AN ANALYSIS ON DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS OF GLYNIS GERTSCHS SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE

THESIS
Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of Strata 1 Program of the English Language Department

by:

ANIS KUSUMANINGRUM CII.2003.00474

FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND LETTERS DIAN NUSWATORO UNIVERSITY SEMARANG 2007

PAGE OF APPROVAL

This thesis has been approved by Board of Examiners, Strata 1 Study Program of English Language, Faculty of Languages and Letters, Dian Nuswantoro University on

Board of Examiners Chairperson Secretary

First Adviser as 1st Examiner

Second Adviser as 2nd Examiner

Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd.

Dyah Nugrahani, S. Pd, M. Hum

Approved by: Dean of Faculty of Languages and Letters

Mahmud, S.E., M.M.

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MOTTO

PAY THE PRICE FOR SUCCESS AND ENJOY THE BENEFIT FOR BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE

DONALD TRUMP

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DEDICATION

For: God who protects me every time My beloved father and mother My beloved brother and sister My beloved niece My beloved grandfather and grand mother

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

At this happiest moment, I would say thanks to Allah S.W.T who blessed and protected me all the time and I would like to say thanks to people who helped me until I finished this study. They are: 1. Mr. Mahmud, S.E., M.M., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and Letters of Dian Nuswantoro University, who gives permission to me to conduct this study. 2. Mr. Achmad Basari, S.S., The Head of English Department of strata 1 Program, Faculty of Languages and Letters, Dian Nuswantoro University, who gives permission to me to conduct this research. 3. Mr. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd., my first advisor who gives valuable advice and guidance to me, and also reminds me to finish this study on time. 4. Mrs. Dyah Nugrahani, S.Pd, M. Hum. my second advisor who gives valuable advice and guidance to me, and also reminds me to finish this study on time. 5. All lecturers at English Department of Faculty of Languages and Letters of Dian Nuswantoro University, for the great lesson and motivation. 6. The librarians of the central library of Dian Nuawantoro University for their permission for me to use some valuable references in writing this thesis. 7. My father and my mother, you are my great parents in the world.

8. My brother and my sister Bayu and Ika, thanks for your support. 9. My sweet niece Nadia Yuka Nasywa, I love you so much. 10. For the big family H. Kastoebi, thanks for all the pray. 11. My really best friends Rini, Novi, Esty, Desy, Vya, Dita, Karina, there is nothing special without a friendship in the world. 12. For my friends Dini Tasriva, Tina, Gita, Anie, and Fitri we must be a great woman. 13. My friend in Semarang International School, Pysca the most beautiful girl, thanks for accompanying me and giving guidance during the writing of this thesis. 14. My colleague in PT. K-LINK especially for Ir. Paiman M.P, M. Reza Fajar, Elisa Ulfah, S.S, Irma Winingsih, S.S, Mr. Supri, Mr. Tarto, Mr. Agus, Nendi, we all have the same dreams to be successful.

Finally I do realize that due to my limited ability I welcome any suggestions and criticisms.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF TITLE .. PAGE OF APPROVAL MOTTO . DEDICATION . . ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... LIST OF TABLE .. LIST OF APPENDICES ... ABSTRACT .. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Scope of the Study .. 1.4 Objective of the Study 1.5 Significance of the Study 1.6 Thesis Organization . CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Pragmatics. 2.2 Speech Act ...................................

i ii iii iv v vii viii ix 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 8

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CHAPTER III.

RESEARCH METHOD . 3.1 Research Design ... 3.2 Unit of Analysis ... 3.3 Source of Data . 3.4 Technique of Data Collection . 3.5 Technique of Data Analysis
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20 20 20 21 21 22 23 41` 41 41 42 43

CHAPTER IV. CHAPTER V.

DATA ANALYSIS .. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion .. 5.2 Suggestion ...

BIBLIOGRAPHY .. APPENDICES

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LIST OF TABLES
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Table 4.1 Direct and Indirect speech acts ... Table 4.2 Direct Speech function .. Table 4.4 Sentence type .

23 26 35

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LIST OF APPENDICES
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Appendix 1. Glynis Gertschs Short Story Staring Me In The Face .44 Appendix 2. The classification of direct and indirect speech acts.48

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PAGE OF APPROVAL

This proposal has been approved by the first advisor and second advisor, Strata 1 Study Program of English Language, Faculty of Languages and Letters, Dian Nuswantoro University on, 23 April 2007.

