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Where g is the guide wave length d1 and d2 are the location of the twice-minimum
points.
The method overcomes the effect of probe loading since the probe is always set
around a voltage minimum where larger probe loading can be tolerated however it
does not overcome the effect of detector characteristics.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
18
Calibrated attenuator Method :
Another method for measuring high SWR's is to use a calibrated variable attenuator
between the signal source and the slotted line. Adjust the attenuator to keep the
rectified output of the crystal diode equal at the voltage minimum and voltage
maximum points. The SWR in dB is the difference in the attenuator settings.
1. Repeat steps a to i in low SWR measurements procedure.
2. Move the probe carriage along the line for a voltage minimum, adjust the
attenuator to give a convenient indication on the meter, note the attenuator
setting.
3. Move the probe carriage along the line to a voltage maximum, adjust the
attenuator to obtain the same indication on the meter as established in step 2,
and note the attenuator setting,
4. The SWR may be read directly (in dB) as the difference between the first and
second readings. While this method overcomes the effect of detector variations
from a square Law characteristic, the effect of probe loading still remains. Be
careful; always use minimum probe penetration.
Location of voltage maximum or voltage minimum :
From the discussion on probe loading it has shown that it is more desirable to locate
the voltage minimum than the voltage maximum since the effect of probe loading is
less at the minimum. However, the location of voltage minimum by a single
measurement, particularly on low SWR, is usually inaccurate because of its
broadness, thus making the true minimum position hard to determine. An accurate
method of locating the voltage minimum is to obtain the position of the probe carriage
at two equal output readings on either side of the minimum and then averaging these
two readings.
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
19
Experiment 1
Objective :
Study of characteristics of the Reflex Klystron Tube and to determine its
electronic tuning range.
Apparatus required :
1 Klystron Power Supply
2 Klystron tube with Klystron mount
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
5 Variable attenuator
6 Detector mount
7 Wave guide stand
8 SWR meter and Oscilloscope
9 BNC cable
Theory :
The Reflex Klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous
electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are
accelerated & passed through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which
retards and finally, reflects the electrons and the electrons turn back through the
resonator. Suppose an rf-field exists between the resonators the electrons traveling
forward will be accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the resonator changes in
amplitude.
Schematics Diagram of Klystron 2K25
Figure 4
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
20
The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded
electrons leave at the reduced velocity. The electrons leaving the resonator will need
different time to return, due to change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons
group together in bunches, as the electron bunches pass through resonator, they
interact with voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such a time that
the electrons are slowed down by the voltage then energy will be delivered to the
resonator; and Klystron will oscillate. Figure 4 shows the relationship between output
power, frequency and reflector voltages.
Square Wave modulation of the Klystron
Figure 5
The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity. Hence,
by changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning of klystron is possible. Also,
a small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector voltage. This is
called Electronic Tuning
The same result can be obtained, if the modulation voltage is applied on the reflector
voltage as shown in the figure 5
Procedure :
Carrier Wave Operation :
1. Connect the components and equipments as shown in figure 6
Setup for study of Klystron Tube
Figure 6
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
21
2. Set the Variable Attenuator at the maximum position (at no attenuation).
3. Set the mode switch of klystron Power Supply to CW position, beam voltage
control knob to full anti-clock wise and reflector voltage control knob to fully
clock wise and the meter select to Beam position.
4. Keep SWR meter at 50dB attenuation and coarse and fine potentiometers on
mid position and crystal impedance at 200ohm.
5. Keep SWR/dB switch at dB position.
6. Set the multi-meter in DC microampere range.
7. Switch 'On' the klystron Power Supply & cooling fan for klystron tube.
8. Set the meter select to beam voltage position and rotate beam voltage knob
clockwise slowly. Observe beam current on the meter by changing the meter
switch to beam current position. 'The beam current should not increase more
than 25mA.
9. Change the reflector voltage slowly and observe the reading on the SWR meter.
Set the voltage for maximum reading in the meter. If no reading is obtained,
change the plunger position of klystron mount and detector mount. Select the
appropriate range on SWR Meter. Now replace SWR meter to multi-meter.
10. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for the maximum output.
11. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, when there
is less output current on multi-meter. Read directly the frequency between two
horizontal line and vertical line markers. If micro meter type frequency meter is
used, read micrometer frequency and find the frequency from its calibration
chart.
Square Wave Operation :
1. Connect the equipments and components as shown in the figure 7
Figure 7
2. Set Micrometer of variable attenuator for no attenuation.
3. Set the range switch of SWR meter at appropriate position, crystal selector
switch to 200ohm impedance position, mode select to normal position.
4. Now in KPS Set Modulation selector switch to AM- Mod. Position. Beam
voltage control knob to fully anticlockwise position. Reflector voltage control
knob to the fully clockwise position and meter select switch to 'beam' position.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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5. Switch On the Klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Change the beam voltage knob clockwise up to 300V.
7. Keep the AM amplitude knob and AM frequency knob at the mid-position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR meter.
9. Rotate the AM amplitude knob to get the maximum output in SWR meter.
10. Maximize the reading by adjusting the frequency control knob of AM.
11. If necessary, change the range switch of SWR meter if the Reading in SWR
meter is grater than 0.0db or less than -10dB in normal Mode respectively.
