Boiling of Water

Tutorial 20.
Boiling Water in a
Container
Introduction: The objective of this tutorial is to demonstrate the

setup and solution procedure for a two-phase ow with heat and
mass transfer. In this tutorial you will learn how to:
Explicitly allocate main memory
Use the Eulerian multiphase model, including submodels for
heat and mass transfer
Solve a time-accurate transient problem
Save data les automatically during the time-dependent cal-
culation
Prerequisites: This tutorial requires a basic familiarity with FLU-
ENT. You may nd it helpful to read about Eulerian multiphase
ow modeling in Chapter 9 of the FLUENT User's Guide. Other-
wise, no previous experience with multiphase modeling is required.
Problem Description: The problem to be solved in this tutorial
is depicted in Figure 20.1. Initially, the container contains wa-
ter (the primary phase) at a temperature near the boiling point
(372 K). The center portion of the container's bottom wall is at
a temperature higher than the boiling temperature (573 K). Be-
cause of conduction, the temperature of the uid near this wall
will increase beyond the saturation temperature (373 K). Vapor
bubbles will form and rise (due to buoyancy), establishing a pat-
tern similar to a bubble column with vapor escaping at the outlet
and water recirculating in the container. Changes in the diameter
Boiling Water in a Container
of the vapor bubbles will be modeled using the \shadow" method
described in the FLUENT User's Guide.
adiabatic
walls water
Tinit =372 K
vapor bubbles
form and rise
T=573 K
Figure 20.1: Problem Specication
Preparation
1. Start up FLUENT.
20-2
c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997
Step 1: Allocate Memory
In this tutorial you will use a 60 20 grid, and no species or reactions.
Since the default allocation will be for more memory than you need, you
can reduce the main memory allocation. This will free up memory for
the multiple phases that you will enable later in the tutorial.
Dene ,!Allocate...
1. Set the Max. Number of Cells to 1200 and the Max. Number
of Species, Reactions, and Particle Injections to 1.
2. Click OK.

c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997 20-3
Step 2: Grid
1. Dene the domain.
Dene ,!Domain...
(a) Set the Dimensions and Number of Cells to the values

shown in the panel above.
(b) Click Apply and close the panel.
FLUENT will create a uniform grid for the specied domain.
2. Display the uniform grid (Figure 20.2).
Display ,!Grid...
20-4 c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Select all Zones and click on Display.
Y Jul 17 1996
Z X Grid ( 19 X 59 ) Fluent 4.40
Fluent Inc.
Figure 20.2: The Uniform Grid for the Boiling Water Calculation

3. Dene the cell types.
The cells are initially set to be W-WALL cells with Zone ID 1 on
the periphery, and LIVE cells inside. You will set the cells for the
outlet and for the heated portion of the bottom surface.
Dene ,!Cells...
(a) Click on the Display button to display the cells on this

plane in the graphics window.
(b) Set the cell types for the outlet and heated wall surface
according to the following table:
I-Values J-Values Type ID
2{19 60 OUTLET {
5{16 1 W-WALL 2

i. Use your left mouse button to select the cells in a
given group in the graphics window (e.g., select the
cells with I values from 2 to 19 and a J value of 60
to dene the outlet).
ii. Select the appropriate Type and ID in the Set Cells
panel, and click on Apply.
4. Conrm that the cells have been properly set.
SETUP1 ,!LIST-CELLS

(SETUP1)-
LC
CELL TYPES:
J I= 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
60 W1 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O OW1 60
59 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 59
58 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 58
57 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 57
56 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 56
55 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 55
54 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 54
53 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 53
52 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 52
51 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 51
50 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 50
49 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 49
48 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 48
47 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 47
46 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 46
45 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 45
44 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 44
43 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 43
42 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 42
41 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 41
40 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 40
39 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 39
38 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 38
37 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 37
36 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 36
35 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 35
34 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 34
33 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 33
32 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 32
31 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 31
30 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 30
29 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 29
28 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 28
27 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 27
26 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 26
25 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 25
24 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 24
23 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 23
22 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 22
21 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 21
20 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 20
19 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 19
18 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 18
17 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 17
16 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 16
15 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 15
14 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 14
13 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 13
12 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 12
11 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 11
10 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 10
9 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 9
8 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 8
7 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 7
6 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 6
5 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 5
4 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 4
3 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 3
2 W1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .W1 2
1 W1W1W1W1W2W2W2W2W2W2W2W2W2W2W2W2W1W1W1W1 1
J I= 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
20-8
Step 3: Models
1. Activate heat transfer, Eulerian multiphase, and time de-
pendence.
Dene ,!Models...
(a) Turn on the Calculate Temperature and Time Depen-