First Advisor

Second Advisor

Drs. Liliek Soepriatmadji, M.Pd

Dyah Nugrahani, S. Pd, M. Hum

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ABSTRACT
The thesis entitled An Analysis on Direct and Indirect Speech Act in the GLYNIS GERTSCHS SHORT STORY Staring me in the face by Glynish Gertsch. The study helps people develop their understanding pertaining to a speakers intents. Thus, it questions the realization of direct and indirect speech acts and what they mean. The objectives are describing the realization of the act and finding the meaning of the utterances and interpreting their meanings on the basic of speech act theory offered by Searle. After analyzing the data, the writer found that the speakers utterances consist of 88 (97.78 %) direct speech act and 2 (2.22 %) indirect speech act. Direct speech function consists of questioning act 26 (29.54 %), informing 52 (59.1 %), requesting 7 (7.95 %), thanking 2 (2.27 %), and apologizing 1 (1.14 %). While indirect speech function consists of 2. It was also found that the speakers utterances could be categorized into declarative sentence 52 (59.78 %), interrogative 26 (29.88 %), and imperative 9 (10.34 %). The interpretation of the meaning could be categorized into questioning, informing, requesting, thanking, and apologizing. While questioning and requesting could be into directives, informing could be representatives, thanking and apologizing could be in expressive.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study As a means of communication, language takes an important role in our lives. Everyday, humans are always in contact or communicate with others. People need a good relationship with other people in their society surround them. It means that language can be used for doing social Interaction. It is impossible that a man lives without another. There are three components in every communication process. 1) Participant (at least two persons or group), 2) Topic (what is talked about), and 3) Means of communication (form of symbol, sign, etc). As one of the three components, i.e. a means of communication, language which employs the system of sounds, signs, or symbols could be used to convey messages, to share ideas and feelings, or to influence people to do something, (e.g letter, advertisement, short story, etc). Short story is one of the ways for a writer to express ideas. It usually contains dialogues between or among its characters, and surely these dialogues are full of speech act. Speech act is one of the aspects in Pragmatic field. It is the study of meaning and function of an utterance. Knowledge of speech may be used by interlocutors in their utterances. According to Austin in Levinson (1983:236) there are three kinds of acts: Locutionary act, Illocutionary act, and Perlocutionary act. Locutionary act is speech act of saying something.

Perlocutionary act is the act of affecting something and Illocutionary act is the act of doing something, for instance, making statement or promise, issuing a command or request, asking a question, etc. According to Searle in Levinson (1995:240) there have been found five basic kinds of Illocutionary act, these are: representative, directives, commisive, expressive and declaration. Illocutionary act includes direct and indirect speech, and could be in declarative (giving information), interrogative (asking something), and imperative (commanding). The above explanation indicates how important speech act is in a language. It is based on that argument that the researcher made a further study regarding the type of act especially direct speech and indirect speech act in the GLYNIS GERTSCHS SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.

1.2 Statement of the Problem The problems of this research can be stated as follows: 1. What direct and indirect illocutionary acts are found in the GLYNIS GERTSCHS SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE? 2. What are the meanings of utterances used in illocutionary acts found in the GLYNIS GERTSCHS SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE?

1.3 Scope of the Study In this research, the researcher made a certain limitation to what was analyzed. The study focuses on illocutionary act especially direct speech and indirect speech act in conversation among the main characters in GLYNIS GERTSCHS SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE. Direct speech act is speech act that has the same intention as the utterance. While indirect speech act is speech act that indirectly contains the other intention. The direct and indirect speeches are usually in of declarative (giving information), interrogative (asking something), and imperative (commanding). They include informing, requesting, questioning, promising, threatening, thanking, and apologizing.

1.4 Objective of the Study Below are the objectives that the writer wants to achieve: 1. To identify the direct and indirect illocutionary acts found in the GLYNIS GERTSCHS SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE. 2. To describe the meanings of utterances in illocutionary acts found in the GLYNIS GERTSCHS SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.

1.5 Significance of the Study The result of the study is expected to give the following benefits: 1. A contribution to the researcher, by conducting the study, it is hoped the researcher gets more knowledge, especially about direct and indirect speech act. 2. To give additional knowledge for the students to study about illocutionary acts.