Further the output can also be reduced by Variable Attenuator for setting the
output for any particular position.
12. Connect oscilloscope in place of SWR Meter and observe the square wave
across detector mount.
Mode Study on Oscilloscope :
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure 8
2. Set Mode selector switch to FM-Mode position with FM amplitude and FM
frequency knob at mid position. Keep beam voltage control knob fully
anticlockwise and reflector voltage knob to fully clockwise.
Figure 8
Modes of 2K25
Figure 9
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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3. Keep the time/division scale of Oscilloscope around 100Hz frequency
measurement and volt/ div to lower scale.
4. Switch On the klystron Power Supply and oscilloscope.
5. Keep the meter switch of klystron Power Supply to beam voltage position and
set beam voltage to 300V by beam voltage control knob.
6. Keep amplitude knob of FM modulator to maximum position and rotate the
reflector voltage anti-clockwise to get modes as shown in figure 9 on the
oscilloscope. The horizontal axis represents reflector voltage axis, and vertical
axis represents output power.
7. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any mode
of Klystron tube can be seen on an Oscilloscope.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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Experiment 2
Objective :
To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working
in TE
10
mode.
Apparatus required :
1 Klystron Power Supply
2 Klystron tube
3 Isolator
4 Frequency meter
5 Variable attenuator
6 Slotted section
7 Tunable probe
8 Wave guide stand
9 SWR meter
10 Matched termination.
Theory :
Mode represents in wave guides as either
TE m, n/ TM m,n
Where
TE Transverse electric,
TM Transverse magnetic
m Number of half wave length variation in broader direction.
n Number of half wave length variation in shorter direction.
)
2 1
(
2
d d
g
=
Where d
1
and d
2
are the distance between two successive minima/maxima
It is having highest cut off frequency hence dominant mode.
For dominant TE
10
mode in rectangular wave guide o, g and c are related as
below.
2 2
0
1 1 1
c g
+ =
Where
o is free space wave length
g is guide wave length
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
25
c is cutoff wave length
For TE
10
mode,
m
2a
c =
Where m = 1 in TE
10
mode and a' is broad dimension of waveguide. The following
relationship can be proved
C =
Where
c = 3 x 10
8
m/s is velocity of light and f is frequency.
Procedure :
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure 10
2. Set the variable attenuator at maximum position (at no attenuation).
3. Keep the control knobs of SWR Meter as below :
Range dB : 50 dB position
Crystal : At 200ohm Impedance
Mode select : Normal Position
Gain (Coarse & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB : dB position
4. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below.
Mod- Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude Knob : Fully clockwise
AM-Frequency : Mid Position
Setup for study of frequency & wave length measurement
Figure 10
5. Switch on the klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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6. Turn the meter switch of Power Supply to beam voltage position and set beam
voltage at 300V with the help of beam voltage knob, current around 15 to
20mA.
7. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
8. Maximize the reading with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of Power
Supply.
9. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum reading.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum reading on SWR meter.
11. Tune the probe for maximum reading in SWR meter.
12. Tune the frequency meter to get a 'dip' on SWR meter and note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter and detune the DRF
13. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get the reading in SWR
meter. Move the tunable probe to a minimum reading position. To get accurate
reading, it is necessary to increase the SWR meter range dB switch to higher
position, record the probe position i.e. d
1
14. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again
i.e. d
2
.
15. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive
minimum positions obtained as above.
1 2 g = 2 (d - d )
16. Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86
mm for X band and Calculate
c = 2a
For TE10 mode
17. Calculate the frequency by following equation:
2
c
1
2
g
1
c
0
c
f + = =
Where
c =3 x 10
8
meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.
18. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.
19. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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Experiment 3
Objective :
To determine the Standing Wave-Ratio and Reflection Coefficient.
Apparatus required :
1 Klystron Power Supply
2 Klystron tube
3 SWR meter
4 Isolator
5 Frequency meter
6 Variable attenuator
7 Slotted line
8 Tunable probe
9 Wave guide stand
10 Matched Termination
11 BNC cable
12 S-S tuner
Theory :
It is a ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage along a transmission line is
called SWR, as ratio of maximum to minimum current. SWR is measure of mismatch
between load and line.
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the
sum of two traveling waves: the 'Incident Wave' propagates from generator and the
reflected wave propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by
reflection of incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load
impedance. The magnitude and phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and
phase of .the reflecting impedance. The superposition of two traveling waves, gives
rise to standing wave along with the line. The maximum field strength is found where
two waves are in phase and minimum where the line adds in opposite phase. The
distance between two successive minimum (and maximum) is half the guide
wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength of reflected and incident
wave is called reflection between maximum and minimum field strength along the
line.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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Double Minima Method
Figure 11
Hence SWR denoted by S is
min
max
E
E
S =
r
E
I
E
r
E
I
E
+
=
Where
E
I
= Incident Voltage
E
r
= Reflected Voltage
Reflection Coefficient, is
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
I
E
r
E
+
= =
Where
Z is the impedance at a point on line,
Zo is characteristic Impedance.