dent Flow options, and increase the Time Step to 0.05.
! For problems in which the secondary phase is created
due to mass transfer and no other sources of that phase
exist, you must do one of the following:
set the time step so that some secondary-phase mass
will be created within the rst time step

patch a small secondary-phase volume fraction some-
where in the computational domain
In this tutorial, a time step of 0.05 is used, and you
will patch a small vapor volume fraction just above the
heated portion of the bottom wall (in Step 6).
(b) Under Multiphase, select Eulerian in the Model drop-
down list.
(c) Click Apply.
(d) In the Integer Entry dialog box that appears, click OK
to allocate memory for one additional phase.
At this point, FLUENT is just setting aside memory for the

additional phase. You will dene the phases in a later step.
2. Enable heat and mass transfer calculations for the multi-
phase model.
(a) Click on the Multiphase Parameters... button in the
Models panel.
(b) In the resulting Multiphase Parameters panel, turn on
Mass Transfer and Heat-Exchange Coecient and turn
o Primary Phase Mass Correction.
20-10
Note: By default, the uxes of the primary phase at the out-

let are corrected by performing a global continuity check
for extra mass creation or destruction in the domain.
Since there is no net out ow of the primary phase going
through the outlet boundary in this problem, you need to
disable the mass correction for the primary phase (wa-
ter).
(c) Click Apply and close the panel.
(d) Close the Models panel.

3. Dene the primary (water) and secondary (vapor) phases.
SETUP1 ,!DEFINE-PHASES
(SETUP1)-
DP
(I)- NUMBER OF SECONDARY PHASES
(I)- ++(DEFAULT 1)++
1
(PHASE NAMES)
NOTE : PHASE NAMES CANNOT CONSIST OF
A SINGLE CHARACTER C OR X
WATER PRIMARY PHASE
VAPOR PHASE 2
D ACTION (TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH)
4. Dene the evaporation submodel.

The mass transfer between the water and vapor phases will be mod-
eled using the two-phase evaporation/condensation submodel. You
can retain the default time relaxation parameters (0.1 for both)
and set the saturation temperature. The evaporation/condensation
submodel will be activated in each cell when the temperature in that
cell exceeds the specied saturation temperature. See the FLUENT
User's Guide for details about these parameters.
SETUP1 ,! DEFINE-MODELS ,! MULTIPLE-PHASES ,!
MASS-TRANSFER

(DEFINE-MODELS)-
MP
(MULTIPHASE MODEL (SELECT ONLY ONE))

YES EULERIAN-EULERIAN MULTIPHASE FLOW
NO EULERIAN-EULERIAN GRANULAR FLOW
NO VOF FREE SURFACE
COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM MULTIPHASE:

DEFINE-PHASES MULTIPHASE-OPTIONS MASS-TRANSFER
QUIT HELP
ENTER HELP (COMMAND) FOR MORE INFORMATION.
(MULTIPHASE)-
MT
(MASS-TRANSFER: SELECT ONE OPTION ONLY)

NO CONSTANT MASS FLOW RATE TRANSFER
YES TWO-PHASE EVAPORATION-CONDENSATION
(MASS-TRANSFER: SELECT ONE OPTION ONLY)

(L)- CALCULATE PARTICULATE DIAMETER?
(L)- Y OR N ++(DEFAULT-NO)++
Y
(EVAPORATION-CONDENSATION COEFFICIENTS)
1.0000E-01 EVAPORATION TIME RELAXATION (/S)
1.0000E-01 CONDENSATION TIME RELAXATION (/S)
373 SATURATION TEMPERATURE (K)

5. Set the gravitational acceleration.
EXPERT ,!BODY-FORCES
(EXPERT)-
BF
(BODY FORCES)
YES IMPROVED TREATMENT OF BODY FORCE IN DISCRETE EQNS.
YES INCLUDE BODY FORCE TERMS IN VELOCITY INTERPOLATION
0.0000E+00 GRAVITY ACCELERATION IN X-DIRN - (M/S2)
-9.81 GRAVITY ACCELERATION IN Y-DIRN - (M/S2)
NO USER DEFINED REFERENCE DENSITY
Step 4: Physical Properties

