REPUBLIKA SRBIJA VISOKA KOLA PRIMENJENIH STRUKOVNIH STUDIJA, VRANJE

SEMINARSKI RAD
Nastavni predmet: Engleski jezik Tema rada: Traffic engineering Studijski program: Saobraajno ininjerstvo

Predmetni nastavnik: dr Marija Jovi, prof.

Student: Nikola Pavlovi 101/SI

Vranje, 2012.

Contents

Introduction ..............................................................................................................3
1. What are the warehouses ......................................................................................................... 3 1.1. Automation and optimization ............................................................................................... 3 1.2. Forklift for transmission and storage of goods..................................................................... 4

2. Parking ..................................................................................................................4
2.1. Parking facilities ................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. How to Park in a Parking Lot ............................................................................................... 5 2.3. Instructions ........................................................................................................................... 5

3. Train ......................................................................................................................6
3.1. Types of trains ...................................................................................................................... 7 3.2. High-Speed Trains................................................................................................................ 7 3.3. Todays High Speed Train Technology ............................................................................... 7 3.4. Worldwide High Speed Trains ............................................................................................. 8 3.5. Advantages of High Speed Trains ........................................................................................ 8 3.6. Future of High Speed Trains ................................................................................................ 8

Conclusion.................................................................................................................9 Reference.................................................................................................................10

Traffic engineering Nikola Pavlovi 101/SI

Introduction
Transport or transportation is the movement of people, animals and goods from one location to another. Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline, and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport is important since it enables trade between peoples, which in turn establishes civilizations. Transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance.

1. What are the warehouses

A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. They are usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities and towns and villages. They usually have loading docks to load and unload goods from trucks. Sometimes warehouses are designed for the loading and unloading of goods directly from railways, airports, or seaports. They often have cranes and forklifts for moving goods, which are usually placed on ISO standard pallets loaded into pallet racks. Stored goods can include any raw materials, packing materials, spare parts, components, or finished goods associated with agriculture, manufacturing, or commerce.

1.1. Automation and optimization

Some warehouses are completely automated, and require only operators to work and handle all the task. Pallets and product move on a system of automated conveyors, cranes and automated storage and retrieval systems coordinated by programmable logic controllers and

dr Marija Jovi, prof.

Traffic engineering Nikola Pavlovi 101/SI computers running logistics automation software. These systems are often installed in refrigerated warehouses where temperatures are kept very cold to keep product from spoiling, especially in electronics warehouse where they require specific temperature to avoid damaging the parts, and also where land is expensive, as automated storage systems can use vertical space efficiently. For a warehouse to function efficiently, the facility must be properly slotted. Slotting addresses which storage medium a product is picked from (pallet rack or carton flow), and how they are picked (pick-to-light, pick-to-voice, or pick-to-paper). With a proper slotting plan, a warehouse can improve its inventory rotation requirementssuch as first in, first out (FIFO) and last in, first out (LIFO)control labor costs and increase productivity.

1.2. Forklift for transmission and storage of goods

An industrial powered lift truck, more commonly known as a forklift, operates on the same principal as your standard automobile. It has an accelerator, brakes, steering wheel, and requires concentration and some eye-hand coordination to operate. The forklift however can lift loads weighing several tons to heights of twenty feet or more and operates in very narrow confines. Because of these differences operating a forklift requires additional training and expertise to operate safely and efficiently.

2. Parking
Parking is the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief time. Parking on one or both sides of a road is commonly permitted, though often with restrictions. Parking facilities are constructed in combination with most buildings, to facilitate the coming and going of the buildings' users.

dr Marija Jovi, prof.

Traffic engineering Nikola Pavlovi 101/SI

2.1. Parking facilities

Parking facilities include indoor and outdoor private property belonging to a house, the side of the road where metered or laid-out for such use, a parking lot (American English) or car park (British English), indoor and outdoor multi-level structures, shared underground parking facilities, and facilities for particular modes of vehicle such as dedicated structures for cycle parking. In the U.S., after the first public parking garage for motor vehicles was opened in Boston, May 24, 1898, livery stables in urban centers began to be converted into garages. In cities of the Eastern US, many former livery stables, with lifts for carriages, continue to operate as garages today. The following terms give regional variations. All except carport refer to outdoor multilevel parking facilities. In some regional dialects, some of these phrases refer also to indoor or single-level facilities.

2.2. How to Park in a Parking Lot

As a beginning driver, you are learning new procedures and functions. Everything you do behind the steering wheel of your car has to be conducted with safety in mind (your safety as well as the safety of other drivers and pedestrians). Whether you are taking private driving lessons from a driver's education company or at your high school, or learning from your parents, you need to learn how to park in a parking space correctly.

2.3. Instructions
Locate a large parking lot that isn't too full so that you can practice with empty areas and areas that have cars already parked. You want to practice parking in the empty area first, until you get comfortable before attempting to park next to someone else's car.

dr Marija Jovi, prof.

Traffic engineering Nikola Pavlovi 101/SI Pull up to an empty parking stall slowly, until your front left tire is even with the painted stall line nearest to you. Signal your intent to turn left. Slow down until you're almost stopped, and begin to turn your steering wheel to the left. As you're pulling your car in, keep track of your distance from the painted stall line to your left. With your car in Park, check your distance from both painted lines. Straighten your steering wheel out and continue to pull into the parking stall slowly. If there is a concrete curb ahead of you, pull your car up until your front tires bump this curb. If your car is a low-clearance car, however, stop before you reach the curb so that you don't damage the underside of your car. Continue practicing in parking spots with no adjacent cars until you feel comfortable parking. Move to an area of the parking lot which has some cars already parked. Look for an empty stall that has two sedans or smaller cars parked on either side; it will be harder to pull in and reverse out if you are between two large SUVs. Ask your instructor to demonstrate parking between two vehicles as you watch. Practice parking between two vehicles or next to one vehicle, pulling your left tire even with the painted parking line. (You have been practicing pulling into a stall nearest to you.) Begin practicing parking in a stall on your right side in order to learn how to gauge the distance between the right side of your car and the painted stall line. Pull up to an empty spot slowly until your right tire is even with the painted line, signal your intent to turn right and turn into the stall and straighten your steering wheel out. Pull up to the curb, stop and put your car into Park. Check your car's distance from both painted stall lines.