The above equation gives following equation
1
1
+
=
S
S
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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Setup for SWR measurement
Figure 12
Procedure :
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the figure 12
2. Keep variable attenuator at maximum-position (at no attenuation).
3. Keep the control knobs of SWR Meter as below :
Range dB : 50 dB position
Crystal : 200 ohm
Mode Switch : Normal Position
Gain (Coarse & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB switch : dB position
4. Keep the control knobs of klystron Power Supply as below:
Mod-Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully Anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage Knob : Fully clockwise
AM Frequency & amplitude
Knob : Mid Position
5. Switch On the klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Keep the meter switch of klystron Power Supply to beam Voltage position and
set the beam voltage at 300V.
7. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR Meter.
8. Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of AM
modulation.
9. Tune for Maximum reading by tuning the plunger of Klystron Mount. Then tune
for maximum reading by tuning the probe.
10. If necessary change the range dB switch, variable attenuator position and gain
control knob to get reading in the SWR meter.
11. Move the probe along with slotted line, the reading will change.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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a. Measurement of low and medium SWR
i. For low SWR set the S.S. tuner probe for no penetration position.
ii. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum reading in
SWR Meter in dB.
iii. Adjust the SWR Meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until
the meter indicates 0.0dB in normal modes. SWR for 0.0dB is 1.0
by keeping switch at SWR we can read it directly.
iv. Keep all the Control knobs as it is, move the probe to next minimum
gain position.
v. Keep SWR /dB switch at SWR position.
vi. Read the SWR from display and record it.
vii. Repeat the above step for change of S.S. Tuner probe penetration &
record the corresponding SWR.
viii. If the SWR is grater than 10dB, then you have to use the following
procedure.
b. Measurement of High SWR (Double Minimum Method)
i. Set the depth of S.S. Tuner slightly more for maximum SWR.
ii. Move the probe along with Slotted line until a minimum is
indicated.
iii. Adjust the SWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to
obtain a reading of 3 dB (or any other reference) at SWR Meter.
iv. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until maximum reading is
obtained i.e. '0' dB (or power should be increased by 3 dB). Note
and record the probe position on slotted line. Let it be d
1
.
v. Repeat the step 3 and 4 and then move the probe right along with
slotted line until maximum reading is obtained in normal dB mode
i.e upto 0dB. Let it be d
2
.
vi. Measure the distance between two successive minima position.
Twice of this distance is wave guide length g.
g = 2 (d1- d2)
vii. Calculate SWR by following equation.
( )
2
d
1
d
g
SWR
=
For different SWR, calculate the refection coefficient.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
31
Experiment 4
Objective :
To measure an unknown Impedance with Smith chart.
Apparatus required :
1 Klystron Tube 2K25
2 Klystron Power Supply
3 Klystron Mount
4 Isolator
5 Frequency meter
6 Variable attenuator
7 Slotted Line
8 Tunable Probe
9 SWR meter
10 Wave guide stand
11 S.S. Tuner
12 Matched Termination.
Theory :
The impedance at any point of a transmission line can be written in the form R + jX.
For comparison SWR can be calculated as
R
R
S
+
=
1
1
Reflection Coefficient
0
0
Z Z
Z Z
R
+
=
Where
Z
o
= Characteristics impedance of w/g at operating frequency
Z = Load impedance at any point.
The measurement is performed in following way :
The unknown device is connected to the slotted line and the SWR = S
o
and the
position of one minima is determined. Then unknown device is replaced by movable
short to the slotted line. Two successive minima positions are noted. The twice of the
difference between minima position will be guide-wave length. One of the minima is
used as reference for Impedance measurement. Find the difference of reference
minima and minima position obtained from unknown load. Let it bed. Take a Smith
chart taking '1' as center; draw a circle of radius equal to So. Mark a point on
circumference of chart towards load side at a distance equal to d/g. Join the center
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
32
with this point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The coordination of this
point this will show the normalized impedance of load.
Setup for Impedance measurement
Figure 13
Procedure :
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure 13.
2. Set the variable attenuator at no attenuation position.
3. Connect S.S. tuner and matched termination after slotted line.
4. Keep the control knobs of SWR Meter as below :
Range dB : 50 dB position
Crystal : 200 ohm
Mode Switch : Normal Position
Gain (Course & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB switch : dB position
5. Keep the Control knobs of Klystron Power Supply as below :
Mod Switch : AM
Beam Voltage Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Reflector Voltage : Fully clockwise
AM-Amplitude : Fully Clockwise
AM-Frequency Knob : Mid Position
6. Switch "On' the Klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling Fan.
7. Turn the meter switch of Power Supply to beam voltage position and set beam
voltage at 300V with help of beam voltage knob.
8. Adjust the reflector voltage to get some reading in SWR Meter.
9. To get the maximum reading, tune the AM amplitude and frequency control
knob from Power Supply.
10. Tune the reflector voltage knob for maximum reading.
11. Tune the tunable probe for maximum reading in SWR meter.
12. Tune the frequency meter knob to get dip on the SWR meter, and note down the
frequency directly from frequency meter.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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13. Keep the depth of pin of S.S. Tuner to around 3-4mm and lock it.
14. Move the probe along with slotted line to get maximum reading.
15. Adjust SWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator unit such that the
meter indicates 0.0dB on the normal dB mode.