1. Set the density, viscosity, specic heat, and thermal conduc-
tivity of the water and vapor phases.
SETUP1 ,!PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS
(SETUP1)-
PC
(PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS)-
DEN

COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM PHASE-SELECTION:
VAPOR WATER QUIT HELP
ENTER HELP (COMMAND) FOR MORE INFORMATION.
(PHASE-SELECTION)-
WAT
(L)- USE GAS LAW FOR WATER?
(L)- Y OR N ++(DEFAULT-NO)++
N
(*)- DEFINE DENSITY OF WATER (KG/M3)
(*)- AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (K)
(*)-
(I)- NUMBER OF COEFFICIENTS (+VE = POLYNOM., -VE = P.W.LINEAR)
1
(R)- DENSITY OF WATER (KG/M3)
(R)- UNITS= KG/M3 ++(DEFAULT 1.0000E+03)++
1000
(R)- NORMALIZING DENSITY FOR WATER
1000
(PHASE-SELECTION)-
VAP
(*)- DEFINE DENSITY OF OF VAPOR (KG/M3)
(*)- AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE (K)
(*)-
(I)- NUMBER OF COEFFICIENTS (+VE = POLYNOM.,-VE = P.W.LINEAR,-1 = HARMONIC)
1
(R)- DENSITY OF OF VAPOR (KG/M3)
0.5542
(R)- NORMALIZING DENSITY FOR VAPOR
0.5542
(R)- MEAN DIAMETER FOR VAPOR
(R)- UNITS= M ++(DEFAULT 2.0000E-04)++
X
(R)- DEFAULT ASSUMED
(PHASE-SELECTION)-
Q

VIS
(PHASE-SELECTION)-
WAT X 9E-4
(PHASE-SELECTION)-
VAP X 1.34E-5
(PHASE-SELECTION)-
Q
CP
(R)- REFERENCE TEMPERATURE FOR ENTHALPY
(R)- UNITS= K ++(DEFAULT 2.7300E+02)++
273
(PHASE-SELECTION)-
WAT X 4182
(PHASE-SELECTION)-
VAP X 2014 Q
TC
(PHASE-SELECTION)-
WAT X 0.6
(PHASE-SELECTION)-
VAP X 2.61E-2 Q
2. List the physical properties to check them.

SETUP1 ,!LIST-PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS
20-16
(SETUP1)-
LPC
(LIST-PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS)-
DEN
- DENSITY DEFINITION FOR WATER
DENSITY = 1.000E+03
- DENSITY DEFINITION FOR VAPOR
DENSITY = 5.542E-01
PHASE NORMALIZING MEAN

NAME DENSITY DIAMETER
---------- ------------ ------------
WATER 1.000E+03
VAPOR 5.542E-01 2.000E-04
VIS
- VISCOSITY DEFINITION FOR WATER
VISCOSITY = 9.000E-04
- VISCOSITY DEFINITION FOR VAPOR
VISCOSITY = 1.340E-05
CP
- SPECIFIC HEAT DEFINITION FOR WATER
CP = 4.182E+03
- SPECIFIC HEAT DEFINITION FOR VAPOR
CP = 2.014E+03
ENTHALPY REFERENCE TEMPERATURE = 2.7300E+02

TC
- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DEFINITION FOR WATER
K = 6.000E-01
- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DEFINITION FOR VAPOR
K = 2.610E-02
Step 5: Boundary Conditions

Dene ,!BCs...
1. Specify a zero heat ux condition for W-WALL-1 (the side
walls and the unheated portion of the bottom surface).
20-18
(a) Select Heat Flux as the thermal boundary condition

Type and retain the default Heat Flux of 0.

2. Set the temperature for W-WALL-2 (the heated portion of
the bottom surface).
(a) Enter 573 in the Temperature eld.

3. Return to the MAIN text menu and save the case le (boilw.cas).
File ,! Write ,!Case...
20-20
Step 6: Solution
1. Set the underrelaxation parameters.
Solve ,! Controls ,!Underrelaxation...
(a) Set the Underrelaxation factors to the values shown in

the panel above.
(b) Use the scroll bar at the right of the panel to scroll
down the list of equations, and set the underrelaxation
factor for TEMPERATURE to 0.9.

