A) Antoine Lavoisier (1743 1794) French chemist Elements were classified into 4 groups Limitation some wrong information

ormation (light and heat were consider as elements Elements were classified into groups named as triad (Triad Law relationship between properties and atomic masses of the elements) Limitation few elements were classified Elements were arranged horizontally in ascending order of their atomic masses and each row consisted of 7 elements (Law of Octaves same properties were repeated at every eight element) Limitation obeyed by the first 17 elements only (from H to Ca) Properties of the elements were in a periodic pattern with their atomic masses Similar chemical properties occupied the same relative positions on the curve Elements were arranged in ascending order of their atomic masses Elements with similar chemical properties were placed in a group Gap for undiscovered elements Prediction: gallium, scandium and germanium (discover later) Separate groups for certain elements: transition elements Meedeleevs Periodic Table was used as a basis for the formation of the Periodic Table Elements were arranged horizontally in ascending order proton numbers Elements with the same number valence electrons same group 18 vertical columns Group 1, Group 2, until Group 18 Alkali metal Group 1 Alkaline earth metal Group 2 Transition elements Group 3 to Group 12

B) Johann Dobereiner (1780 1849) German chemist

C) John Newlands (1837 1898) British chemist

D) Lothar Meyer (1830 1895) German chemist

E) Dmitri Mendeleev (1834 1907) Russian chemist

F) H. J. G. Moseley (1887 1915) British physicist

Halogen Group 17 Noble gas Group 18 Horizontal row of the elements period Period 1 2 elements Period 2 and 3 8 elements Period 4 and 5 18 elements Period 6 32 elements Period 7 27 elements Lantanides proton numbers 58 to 71 Actinides proton numbers 90 to 103 Elements (Group 1, 2 and 13) metal Transition elements (Group 3 to 12) metal Elements (Group 15, 16 and 17) non-metal Carbon and silicon (Group 14) non-metal

SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 2) Relationship between the electron arrangement of the atom of an element to its group and period The number of valence electrons determines the chemical properties of elements (group). Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons. The number of shells occupied with electrons in an atom determines the period number of an element. Group 1 Group 2

Period 2 Period 3 Period 4

Lithium / Li / 2.1 Sodium / Na / 2.8.1 Potassium / K / 2.8.8.1

Beryllium / Be / 2.2 Magnesium / Mg / 2.8.2 Calcium / Ca / 2.8.8.2

Group 18 elements Group 18 elements are known as noble gases (inert chemically and chemically unreactive). Atomic radius (atomic size) increases (going down the group) Helium atom has only one filled electron shell which is 2 electrons (duplet electron arrangement) The outermost shell of the atoms (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) have 8 electrons (octet electron arrangement) Atoms of noble gases do not release electrons, accept electrons or share electrons. Electron arrangement of atom 2 2.8 2.8.8 2.8.18.8 2.8.18.18.8 2.8.18.32.18.8

Element Helium / He Neon / Ne Argon / Ar Krypton / Kr Xenon / Xe Radon / Rn

Physical properties Monoatomic gases Colourless gas at room temperature Insoluble in water Cannot conduct electricity Poor conductors of heat Melting point and boiling point increases (going down the group) atomic size increases and force of attraction between atoms of each element become stronger Density of element increases (going down the group)

Chemical properties Uses Helium airships, weather balloons, cool down metals Neon advertising light bulb Argon welding, filled light bulbs Krypton used in laser, filled photographic flash lamps Radon treat cancer Chemically inert / not reactive / non-flammable do not gain, lose or share electrons with other elements

The next part, Part 3 in this series of notes from Berry Berry Easy on the Periodic Table of Elements for SPM Chemistry Form 4 students will be focused on Group 1 elements such as Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium and Francium. They might be volatile but extremely important in your studies. So stay tuned.