16. Move the probe to next minima point.
17. Now change SWR/dB switch to SWR position.
Note down the SWR = S
o
from the meter. Also note down the probe position, let it be d.
Standing waves in impedance measurement
Figure 14
18. Note the position of two successive minimum positions. Let it be as d
1
and d
2
.
Hence.
1 2 g = 2 (d - d )
Calculate
g
d
19. Take a Smith chart taking '1' as center; draw a circle of radius equal to So. Mark
a point on circumference of chart towards load side at a distance equal to d/g.
Join the center with this point. Find the point where it cut the drawn circle. The
coordination of this point this will show the normalized impedance of load.
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
34
Experiment 5
Objective :
Study of V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode.
Apparatus required :
1. Gunn oscillator
2. Gun Power Supply
3. PIN modulator
4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Detector mount
8. Wave guide stands
9. SWR Meter
10. Cables and accessories.
Theory :
The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk
semiconductors, which has two conduction bands minima separated by an energy gap
(greater than thermal agitation energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to
high field region, which travels towards the anode. When this high field domain
reaches the anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and
starts moving towards anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from
cathode to anode (transit time) gives oscillation frequency.
In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed in a resonant cavity. In this case the
Oscillation frequency is determined by cavity dimension. Although Gunn oscillator
can be amplitude modulated with the bias voltage. We have used separate PIN
modulator through PIN diode for square wave modulation.
A measure of the square wave modulation capability is the modulation depth i.e. the
output ratio between, On and Off state.
Procedure :
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in the figure 15.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation.
3. Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as below:
Gunn Bias Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Pin bias Knob : Fully anti-clockwise
Pin Mod frequency : Mid position
Mode switch : CW Mode
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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Setup for Study of V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode
Figure 15
4. Keep the control knob of SWR meter as below:
Range dB : 50 dB position
Crystal : 200 ohm
Mode Switch : Normal Position
Gain (Course & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB switch : dB position
5. Set the micrometer of Gunn Oscillator for required frequency of operation.
6. Switch On the Gunn Power Supply SWR Meter and cooling fan.
7. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltage controlled
by Gunn bias knob through the panel, do not exceed the bias voltage above 10
volts.
8. Plot the voltage and current reading on the graph as shown in figure 16
9. Measure the threshold voltage which, corresponds to maximum current.
I-V Characteristics of Gunn Oscillator
Figure 16
Note : Do not keep Gunn bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15
seconds. Otherwise due to excessive heating, Gunn Diode may burn.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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Sr. No. V (Volt) I (mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
37
Experiment 6
Objective :
Study of the following characteristic of Gunn Diode:-
1. Output power and frequency as a function of Bias Voltage.
2. Square wave modulation through PIN diode.
Apparatus required :
1. Gunn oscillator
2. Gun Power Supply
3. PIN modulator
4. Isolator
5. Frequency meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Detector Mount
8. Wave guide stands
9. SWR meter
10. Cables and accessories.
Setup for the study of the Gunn Oscillator
Figure 17
Procedure :
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in the figure 17
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation (for no
attenuation).
3. Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as below:
Gunn Bias Knob : Fully anticlockwise
Pin bias Knob : Fully anti-clockwise
Pin Mod frequency : Mid position
Mode switch : Internal mod. Position
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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4. Keep the control knob of SWR meter as below :
Range dB : 50 dB position
Crystal : 200 ohm
Mode Switch : Normal Position
Gain (Course & Fine) : Mid Position
SWR/dB switch : dB position
5. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator for required frequency of operation
6. Switch on the Gunn Power Supply, SWR Meter.
a. Out Put Power and Frequency as a Function of Bias Voltage.
i. Increase the Gunn bias control knob upto 10V.
ii. Rotate PIN bias knob to around maximum position.
iii. Tune the output in the SWR meter through frequency control knob of
modulation.
iv. If necessary change the range dB switch of SWR meter to higher or
lower dB position to get reading on SWR meter display. Any level can
be set through variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR
meter.
v. Measure the frequency using frequency meter and detune it.
vi. Reduce the Gunn bias voltage from 10V in the interval of 0.5V or 1.0V
and note down corresponding reading of output at SWR meter in dB
and corresponding frequency by frequency meter. (Do not keep Gunn
bias knob position at threshold position for more than 10-15 seconds.
Otherwise due to excessive heating, Gunn Diode may burn).
vii. Draw the power vs. Voltage curve and Frequency vs. Voltage curve
and plot the graph.
viii. Measure the pushing factor (MHz /Volt) which is frequency sensitivity
against variation in bias voltage for an oscillator. The pushing factor
should be measured around 8 volt bias. For example
Volt (V) Power (dB) Frequency (GHz)
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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b. Square Wave Modulation
i. Move the Gunn bias voltage Knob slowly so that panel meter of Gunn
Power Supply reads 10V.
ii. Keep the Gunn Power Supply in Internal modulation mode.
iii. Tune the PIN modulator bias voltage and frequency knob for
maximum detected output on the oscilloscope.
iv. Coincide the bottom of square wave in oscilloscope to some reference
level and note down the micrometer reading of variable attenuator.
v. Now with the help of variable attenuator coincide the top of square
wave to same reference level and note down the micrometer reading.
vi. Now Connect detector mount to SWR Meter and note down the dB
reading in SWR Meter for both the micrometer reading of the variable
attenuator.
vii. The difference of both dB reading of SWR meter gives the modulation
depth of PIN modulator.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
40
Experiment 7
Objective :
To plot the radiation pattern & find out the gain of a waveguide Antenna.