2. Use the Line Gauss-Seidel solver for all equations, and in-
crease the number of solver sweeps.
Solve ,! Controls ,!Line Gauss...
(a) Turn on the Use Line Gauss button for all equations.
(b) Increase the Number of Sweeps for each equation to the
values shown in the panel above.
3. Enable the display of residuals during the solution process.
Solve ,! Monitor ,!Residuals...
20-22
Activate the Plot option under Options, and then click on

Apply and close the panel.
4. Save the case le (boilw.cas) again with the new solver
settings.
File ,! Write ,!Case...
When prompted, you can conrm that it is OK to overwrite the
existing case le.
5. Patch an initial temperature of 370 K throughout the entire
domain, and then a temperature of 372.98 K and a vapor
volume fraction of 0.0001 in the cells just above the heated
portion of the wall.
! As mentioned in Step 3, for problems in which the secondary
phase is created due to mass transfer and no other sources
of that phase exist, you must ensure that some secondary-
phase mass is created within the rst time step, either by
manipulating the time step, or by patching a small secondary-
phase volume fraction in the computational domain. In this
tutorial, a vapor volume fraction of 0.0001 is patched just
above the heated portion of the bottom wall.

Patching a temperature of 372.98 K above the heated wall is a good
way to initiate the mass transfer calculation, which will begin at
the saturation temperature of 373 K.
MAIN ,!PATCH
(*MAIN*)-
PA X X X X
(VARIABLE-SELECTION)-
TEMP
(PHASE-SELECTION)-
WAT 370
TEMP VAP 370 Q
(*MAIN*)-
PA 5 16 2 2
TEMP WAT 372.98
TEMP VAP 372.98
VF 1E-4 Q
6. Save the initial temperature data to a data le (boilw0.dat).

File ,! Write ,!Data...
7. Request 30 time steps.
Solve ,!Iterate...
20-24
8. Check the solution at = 1 5 seconds to be sure that the

t :
calculation is proceeding as expected.
(a) Plot velocity vectors for the water and vapor phases.
Display ,!Vectors...
i. Using the default settings for WATER, set the Scale

Factor to 7, and click Display.
The water velocity vectors are shown in Figure 20.3.

Some recirculation due to the rising of the vapor bubbles
is visible at the bottom of the tank.
4.00E-02
3.86E-02
3.73E-02
3.59E-02
3.45E-02
3.31E-02
3.18E-02
3.04E-02
2.90E-02
2.76E-02
2.62E-02
2.49E-02
2.35E-02
2.21E-02
2.07E-02
1.94E-02
1.80E-02
1.66E-02
1.52E-02
1.39E-02
1.25E-02
1.11E-02
9.74E-03
8.36E-03
6.99E-03
5.61E-03
4.24E-03
2.86E-03
1.48E-03
1.07E-04
Y Boiling Water
Z X Water Velocity Vectors (M/S) Fluent 4.40
Max = 4.001E-02 Min = 1.073E-04 Time = 1.500E+00 Fluent Inc.
Figure 20.3: Water Velocity Vectors at t = 1:5 sec

ii. Select VAPOR in both Phase drop-down lists and
click on Display.
The vapor velocity vectors are shown in Figure 20.4.
The vapor is beginning to rise, causing some recircula-
tion at the bottom of the tank.

4.29E-02
4.14E-02
3.99E-02
3.84E-02
3.69E-02
3.55E-02
3.40E-02
3.25E-02
3.10E-02
2.96E-02
2.81E-02
2.66E-02
2.51E-02
2.36E-02
2.22E-02
2.07E-02
1.92E-02
1.77E-02
1.63E-02
1.48E-02
1.33E-02
1.18E-02
1.03E-02
8.87E-03
7.39E-03
5.91E-03
4.43E-03
2.96E-03
1.48E-03
0.00E+00
Y Boiling Water
Z X Vapor Velocity Vectors (M/S) Fluent 4.40
Max = 4.286E-02 Min = 0.000E+00 Time = 1.500E+00 Fluent Inc.
Figure 20.4: Vapor Velocity Vectors at t = 1:5 sec

(b) Plot lled contours of water volume fraction.
Display ,!Contours...
i. Turn on the Filled option and choose Volume Frac-

tion (in the Multiphase... category) in the Contours
Of drop-down list.
ii. Retain the default Phase of WATER and click on
Display.
Figure 20.5 shows the water volume fraction. Vapor is
created near the wall where the temperature is greater
than 373 K.