Group 1 elements, also known as alkali metals are elements that can usually be remembered by students in the Periodic Table of Elements, simply due to its proximity to the left end of the table. (Most students read from left to right, obviously) The following notes in Berry Berry Easy is Part 3 of SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes on Periodic Table of Elements. Similar to understanding noble gases (from Part 2), the trends for Group 1 elements in terms of electron arrangement of atoms, physical properties, chemical properties and specifically for this group, safety precautions will be discussed. (Tips: Please follow the safety precaution prescribed by your teacher in handling the alkali metals (if you were given the chance to do so). The reason is simple, as you will only need to see the volatile nature of alkali metals here when they are in contact with water, Brainiacs video on Alkali Metal <view here>. After viewing the video, you should have no reasons to not follow the safety precautions) (Second Tips: Do try your best to memorise the elements down the group. Read aloud everyday a few times: Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium and Francium. If you do so, youll memorise it without much effort. Thatll be an advantage in exams.) SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 3)
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<P><STRONG>Group 1 elements</STRONG></P> <UL> <LI>Group 1 elements are known as <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">alkali metals</SPAN> <LI>Atomic radius (atomic size) <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">increases</SPAN> (going down the group) <LI>The outermost shell of the atoms (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and Fr) have <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">1 valence electron</SPAN> <LI>Good reducing agents <LI>Very reactive increases (going down the group) <LI>Very electropositive increases (going down the group) </LI></UL> <TABLE cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 border=1> <TBODY> <TR> <TD vAlign=top width=102>Element</TD> <TD vAlign=top width=198>Electron arrangement of atom</TD></TR> <TR> <TD vAlign=top width=102>Lithium / Li</TD> <TD vAlign=top width=198>2.<STRONG><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff0000">1</SPAN></STRONG></TD></TR> <TR> <TD vAlign=top width=102>Sodium / Na</TD> <TD vAlign=top width=198>2.8.<STRONG><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff0000">1</SPAN></STRONG></TD></TR> <TR>

<TD vAlign=top width=102>Potassium / K</TD> <TD vAlign=top width=198>2.8.8.<STRONG><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff0000">1</SPAN></STRONG></TD></TR> <TR> <TD vAlign=top width=102>Rubidium / Rb</TD> <TD vAlign=top width=198>2.8.18.8.<STRONG><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff0000">1</SPAN></STRONG></TD></TR> <TR> <TD vAlign=top width=102>Caesium / Cs</TD> <TD vAlign=top width=198>2.8.18.18.8.<STRONG><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff0000">1</SPAN></STRONG></TD></TR> <TR> <TD vAlign=top width=102>Francium / Fr</TD> <TD vAlign=top width=198>2.8.18.32.18.8.<STRONG><SPAN style="COLOR: #ff0000">1</SPAN></STRONG></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE> <P><SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">Physical properties</SPAN></P> <UL> <LI>Grey solids with shiny silvery surfaces when freshly cut <LI>Soft solids at room temperature <LI>Good conductors of electricity <LI>Good conductors of heat <LI>Low melting point and boiling point (compared to heavy metal) <LI>Melting point and boiling point decreases (going down the group) atomic size increases and number of shells occupied with electrons increases / metallic

bonding between atoms becomes weaker &amp; less heat energy is required to overcome the weaker metallic bonding. <LI>Low density (Li, Na and K float on the surface water / Rb, Cs and Fr sink in the water) <LI>Density of element increases (going down the group) </LI></UL> <P><SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">Chemical properties</SPAN></P> <UL> <LI>Chemically very <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">reactive</SPAN> and react rapidly with oxygen and water vapour in the air (must be kept in paraffin oil) <LI>Reactivity<SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline"> increases</SPAN> (down the group) how easily it can lose <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">one</SPAN> (single) its <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">valence</SPAN> <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">electron</SPAN> to <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">achieve stable</SPAN> (octet or duplet) <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">electron arrangement</SPAN> <LI>React vigorously with <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">cold water</SPAN> produce alkaline metal hydroxide solutions and hydrogen gas <LI>React with <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">oxygen</SPAN> produce white solid metal oxides and metal oxides can dissolve in water to form

alkaline metal hydroxide solutions <LI>React with <SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">halogens</SPAN> produce white solid metal halides </LI></UL> <P><SPAN style="TEXT-DECORATION: underline">Safety precautions</SPAN></P> <UL> <LI>Cannot hold with bare hands <LI>Wear safety goggles and gloves <LI>No flammable substance nearby <LI>Avoid the fire </LI></UL> <P>The next part, <STRONG>Part 4</STRONG> in this series of notes from <SPAN style="COLOR: #ff0000"><STRONG>Berry Berry Easy</STRONG></SPAN> on the Periodic Table of Elements for SPM Chemistry Form 4 students will be focused on <STRONG>Group 17 elements</STRONG> or <STRONG>Halogens</STRONG> such as Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine. They are what the Berry Berry Teacher will call, the friendliest group of elements. After you learn this topic, youll understand why. <IMG class=wp-smiley alt=:-) src="http://berryberryeasy.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif"> </P>

SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 4)

by BerryBerryTeacher in Berry Reference (Notes) Question: What is the friendliest group of elements across the periodic table of elements? Answer: The Halogen group. Now you must be wondering why the Berry Berry Teacher, Miss Isabelle Wong calls it the friendliest group. For those who answered Halogen, congrats. This is due to Halogens typically occuring in pairs in natural conditions. As you would have guessed it, Part 4 of Berry Berry Easy notes on SPM Chemsitry Form 4 Periodic Table of Elements is focused on halogens. Well be looking at the friendly and interesting group of Group 17 elements or Halogens such as Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine. The usual suspects as we learn each group includes the general properties/nature of elements in the group, physical properties, chemical properties and safety precautions. (Tips: You should draw out the diatomic molecules and their electron configurations so that you can better understand why they typically exist in the form of diatomic molecules. Try to also memorise the atomic size as they go down a group. Note whether if it is metallic or non-metallic. How about their oxidising abilities? If you can answer those and beyond, you would have mastered the basic knowledge on halogens.) SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 4) Group 17 elements Group 17 elements are known as halogens Exist as diatomic molecules (F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 and At2) Non-metals Atomic radius (atomic size) increases (going down the group) The outermost shell of the atoms (F, Cl, Br, I and At) have 7 valence electrons Good oxidising agents Very reactive decreases (going down the group) Very electronegative decreases (going down the group) Electron arrangement of atom 2.7 2.8.7

Element Fluorine / F Chlorine / Cl

Bromine / Br Iodine / I Astatine / At

2.8.18.7 2.8.18.18.7 2.8.18.32.18.7

Physical properties Non-metals Insulators of electricity Poor conductors of heat Low melting point and boiling point Melting point and boiling point increases (going down the group) molecular size increases / forces of attraction between molecules become stronger & more heat energy is required to overcome the stronger forces of attraction (Van der Waals forces of attraction between molecules). Colour: F2 (pale yellow gas), Cl2 (greenish-yellow gas), Br2 (reddish-brown liquid), I2 (purplish-black solid) and At2 (black solid rarest naturally occurring element and extremely radioactive) Low density Density of element increases (going down the group) increase in atomic mass Chemically reactive Reactivity decreases (down the group) how easily it can gain one (single) more valence electron to achieve stable (octet) electron arrangement React with water produce two acids React with hot iron produce brown solids iron(III) halides React with sodium hydroxide NaOH solution produce water and two types of sodium salts (sodium halide and sodium halite(I)) Poisonous gas Wear safety goggles and gloves Handle in the fume cupboard

Chemical properties

Safety precautions

The next part, Part 5 in this series of notes from Berry Berry Easy on the Periodic Table of Elements for SPM Chemistry Form 4 students will be focused on Elements in a period. Example will be given across Period 3 which will form your basis of understanding for changes that occur when element moves across a period.

SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 5)

by BerryBerryTeacher in Berry Reference (Notes) What is the trends of elements across a period? This is one of the most often asked question in chemistry examinations (or pop quizzes). As SPM students are required to know their periodic table of elements very well, recognising trends of elements across a period is of utmost importance. For this Part 5 of Berry Berry Easy notes on SPM Chemsitry Form 4 Periodic Table of Elements, the changes across period 3 is discussed in detail. Atomic radius, proton number, electronegativity, phase changes and other changes will be explained in point form for easy reading. Students are advised to read the previous 4 parts in the series of notes before proceeding to this post, in order to better understand this part. (Tips: You should draw out the entire Period 3 and then draw the elements based on their size, colour, electronegativity (use size of negative signs to represent the levels), the phase which is appears in (s = solid, g = gas, l = liquid) and all other characteristics. Then paste this figure that you have drawn on your desktop. This way youll see it until you have it in the back of your head.) SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 5)

Elements in a period The Periodic Table 7 periods (Period 1 to Period 7) Proton number increases by one (across a period from left to right) Number of valence electrons of each element increases (across a period from left to right) Atomic radius / atomic size decreases increasing number of electrons / attraction by nucleus on the valence electrons becomes stronger (pulled closer to the nucleus) Proton number increases positive charge of the nucleus increases Electronegativity (strength to attract electrons towards its nucleus) increases