Apparatus required :
1. Microwave source (Gunn or Klystron) with Power Supply
2. Frequency meter
3. Isolator
4. Variable attenuator
5. Detector mount antennas
6. SWR meter & accessories.
Theory :
If a transmission line propagating energy is left open at one end, there will be
radiation from this end. In case of a rectangular wave-guide this antenna presents a
mismatch of about 2:1 and it radiates in many directions. The match will improve if
the open wave-guide is a horn shape.
The Radiation pattern of an antenna is a diagram of field strength or more often the
power intensity as a function of the aspect angle at a constant distance from the
radiating antenna. An antenna pattern is of course three dimensional but for practical
reasons it is normally presented as a two dimensional pattern in one or several planes.
An antenna pattern consists of several lobes, the main lobe, side lobes and the back
lobe. The major power is concentrated in the main lobe and it is required to keep the
power in the side lobes arid back lobe as low as possible. The power intensity at the
maximum of the main lobe compared to the power intensity achieved from an
imaginary omni-directional antenna (radiating equally in all directions) with the same
power fed to the antenna is defined as gain of the antenna.
3dB Beam Width :
This is the angle between the two points on a main lobe where the power intensity is
half the maximum power intensity.
When measuring an antenna pattern, it is normally most interesting to plot the pattern
far from the antenna.
Far field pattern is achieved at a minimum distance of
0
2
2D
- (for rectangular Horn antenna)
Where
D is the size of the broad wall of horn aperture
0
is free space wave length.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
41
It is also very important to avoid disturbing reflection. Antenna measurement are
normally made at outdoor ranges or in so called anechoic chambers made of
absorbing materials.
Antenna measurements are mostly made with unknown antenna as receiver. There are
several methods to measure the gain of antenna. One method is to compare the
unknown antenna with a standard gain antenna with known gain. Another method is
to use two identical antennas, as transmitter and other as receiver. From following
formula the gain can be calculated.
Where
P
t
is transmitted power
P
r
is received Power,
G
1
, G
2
is gain of transmitting and receiving antenna
S is the radial distance between two antennas
o is free space wave length.
If both, transmitting and receiving antenna are identical having gain G then above
equation becomes.
In the above equation P
t
, P
r
and S and o can be measured and gain can be computed.
As is evident from the above equation, it is not necessary to know the absolute value
of P
t
and P
r
only ratio is required which can be measured by SWR meter.
Setup for the Antenna Radiation Pattern Plotting
Figure 18
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
42
Procedure :
Antenna Radiation Pattern Plotting :
1. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure, keeping the axis of both antennas
in same axis line & for start connect horn antennas at both the ends.
2. Energize the Microwave source for maximum output at desired frequency with
square wave modulation by tuning square wave amplitude and frequency of
modulating signal of Gunn Power Supply or KPS and by tuning the detector as
per the procedure described in experiment1.
3. Obtain maximum reading (0 dB) at any convenient range switch position of the
SWR Meter by gain control knob of SWR meter or by variable attenuator.
4. Rotate the receiving horn in 2 or 5 steps and note the corresponding dB
reading. When necessary change the range switches to next higher range and
add 10dB to the observed value.
5. Draw a radiation pattern (power v/s angle).
6. Now you can replace the antenna by another given antenna at receiver position.
7. From Polar plot determine 3dB beam width of the horn antenna.
Gain Measurement :
1. Set up the equipments as shown in figure. Both horn antennas should be in line.
2. Keep the range dB switch of SWR meter at appropriate position.
3. Energize the Microwave source for maximum output at desired frequency with
modulating amplitude and frequency potentiometers and by tuning of detector.
4. Obtain maximum reading in SWR meter with variable attenuator.
5. Replace the transmitting horn by detector mount and change the appropriate
range dB position to get the reading (do not touch the gain control knob) Note
and record the range dB position and reading.
6. Calculate the difference in dB between the power measured in step 4 and 5.
Convert the dB in to power ratio which will be P
t/
P
r
.Calculate the gain by following
equation.
The same set-up can be used for other frequency of operation.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
43
Antenna Pattern Diagram
Figure 19
Procedure
To take radiation pattern with the help of motorized unit
1. Arrange the setup as given in figure 20
Figure 20
2. Connect PC interfacing cable between Motorized unit & PC comport.
3. Connect the output of detector mount to the input of Unit.
4. To observe the output, connect the output BNC of unit to CRO.
5. Energize the Microwave source for maximum output at desired frequency with
square wave modulation by tuning square wave amplitude and frequency of
modulating signal of Gunn Power Supply or KPS and by tuning the detector as
per the procedure described in experiment1
6. Adjust the square wave gain between .5 to 1V at output BNC of Unit, with the
help of AM amplitude, Beam voltage, repeller voltage or by adjusting the
distance.
7. Install the software by running setup file.
8. Open the S/W window and click the config & reset button.
9. Motor will move & come back to its home position. After reaching at home
position click the plot button.