1.00E+00
9.98E-01
9.97E-01
9.95E-01
9.94E-01
9.92E-01
9.91E-01
9.89E-01
9.88E-01
9.86E-01
9.85E-01
9.83E-01
9.82E-01
9.80E-01
9.79E-01
9.77E-01
9.75E-01
9.74E-01
9.72E-01
9.71E-01
9.69E-01
9.68E-01
9.66E-01
9.65E-01
9.63E-01
9.62E-01
9.60E-01
9.59E-01
9.57E-01
9.56E-01
9.54E-01
Y Boiling Water
Z X Water Volume Fraction Fluent 4.40
Max = 1.000E+00 Min = 9.540E-01 Time = 1.500E+00 Fluent Inc.
Figure 20.5: Water Volume Fraction at t = 1:5 sec

(c) Plot lled contours of water temperature.
i. Select Temperature in the Contours Of drop-down
list.
ii. Set the Max temperature to 373 and click on Dis-
play.
Since the temperature at which water evaporates is 373 K,
you can limit the display of water temperature to tem-
peratures below this value.
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
Y Boiling Water
Z X Water Temperature (K) Fluent 4.40
Max = 3.730E+02 Min = 3.700E+02 Time = 1.500E+00 Fluent Inc.
Figure 20.6: Water Temperature at t = 1:5 sec

Figure 20.6 shows that the water temperature is highest
near the heated portion of the wall, just above where
the vapor has been created. (The blank region at the
bottom of the contour plot indicates that the temperature
in this location is out of the plotted temperature range,
i.e., greater than 373 K.)
Since the calculation is proceeding well, you will continue the sim-
ulation for a total of 300 time steps, using the automatic data
saving feature to save the data at 100, 200, and 300 time steps.
9. Request the automatic saving of data les.
Dene ,!Models...
(a) In the Models panel, click on the Time Parameters...
button.
(b) In the resulting Time Dependent Flow Parameters panel,
turn on the Auto Save Data Files option and set the
number of Time Steps Between Saves to 100.
(c) Click Apply, close the panel, and close the Models panel.
10. Request 270 time steps.
Solve ,!Iterate...
Enter the name "boilw" for the auto-save data le prex,
when prompted.

(*)- FLUID PHASE CALCULATION

(*)- AUTO-SAVE DATA FILES ARE LABELED AS:
(*)- (USER SUPPLIED PREFIX)(TIME STEP)
ENTER AUTO-SAVE FILE PREFIX (ENTER * TO CANCEL)
(S)- DEFAULT- NTIME
"boilw"
Step 7: Postprocessing
When the 300 time steps are completed, you will have three data les,
boilw100, boilw200, and boilw300, corresponding to t = 5, 10, and 15
seconds, respectively. You can read each data le and examine velocities
and volume fraction as you did at t = 1:5 in Step 6.
1. Plot velocity vectors for the water and vapor phases and the
water volume fraction at t = 5 seconds.
(a) Read the t = 5 data from boilw100.
File ,! Read ,!Data...
(b) Plot the water and vapor velocity vectors (Figures 20.7
and 20.8).
Display ,!Vectors...
i. Choose WATER in both Phase drop-down lists and
click on Display.
ii. Choose VAPOR in both Phase drop-down lists and
click on Display.
In Figures 20.7 and 20.8 you can see that the recirculation
pattern has become elongated, as the vapor bubbles continue
to rise further up the column.
20-32
1.00E-01
9.69E-02
9.35E-02
9.00E-02
8.65E-02
8.31E-02
7.96E-02
7.61E-02
7.27E-02
6.92E-02
6.58E-02
6.23E-02
5.88E-02
5.54E-02
5.19E-02
4.85E-02
4.50E-02
4.15E-02
3.81E-02
3.46E-02
3.12E-02
2.77E-02
2.42E-02
2.08E-02
1.73E-02
1.38E-02
1.04E-02
6.92E-03
3.46E-03
1.16E-07
Y Boiling Water
Figure 20.7: Water Velocity Vectors at t = 5 sec
1.02E-01
9.83E-02
9.48E-02
9.13E-02
8.78E-02
8.43E-02
8.08E-02
7.73E-02
7.38E-02
7.02E-02
6.67E-02
6.32E-02
5.97E-02
5.62E-02
5.27E-02
4.92E-02
4.57E-02
4.21E-02
3.86E-02
3.51E-02
3.16E-02
2.81E-02
2.46E-02
2.11E-02
1.76E-02
1.40E-02
1.05E-02
7.02E-03
3.51E-03
0.00E+00
Y Boiling Water
Figure 20.8: Vapor Velocity Vectors at t = 5 sec