1.6 Thesis Organization The discussion of the thesis is divided into five chapters. Each chapter consists of many sub-chapters and discusses a different topic, there are: Chapter I: Introduction consist of background of the study, statement of the problem, scope of the study, objective of the study, significance of the study, and thesis organization. Chapter II: Review of Related Literature consists of pragmatics and speech act. Chapter III: Research Method describes research design, unit of analysis, source of data, technique of data collection and technique of data analysis. Chapter IV: Data analysis. It analyzes speech act especially illocutionary act which includes direct and indirect speech act. Chapter V: In the last chapter, the writer gives the conclusions and suggestions for the future the research.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

In conducting a research, a method is useful to get a valid result. Research method focuses on five units of discussion, they are: research design, unit of analysis, source of data, technique of data collection and technique of data analysis. 3.1 Research Design The descriptive study is a study whose purpose is to describe systematically the facts and characteristics of a given population or area of interest, factually and accurately (Issac and Michael, 1987:18). In this research, the researcher used a descriptive method. Because this research is to identify the kinds of speech especially direct and indirect speech of the speakers utterances in GLYNIS GERTSCHS SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE.

3.2 Unit of Analysis The researcher focused on the illocutionary act in GLYNIS GERTSCHS SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE. The unit of analysis is direct and indirect speech act and is found in the speakers utterances.

3.3 Source of Data The data of this research are written data. The researcher collected the data from GLYNIS GERTSCHS SHORT STORY STARING ME IN THE FACE downloaded from http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/Ubooks/StarFace.shtml. (April 6th 2007).

3.4 Technique of Data Collection The method used in preparing the data related to the subject of this research is documentation method because the researcher used the short story to collect the data. Arikunto (2002:206) says that Documentation method is looking for the data about things or variables which are in the form of notes, transcription, book, newspaper, magazine, leafs, etc. The data collection technique applied the following steps: a. Finding the short story b. Reading short story c. Collecting the data indicating direct and indirect speech act d. Selecting the speakers utterances that consist of direct and indirect speech act.

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis After the data were collected, they were analyzed by using the following steps: a. Categorizing the speakers utterance in the form of Declarative, Interrogative, and Imperative sentence into direct and indirect speech act. b. Interpreting the meanings of utterances uttered by the speakers according to the function of Direct and Indirect speech act.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion Speech act is one of the aspects in Pragmatic Field. It is the study of the meaning and function of an utterance. In the investigation, the writer analyzes direct and indirect speech act in Glynis Gertschs short story Staring Me In The Face. As the result the writer concludes several statements, they are: 1. The speakers in the Glynis Gertschs short story tend to employ direct speech act (97.78 %) rather than indirect speech act (2.22 %). 2. The speakers produced utterances to question 26 (29.54 %), to inform 52 (59.1 %), to request 7 (7.95 %), to thank 2 (2.27 %), and to apologize 1 (1.14 %). 3. In line with conclusion no. 2 the speakers in fact produced utterances labelled under declarative category (59.78 %), interrogative (29.88 %), and imperative (10.34 %). 5.2 Suggestion After analysing Glynis Gertschs short story Staring Me In The Face, the writer would like to give the following suggestions for other researchers. 1. A study on illocutionary act only seems to be not enough. So it would complete and challenging if any researcher would also analyze the other two acts, locutionary and perlocutionary acts.

2. A study on illocutionary act is a part of pragmatics study. That is why it would be more lively if similar study could employ naturally occurring data.

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REFERENCE Arikunto, Suharsini. 2002. Prosedure penelitian Sosiolinguistik: Suatu pendekatan praktis. Jakarta. PT. Bina Aksara. Austin, J. L. 1962. How To Do Things With Words. Oxford New York. Oxford University Press. Issac, Steven and William B. Michael. 1987. Handbook in Research and Evaluation. San Diego: Ediths Publishers Leech, Geoffrey. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London and New York: Longman Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. NN. 2002. Staring Me In The Face. http://www.eastoftheweb.com/short-stories/Ubooks/StarFace.shtml. (April 6th 2007) Sari, Nirmala. 1988. An Introduction to Linguistics. Jakarta: Depdikbud Searle, J. R. 1969. Speech Acts. New York: John Hopkins University Press. Vanderveken, Daniel. 1990. Meaning and Speech Acts. Cambridge University Press Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press