10. Radiation pattern will display on the screen.
11. Now other parameters can be measured by using measurement button.
Here the polar plots of different types of antennas are given below, but these can vary
depends on, surrounding conditions and parameters adjusted.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
44
Dielectric Antenna Figure 21
E-Plane Sectorial Horn Antenna Figure 22
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
45
H-Plane Sectorial Antenna Figure 23
Parabolic Antenna Figure 24
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
46
Pickup Horn Antenna Figure 25
Pyramidal Horn Antenna Figure 26
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
47
Standard Gain Horn Antenna Figure 27
Slotted Broad Wall Antenna Figure 28
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
48
Slotted Narrow Wall Antenna Figure 29
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
49
Experiment 8
Objective :
Study the function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring the following
parameters :-
1. To Measure main-line and auxiliary-line VSWR.
2. To Measure the coupling factor and directivity.
Apparatus required :
1. Microwave source
2. Isolator
3. Frequency meter
4. Variable attenuator
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable Probe
7. Detector mount
8. Matched Terminator
9. MHD coupler
10. Wave guide stand
11. Cables & accessories
12. VSWR meter
Theory :
A directional coupler is a device with it is possible to measure the incident and
reflected wave separately. It consists of two transmission line, the main arm and
auxiliary arm, electromagnetically coupled to each other. Refer to the figure. The
power entering port 1 the main arm gets divided between port 2 and 3 and almost no
power comes out in port 4. Power entering port 2 is divided between port 1 and port 4.
Directional Coupler
Figure 30
Coupling (db) = 10 log
10
1
]
1
3
P
1
P
where port 2 is terminated
Isolation = 10 log
10
1
]
1
3
P
2
P
where P
1
is matched.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
50
With built-in termination and power is entering at port 1. The directivity of the
coupler is a measure of separation between incident and the reflected wave. It is
measured as the ratio of two power outputs from the auxiliary line when a given
amount of power is successively applied to each terminal of the main lines with the
port terminated by material loads.
Hence
Directivity 0 (dB) = Isolation - Coupling = 10 log
10
1
]
1
1
P
2
P
Main line VSWR is SWR measured looking into the main line input terminal when
the matched loads are placed. At all other ports.
Auxiliary line VSWR is SWR measured in the auxiliary line looking into the output
terminal, when the matched loads are placed on other terminals.
Main line insertion loss is the attenuation introduced in transmission line by insertion
of coupler. It is defined as insertion:
Loss = 10 log
10
1
]
1
2
P
1
P
when power is entering at port 1.
Procedure :
Setup for measurement of SWR of MHD Coupler
Figure 31
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
51
1. Main Line SWR Measurement
a. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure 31
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as
described. (procedures given in the operation of klystron and Gunn
oscillator)
c. Follow the procedure as described for SWR measurement experiment
(Low and medium SWR measurement).
d. Repeat the same for other frequency.
2. Auxiliary Line SWR Measurement
Figure 32
a. Set up the components and equipments as shown in the figure 32
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as
described operation of Klystron and Gunn Oscillator
c. Measure SWR as described in the experiment of SWR measurement (low
and medium SWR measurement).
d. Repeat the same for other frequencies.
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
52
3. Measurement of Coupling Factor, Insertion Loss
a. Set up the equipments as shown in the figure.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as
described operation of Klystron.
c. Remove the multi-hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount
to the frequency meter. Tune the detector for the maximum output.
d. Set any reference level of power on SWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator, gain control knob of SWR meter, and note down the reading.
(Reference level let it be X)
e. Insert the directional coupler as shown in second figure with detector to
the auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to port 2, without changing
the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter.
f. Note down the reading on SWR meter on the scale with the help of range-
dB switch if required. (Let it be Y)
g. Calculate coupling factor, which will be X-Y in dB.
h. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and match
termination from port 2 without disturbing the set-up.
i. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to
port 2 and measure the reading on SWR meter. Suppose it is Z.
j. Compute insertion loss X-Z in dB.
k. Repeat the steps from 1 to 4.
l. Connect the directional coupler in the reverse direction, i.e. port 2 to
frequency meter side, matched termination to port 1 and detector mount to
port 3, without disturbing the position of the variable attenuator and gain
control knob of SWR meter.
m. Measure and note down the reading on VSWR meter; let it be Y
d
.
n. Compute the directivity as Y-Y
d
o. Repeat the same for other frequencies.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
53
Experiment 9
Objective :
Study of Magic Tee.
Apparatus required :
1. Microwave source
2. Isolator
3. Variable attenuator
4. Frequency meter
5. Slotted line
6. Tunable probe
7. Magic Tee
8. Matched termination
9. Wave guide stand
10. Detector mount
11. SWR meter and accessories.
Theory :
The device magic Tee is a-combination of the E and H plane Tee. Arm 3, the H-arm
forms an H plane Tee and arm 4, the E-arm forms an E plane Tee in combination with
arm 1 and 2 a side or collinear arms. If power is fed into arm 3 (H-arm) the electric
field divides equally between arm 1 and 2 in the same phase, and no electrical field
exists in arm 4. Reciprocity demands no coupling in port 3 (H-arm). If power is fed in
arm 4 (E-arm), it divides equally into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to
arm 3. Further, if the power is fed from arm 1 and 2, it is added in arm 3 (H-arm), and
it is subtracted in E-arm, i.e. arm 4.