(c) Plot lled contours of water volume fraction.
i. Retain the Filled option and choose Volume Frac-
tion (in the Multiphase... category) in the Contours
Of drop-down list.
ii. Retain the default Phase of WATER and click on
Display.
Figure 20.9 shows that the vapor front has risen up the
column.
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.96E-01
9.96E-01
9.96E-01
9.96E-01
9.95E-01
9.95E-01
9.95E-01
9.95E-01
9.94E-01
9.94E-01
9.94E-01
9.94E-01
9.93E-01
9.93E-01
9.93E-01
Y Boiling Water
Figure 20.9: Water Volume Fraction at t = 5 sec

(d) Plot lled contours of water temperature.
i. Select Temperature in the Contours Of drop-down
list.
ii. Set the Max temperature to 373 and click on Dis-
play.
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
Y Boiling Water
Figure 20.10: Water Temperature at t = 5 sec

Figure 20.10 shows that as the vapor front rises, the
vapor is heating the surrounding water.
water volume fraction and temperature at t = 10 seconds.
(b) Follow the steps above for the t = 5 solution to plot
the velocity vectors and volume fraction.
Hint: When you plot the temperature contours, remember to
set the Max temperature to 373.

1.01E-01
9.73E-02
9.38E-02
9.03E-02
8.68E-02
8.34E-02
7.99E-02
7.64E-02
7.29E-02
6.95E-02
6.60E-02
6.25E-02
5.90E-02
5.56E-02
5.21E-02
4.86E-02
4.52E-02
4.17E-02
3.82E-02
3.47E-02
3.13E-02
2.78E-02
2.43E-02
2.08E-02
1.74E-02
1.39E-02
1.04E-02
6.95E-03
3.47E-03
2.89E-07
Y Boiling Water
8.18E-02
7.90E-02
7.62E-02
7.34E-02
7.05E-02
6.77E-02
6.49E-02
6.21E-02
5.93E-02
5.64E-02
5.36E-02
5.08E-02
4.80E-02
4.51E-02
4.23E-02
3.95E-02
3.67E-02
3.39E-02
3.10E-02
2.82E-02
2.54E-02
2.26E-02
1.98E-02
1.69E-02
1.41E-02
1.13E-02
8.47E-03
5.64E-03
2.82E-03
0.00E+00
Y Boiling Water

1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.96E-01
9.96E-01
9.96E-01
Y Boiling Water
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
Y Boiling Water

Figures 20.11{20.14 show the changes in the recirculation
pattern due to the height of the vapor bubbles and the dier-
ence in temperature between the side walls and the center of
the column.
water volume fraction and temperature at t = 15 seconds.
(b) Follow the steps above for the t = 5 solution to plot
the velocity vectors and volume fraction.
Hint: When you plot the temperature contours, remember to
set the Max temperature to 373.
Figures 20.15{20.18 show further changes in the recircula-
tion pattern as the vapor rises up the column.
20-38
7.91E-02
7.64E-02
7.36E-02
7.09E-02
6.82E-02
6.55E-02
6.27E-02
6.00E-02
5.73E-02
5.45E-02
5.18E-02
4.91E-02
4.64E-02
4.36E-02
4.09E-02
3.82E-02
3.55E-02
3.27E-02
3.00E-02
2.73E-02
2.45E-02
2.18E-02
1.91E-02
1.64E-02
1.36E-02
1.09E-02
8.18E-03
5.46E-03
2.73E-03
7.11E-07
Y Boiling Water