Across Period 3

proton number increases / positive charge of the nucleus increases Change from solid to gas Left solid metals Right non-metals gases Electropositive / metallic properties decreases Na, Mg, Al (metals): good conductor / Si (semi-metal): weak conductor of electricity / P, S, Cl (non-metals): cannot conduct electricity Na, Mg (metals): form oxides with basic properties Al (metal): form oxides with both basic and acidic properties = amphoteric oxides Si (semi-metal): forms oxides with acidic properties P, S, Cl (non-metals): forms oxides with acidic properties Semiconductor (flow in one direction) Microchip

Uses of semi-metals (metalloids)

The next part, Part 5 is the final part in this series of notes from Berry Berry Easy on the Periodic Table of Elements for SPM Chemistry Form 4 students. The next post which conclude the entire series of post will be on transition elements.

SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 6 Final)

by BerryBerryTeacher in Berry Reference (Notes) Consider this list: Scandium, Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Yttrium, Zirconium, Niobium, Molybdenum, Technetium, Ruthenium, Rhodium, Palladium, Silver, Cadmium, Hafnium, Tantalum, Tungsten, Rhenium, Osmium, Iridium, Platinum, Gold, Mercury, Rutherfordium, Dubnium, Seaborgium, Bohrium, Hassium, Meitnerium, Darmstadtium and Roentgenium. Q: What do they have in common? A: They are all considered as transition elements (or sometimes called as transition metals) Note that the list above are not the complete list of transition elements. So now that you know the elements listed above are transition elements, you might be

interested to know in-depth about them. This post from the Berry Berry Teacher, Miss Isabelle Wong is all about transition elements. Berry Readers will get to learn about the physical characteristics of transition elements, their special characteristics and common uses, all in the final part, Part 6 of Berry Berry Easy notes on SPM Chemistry Form 4 Periodic Table of Elements. Do note that, you are advised to read the previous parts before reading this post. Also, you do not need to memorise all the transition elements listed above, although you do need to know the common ones. (Tips: Learn the colours of the coloured ions, and write them with colour pencils. This will further reinforce your ability to remember the colours. The colours are important as they are typical examination questions, especially on experimental observations. While memorising the exact properties of each elements is not required at this level, but you will be better off remembering the general properties of transition elements.) SPM Chemistry Form 4 Notes Periodic Table of Elements (Part 6 Final) Transition elements 3 Sc Y La 4 Elements from Group 3 to Group 12 Metals Atomic radius (atomic size) approximately the same Solids with shiny surfaces Very hard (compared to Group 1 and Group 2 metals) High density Ductile (ability to stretched into wires without breaking) Malleable (ability to be bent into new shape) High tensile strength (ability to stay in their shape without breaking) High melting and boiling points High density Good conductors of electricity Good conductors of heat Electronegativity is low but increases (across the series) 5 6 Cr 7 M n 8 9 10 11 C u A g A u 12 Zn Cd Hg

Ti V Zr Nb H f Ta

Fe Co Ni R u O s Rh Ir Pd Pt

Mo Tc W Re

Ac

R f

Db

Sg

Bh

H s

Mt

Ds

R g

Uub

Special characteristics Form coloured ions (Cu2+: blue / Fe2+: pale green / Fe3+: yellow) Form coloured compound (cobalt chloride crystal: pink) Different oxidation numbers in their compound Useful catalysts (nickel hydrogenation of vegetable oil, copper(II) sulphate reaction of zinc with dilute sulphuric acid to liberate hydrogen gas, manganese(IV) oxide decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to liberate oxygen gas, iron Haber process, vanadium(V) oxide Contact process, platinum Ostwald process) Form complex ions (bigger-sized polyatomic ion) (Hexacyanoferrate(III) ion / [Fe(CN)6]3- ) Iron used as steel Chromium coating corroded metals, heat-resisting alloys and make stainless steel Copper making cables, pipes and electrical wires Titanium metal pipes and tanks, wings of supersonic aircraft

Uses

So finally we are at the end of Berry Berry Easy notes on SPM Chemistry Form 4 notes on the Periodic Table of Elements. Rejoice. This is a simple but heavily tested topic in exams. They will also return to haunt you in Form 6, foundation studies, A-level and further up. So learn them well over here now.