Magic Tee
Figure 33
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
54
The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined below.
1. Input SWR
Value of SWR corresponding to each port, as a load to the line while other ports
are terminated in matched load
2. Isolation
The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power
supplied by the generator connected to the E-arm (port 4) to the power detected
at H -arm (port 3) when side arms I and 2 are terminated in matched load.
Hence,
Isolation (dB) = 10 log
10
1
]
1
3
P
4
P
Similarly, isolation between other parts may also be defined
3. Coupling coefficient.
It is defined as C
ij
= 10
/ 20
Where
= attenuation / isolation in dB
'i is input arm
'j is output arm.
Thus = 10 log
10
1
1
]
1
j
P
i
P
Where
P
i
is the power delivered to arm i
P
j
is power detected at j arm.
Setup for the study of Magic Tee
Figure 34
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
55
Procedure :
1. SWR Measurement of the Ports:-
a. Set up the components and equipments as shown in figure keeping E arm
towards slotted line and matched termination to other ports.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and
tune the detector mount for maximum output.
c. Measure the SWR of E-arm as described in measurement of SWR for low
and medium value.
d. Connect another arm to slotted line and terminate the other port with
matched termination. Measure the SWR as above. Similarly, SWR of any
port can be measured.
2. Measurement of Isolation and Coupling Coefficient:-
a. Remove the tunable probe and Magic Tee from the slotted line and
connect the detector mount to slotted line.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and
tune the detector mount for maximum output.
c. With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter,
set any power level in the SWR meter and note down. Let it be P
3
.
d. Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control
knob, carefully place the Magic Tee after slotted line keeping H-arm
connected to slotted line, detector to E arm and matched termination to
arm 1 and 2. Note down the reading of SWR meter. Let it be P
4
.
e. Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P
3
-P
4
in dB.
f. Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given in the theory part.
g. The same experiment can be repeated for other ports also.
h. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
56
Experiment 10
Objective :
Study of Isolator and Circulators.
Apparatus required :
1. Microwave source
2. Power Supply for source
3. Isolators
4. Circulators
5. Frequency meter
6. Variable attenuator
7. Slotted line
8. Tunable probe
9. Detector mount
10. SWR meter
11. Test isolation and
12. Circulation and accessories
Theory :
Isolator : An isolator is a two-port device that transfers energy from input to output
with little attenuation and from output to input with very high attenuation.
Figure 35
Circulator : The circulator is defined as a device with ports arranged such that energy
entering a port is coupled to an adjacent port but not coupled to other ports. Refer to
the figure. A wave incident on port 1 is coupled to port 2 only, a wave incident at port
2 is coupled to port 3 only and so on.
Figure 36
Following are the basic parameters of isolator and circulator for study.
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
57
1. Insertion loss
The ratio of power supplied by a source to the input port to the power detected
by a detector in the coupling arm, i.e. output arm with other port terminated in
the matched load, is defined as insertion loss or forward loss. .
2. Isolation
It is the ratio of power fed to input arm to the power detected at not coupled port
with other port terminated in the matched load
3. Input VSWR
The input VSWR of an isolator or circulator is the ratio of voltage maximum to
voltage minimum of the standing wave existing on the line when one port of it
terminates the line and other have matched termination.
Note : When port which is not coupled to input port is terminated by matched
termination it marks as Isolator. (Two port device).
Procedure :
1. Input VSWR Measurement
a. Set up the components and equipments as shown in the figure 37 with
input port of isolator or circulator towards slotted line and matched load on
other ports of it
Measurement of VSWR of Isolator or Circulator
Figure 37
b. Energize the microwave source for particular operation of frequency.
c. With the help of slotted line, probe and SWR meter. Find SWR, of the
isolator or circulator as described for low and medium SWR
measurements.
d. The above procedure can be repeated for other ports or for other
frequencies.
2. Measurement of Insertion Loss and Isolation.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
58
a. Remove the probe and isolator or circulator from slotted line and connect
the detector mount to the slotted section. The output of the detector mount
should be connected SWR meter.
Setup for Measurement Loss & Isolation of Isolator & Circulator
Figure 38
b. Energize the microwave source for maximum output particular frequency
of operation. Tune the detector mount for maximum output in the SWR
Meter.
c. Set any reference level of power in SWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter. Let it be P
1
.
d. Carefully remove the detector mount from slotted line without disturbing
the position of set up. Insert the isolator/circulator between slotted line
and detector mount. Keeping input port to slotted line and detector at its
output port. A matched termination should be placed a third port in case
of circulator.
e. Record the reading in the SWR meter. If necessary change range -dB
switch to high or lower position and 10dB change for one step change of
switch position. Let it be P
2
.
f. Compute insertion loss on P
1
P
2
in dB.
g. For measurement of isolation, the isolator or circulator has to be
connected in reverse i.e. output port to slotted line and detector to input
port with another port terminated by matched termination (in case
circulator) after setting a reference level without isolator or circulator in
the set up as described in insertion loss measurement. Let same P
1
level is
set.
h. Record the reading of SWR meter inserting the isolator or circulator as
given in step 7. Let it be P
3
.
i. Compute isolation as P
1
- P
3
in dB.
j. The same experiment can be done for other ports of circulator.
k. Repeat the above experiment for other frequencies if required.