6.41E-02
6.19E-02
5.97E-02
5.75E-02
5.53E-02
5.31E-02
5.09E-02
4.87E-02
4.64E-02
4.42E-02
4.20E-02
3.98E-02
3.76E-02
3.54E-02
3.32E-02
3.10E-02
2.88E-02
2.65E-02
2.43E-02
2.21E-02
1.99E-02
1.77E-02
1.55E-02
1.33E-02
1.11E-02
8.85E-03
6.64E-03
4.42E-03
2.21E-03
0.00E+00
Y Boiling Water

1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
1.00E+00
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.99E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.98E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
9.97E-01
Y Boiling Water
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.73E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.72E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.71E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
3.70E+02
Y Boiling Water

Summary: In this tutorial, you have learned how to use the mul-
tiphase mass transfer submodel for evaporation/condensation to
solve a problem involving boiling water in a container. Data les
were saved automatically at 5 second intervals during the transient
calculation, and postprocessing of each data set showed the for-
mation of the vapor bubbles due to convection from a heated wall,
their subsequent rise through the water column due to buoyancy,
and the resulting recirculation patterns.


Boiling of Water

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Boiling of Water

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Tutorial 20.

Introduction: The objective of this tutorial is to demonstrate the

Figure 20.1: Problem Speci cation

(a) Set the Dimensions and Number of Cells to the values

20-4 c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Select all Zones and click on Display.

(a) Click on the Display button to display the cells on this

20-6 c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

(a) Turn on the Calculate Temperature and Time Depen-

At this point, FLUENT is just setting aside memory for the

Note: By default, the uxes of the primary phase at the out-

4. De ne the evaporation submodel.

20-12 c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

(MULTIPHASE MODEL (SELECT ONLY ONE))

COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM MULTIPHASE:

(MASS-TRANSFER: SELECT ONE OPTION ONLY)

(MASS-TRANSFER: SELECT ONE OPTION ONLY)

Step 4: Physical Properties

20-14 c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

2. List the physical properties to check them.

- DENSITY DEFINITION FOR WATER

- DENSITY DEFINITION FOR VAPOR

PHASE NORMALIZING MEAN

- VISCOSITY DEFINITION FOR WATER

- VISCOSITY DEFINITION FOR VAPOR

- SPECIFIC HEAT DEFINITION FOR WATER

- SPECIFIC HEAT DEFINITION FOR VAPOR

ENTHALPY REFERENCE TEMPERATURE = 2.7300E+02

- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DEFINITION FOR WATER

- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DEFINITION FOR VAPOR

Step 5: Boundary Conditions

(a) Select Heat Flux as the thermal boundary condition

(a) Enter 573 in the Temperature eld.

(a) Set the Underrelaxation factors to the values shown in

Activate the Plot option under Options, and then click on

6. Save the initial temperature data to a data le (boilw0.dat).

8. Check the solution at = 1 5 seconds to be sure that the

i. Using the default settings for WATER, set the Scale

Figure 20.3: Water Velocity Vectors at t = 1:5 sec

20-26 c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Figure 20.4: Vapor Velocity Vectors at t = 1:5 sec

i. Turn on the Filled option and choose Volume Frac-

20-28 c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Figure 20.5: Water Volume Fraction at t = 1:5 sec

Figure 20.6: Water Temperature at t = 1:5 sec

(*)- FLUID PHASE CALCULATION

Figure 20.7: Water Velocity Vectors at t = 5 sec

Figure 20.8: Vapor Velocity Vectors at t = 5 sec

Figure 20.9: Water Volume Fraction at t = 5 sec

Figure 20.10: Water Temperature at t = 5 sec

Figure 20.11: Water Velocity Vectors at t = 10 sec

Figure 20.12: Vapor Velocity Vectors at t = 10 sec

20-36 c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Figure 20.13: Water Volume Fraction at t = 10 sec

Figure 20.14: Water Temperature at t = 10 sec

Figure 20.15: Water Velocity Vectors at t = 15 sec

Figure 20.16: Vapor Velocity Vectors at t = 15 sec

Figure 20.17: Water Volume Fraction at t = 15 sec

Figure 20.18: Water Temperature at t = 15 sec

20-40 c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

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Figure 20.1: Problem Specication

4. Dene the evaporation submodel.