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Submitted to: Mr. Ajesh P. Joseph, School of Social Work, Marian College, Kuttikkanam. Submitted by: Bimal Antony, 1st MSW, School of Social Work, Marian College, Kuttikkanam. Date of Submission: 19th April 2011.
Experimental Design
Introduction
An experiment is a process or study that results in the collection of data. The results of experiments are not known in advance. Usually, statistical experiments are conducted in situations in which researchers can manipulate the conditions of the experiment and can control the factors that are irrelevant to the research objectives. For example, a rental car company compares the tread wear of four brands of tires, while also controlling for the type of car, speed, road surface, weather, and driver. Experimental design is the process of planning a study to meet specified objectives. Planning an experiment properly is very important in order to ensure that the right type of data and a sufficient sample size and power are available to answer the research questions of interest as clearly and efficiently as possible.
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Experimental Design
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Experimental Design
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Experimental Design
Factorial Design
Often a researcher can use a single experiment advantageously to study two or more different kinds of treatments. For example, in investigating performance of two types of seeds, he may wish to vary the level of fertilizer used during the experiment. If he chose three levels of fertilizer-low, medium, and high-one factor would be "type of seed", the second factor "level of fertilizer". A factorial design, with two factors, would consist of employing all six treatments formed by using each type of seed with each level of fertilizer. Factorial designs can involve more than two factors; however, we consider here the case of two factors only. A factorial design can also be used in a survey. For example, we might wish to compare three methods of teaching operations research, and at the same time compare the fast four grades. We might have records on standardized tests for two classes in each grade taught by each method. The class mean improvement from initial test to final test could be the measure of success. Our data would then consist of two observations on each of 12 (3 x 4) different treatment combinations. The characteristic of the factorial design is that every level of one factor is used in combination with every level of the other factor. The design is effective for studying the two factors in combination. This implies that factorial designs are appropriate in finding out whether interactions exist between factors. Some factors can be measured quantitatively, and different levels for them are chosen on an ordered scale; level of fertilizer, dosage level; and temperature are all factors of this type. Other factors involve no obvious underlying continuum and can be said to be qualitative; drug and type of seed are factors of the second type.
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Experimental Design
Analysis of Covariance
Analysis of covariance is a combination of the two techniques-analyses of variance and regression. It is the simultaneous study of several regressions. The purpose of analysis of covariance is to remove the effect of one or more unwanted factors in an analysis of variance. For example, in studying the heights of three populations of children (cyanotic heart disease children, sibs of heart-disease children, and "well children"), we
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Experimental Design
may wish to eliminate the effect of age. A variable whose effect one wishes to eliminate by means of a covariance analysis is called a covariate or a concomitant variable.
Advantages
_ Its power to determine causal relationship is much better that that of all other methods. _ The influence of extraneous variables can be more effectively controlled. _ The element of human error is more reduced. _ More conditions may be created and tested in this method. _ This method yields generally exact measurements and it can be repeated.
Disadvantages
_ It is very difficult to establish comparable control group and experimental group. _ The scope of experimentation with human beings is extremely difficult. _ Experiment is often difficult to design as it tends to be expensive and time consuming. _ Experimentation can be used only in studies of the present but not in studies relating to the past or future.
Limitations
_ Experimentation is applicable to certain phenomena and certain social situations. _ Experimentation cannot be conducted if the independent variable cannot be manipulated. _ This approach is generally suitable to micro issues (involving interpersonal relationships) rather than to macro situations (on account of the difficulty of manipulating institutions or social groups). An experiment conducted in a laboratory under artificial conditions may not truly represent a situation. It is too simplistic to consider that there are only two variables. In natural sciences it works where other variables can be kept under control. In behavioural or social sciences the situation is too complex as best put by John W. Best (p. 92). Despite its appealing simplicity and apparent logic, it did not provide an adequate method for studying complex problem. It assumed a highly artificial and restricted relationship between single variables. Rarely, if ever, are human events the result of single causes
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Experimental Design
They are usually the result of the interaction of many variables, and an attempt to limit variables so that one can be isolated and observed proves impossible. Hence, there are many limitations and suppositions when applied to social situations including library and information management. Human beings cannot be put to experimentation on many psychological and ethical grounds. Human beings when under a test or observation can easily manipulate their natural behaviour. They cannot be put in test tubes and titrated like chemicals. Then a human being experimenter has naturally inherent biases (likings and disliking) when other humans are concerned. They tend to take sides in heart of hearts. Hence observations and conclusions may not reflect the objective reality.
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