation of research papers and results (Kamus Dewan). Colloquium is an informal meeting for the exchange of views. It is an academic seminar on a broad field of study, usually led by a different lecturer at each meeting. The specialists deliver addresses on a topic or on related topics and then answer questions relating to them

12. Consortium Consortium refer to similar arrangement among non-commercial institutions or organizations. A group made up of two or more individuals, companies or governments that work together toward achieving a chosen objective. Each entity within the consortium is only responsible to the group in respect to the obligations that are set out in the consortium's contract. Therefore, every entity that is under the consortium remains independent in his or her normal business operations and has no say over another member's operations that are not related to the consortium. Consortiums are often used within the non-profit sector, specifically with educational institutions. They often pool resources such as libraries and professors and share them among the members of the group. Several groups of North 7

American

colleges

and

universities

operate

under

consortiums.

For-profit

consortiums also exist, but they are less prevalent. One of the most famous for-profit consortiums is the airline manufacturer Airbus.

Reference 1. Dictionary of the Social Sciences. (1964). Free Press. 2. Mellet P.,Morgan P. and Walker J. (1993). The Illustrated Dictionary of Science and Technology. Wiltshire,U.K. Merlin Publishing Limited. 3. Barnhart R.K. (1986) The American Heritage Dictionary of Science. New York. Houghton Mifflin Company. 4. Chambers dictionary of science and Technology. (2007). Chamber Harrap Publisher limited. 5. Kamus dewan Edisi Keempat. (2005) Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Kuala Lumpur. 6. Proceeding of the Seminar on Best Practices and Innovation in the Teaching and Learning of science and Mathematics at Secondary Level.(2007). Ministry of Education Malaysia. 7. Tillery B.W., Enger E.D, Ross F.C.(2007) Integrated Science Third Edition. Boston. McGraw Hill Publisher. 8. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(science)