3. Train
A train is a connected series of vehicles for rail transport that move along a track (permanent way) to transport cargo or passengers from one place to another place. The track usually consists of two rails, but might also be a monorail or maglev guideway.

dr Marija Jovi, prof.

Traffic engineering Nikola Pavlovi 101/SI

3.1. Types of trains

There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes. A train can consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a selfpropelled multiple unit (or occasionally a single or articulated powered coach, called a railcar). Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, or run downhill by gravity. Special kinds of trains running on corresponding special 'railways' are atmospheric railways, monorails, high-speed railways, maglev, rubber-tired underground, funicular and cog railways.

3.2. High-Speed Trains

High speed trains are a type of passenger train travel that functions at a speed much higher than that of traditional passenger trains. There are different standards of what constitutes high speed trains based on the trains speed and technology used however. In the European Union, high speed trains are that which travels 125 miles per hour (200 km/h) or faster, while in the United States it is those that travel 90 mph (145 km/h) or faster.

3.3. Todays High Speed Train Technology

Since the development of high speed rail, there have been many changes in the technology used in high speed trains. One of these is maglev (magnetic levitation), but most high speed trains use other technologies because they are easier to implement and they allow for more direct high speed connections to cities without the need for new tracks. Today there are high speed trains that use steel wheels on steel tracks that can travel at speeds over 200 mph. Minimal stopping for traffic, long curves, and aerodynamic, light trains also allow todays high speed trains to travel even faster. In addition, new technologies being implemented in train signaling systems can enable high speed trains to safely minimize time between trains at stations, thereby allowing travel on them to be even more efficient.

dr Marija Jovi, prof.

Traffic engineering Nikola Pavlovi 101/SI

3.4. Worldwide High Speed Trains

Today, there are many large high speed rail lines around the world. The largest though are found in Europe, China and Japan. In Europe (map), high speed trains operate in Belgium Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Spain, Germany, the U.K. and France currently have the largest high speed train networks in Europe.

3.5. Advantages of High Speed Trains

Once completed and well established, high speed train lines have many advantages over other forms of high capacity public transportation. One of these is that due to infrastructure design in many countries, highway and air travel systems are constrained, cannot expand, and in many cases are overloaded. Because the addition of new high speed rail can also be high capacity, it has the potential relieve congestion on other transit systems. High speed trains are also considered more energy efficient or equivalent to other modes of transit per passenger mile. In terms of possible passenger capacity, high speed trains can also reduce the amount of land used per passenger when compared to cars on roads. In addition, train stations are normally smaller than airports and can therefore be located within major cities and spaced closer together, allowing for more convenient travel.

3.6. Future of High Speed Trains

Because of these advantages, high speed rail use is increasing worldwide. By 2025 Europe plans to dramatically increase its connections and the EU has a goal of creating a Trans-European high speed train network to connect the entire region. Other examples of future high speed rail plans can be found across the globe from California to Morocco to Saudi Arabia, thus strengthening the importance of high speed trains as a viable form of future public.

dr Marija Jovi, prof.

Traffic engineering Nikola Pavlovi 101/SI

Conclusion
The nature of road transportation of goods depends, apart from the degree of development of the local infrastructure, on the distance the goods are transported by road, the weight and volume of the individual shipment and the type of goods transported. For short distances and light, small shipments a van or pickup truck may be used. For large shipments even if less than a full truckload (Less than truckload) a truck is more appropriate. (Also see Trucking and Hauling below). In some countries cargo is transported by road in horse-drawn carriages, donkey carts or other non-motorized mode (see animal-powered transport). Delivery services (see Delivery (commerce)) are sometimes considered a separate category from cargo transport. In many places fast food is transported on roads by various types of vehicles. For inner city delivery of small packages and documents bike couriers are quite common. Parking Generation is a document produced by the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) that assembles a vast array of parking demand observations predominately from the United States. It summarizes the amount of parking observed with various land uses at different times of the day/week/month/year including the peak parking demand. While it has been assailed by some planners for lack of data in urban settings, it stands as the single largest accumulation of actual parking demand data related to land use. Anyone can submit parking demand data for inclusion. The report is updated approximately every 5 to 10 years. Railway companies often give a name to a train service as a marketing exercise, to raise the profile of the service and hence attract more passengers (and also to gain kudos for the company). Usually, naming is reserved for the most prestigious trains: the high-speed express trains between major cities, stopping at few intermediate stations. The names of services such as the Orient Express, the Flying Scotsman, the Flche d'Or and the Royal Scot have passed into popular culture. Some of the popular specially named trains in India are: Brindavan Express (Madras Bangalore), Deccan Queen (Bombay V.T. - Pune) and Flying Ranee (Bombay Central - Surat).

dr Marija Jovi, prof.

Traffic engineering Nikola Pavlovi 101/SI

Reference

1. www.en.wikipedia.org

2. www.ehow.com

3. www.bitpipe.com

4. www.speedtrains.com

5. www.scribd.com

6. www.parkingservice.com

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dr Marija Jovi, prof.