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
59
Experiment 11
Objective :
Study of Attenuators.
Apparatus required :
1 Microwave source
2 Isolator
3 Frequency meter
4 Variable attenuator
5 Slotted line
6 Tunable probe
7 Detector mount
8 Matched termination
9 SWR meter.
Theory :
The attenuators are two port bi-directional devices which attenuate power when
inserted into the transmission line.
Attenuation A (dB) = 10 log
10
1
]
1
2
P
1
P
Where
P
1
= Power absorbed or detected by the load without the attenuator in the line.
P
2
= Power absorbed/detected by the load with attenuator in line.
The attenuators consist of a rectangular wave guide with a resistive vane inside it to
absorb microwave power according to their position with respect to side wall of the
wave-guide. As electric field is maximum, at center in TE
10
mode, the attenuation will
be maximum if the vane is placed at center of the wave-guide. Moving from center
toward the side wall, attenuation decreases in the fixed attenuator, the vane position is
fixed where as in a variable attenuator, its position can be changed by help of
micrometer or by other methods.
Following characteristics of attenuators can be studied
1. Input SWR.
2. Insertion loss (in case of variable attenuator).
3. Amount of attenuation offered into the lines.
4. Frequency sensitivity i.e. variation of attenuation at any fixed position of vane
and frequency is changed.
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
60
Procedure :
1. Input SWR Measurement:-
a. Connect the equipments as shown in the figure 39
b. Energize the microwave source for maximum power at any frequency of
operation.
c. Measure the SWR with the help of tunable probe, Slotted line and SWR
meter as described in the experiment of measurement of low and medium
SWR.
d. Repeat the above step for other frequencies if required.
Setup for VSWR, Insertion Loss & Attenuation measurement of Attenuator
Figure 39
2. Insertion Loss /Attenuation Measurement:-
a. Remove the tunable probe, attenuator and matched termination from the
slotted section in the above set up.
b. Connect the detector mount to the slotted line, and tune the detector
mount also for maximum deflection on SWR meter (Detector mount's
output should be connected to SWR meter).
c. Set any reference level on the SWR meter with the help of gain control
knob of SWR meter. Let it be P
1
. Now connect the attenuator in between
slotted line & detector mount.
d. Set the variable attenuator to zero attenuation position and record the
reading of SWR meter. Let it be P
2
. Then the insertion loss of test
attenuator will be P
1
- P
2
dB.
e. Now, change the micrometer reading and record the SWR meter reading
in dB. Find out Attenuation value for different position of micrometer
reading and record the readings to plot a graph.
f. In the same way you can test the fixed attenuator which can give you only
the single attenuation value.
g. Now change the operating frequency and all the step can be repeated for
finding frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator.
Note : For measuring frequency sensitivity of variable attenuator the position of
micrometer reading of the variable attenuator should be same for all frequencies in
operation.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
61
Micro meter reading of
variable attenuator (mm)
SWR reading
(dB)
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
62
Experiment 12
Objective :
Study the Phase Shifter.
Apparatus required :
1. Microwave source
2. Isolator
3. Variable attenuator
4. Frequency meter
5. Slotted section
6. Tunable probe
7. Phase shifter
8. Precision Movable short
9. SWR Meter
10. Cables and accessories
Theory :
A phase shifter consists of a piece of Wave-guide and a dielectric material inside the
wave-guide placed parallel to Electric vector of TE
10
mode. The phase changes as
piece of dielectric material is moved from edge of wave-guide towards the center of
the wave- guide.
Procedure :
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the Figure 40
Setup for Study of Phase Shifter
Figure 40
2. First connect the Matched termination at the end of slotted line.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
63
3. Energize the microwave source for maximum output at particular frequency of
operation.
4. Find out the g (guide wavelength) with help of tunable probe Slotted line and
SWR meter. It is the twice the distance between two minimas on the slotted line.
5. Now connect the precision movable short at the place of matched termination &
find out the minima for this setup.
6. Note and record the reference minima position of precision movable shortfrom
its micrometer. Let it be X
7. Remove carefully the movable short from the slotted line without disturbing its
current position. Place the phase shifter to the slotted line with its micrometer
reading at zero and then place the movable short to the other port.
8. The reference minima will shift from its previous position, rotate the micrometer
of movable precision short to get the reference minima again and note the
micrometer reading of movable short.
9. Now Open the phase shifter in suitable steps & record the corresponding
micrometer reading of movable short. Measure the phase shift as per the given
example.
Micro meter reading of Phase
shifter
Micro meter reading of Precision
movable short
2 mm
4 mm
6 mm
8 mm
10 mm
Calculation :
We can calculate phase shift in terms of degree by
g = 360 (One cycle)
For example : If g = 4.32 cm
Phase shifter position is moved to 2mm. Now the reference minima gets changed.
Vary the precision movable short to get the reference minima position say 0.5 cm now
the shift in phase is
Since, 4.32 cm = 360
So phase shift for 0.5cm will be
=
4.32
0.5 x 360
= 56
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
64
Experiment 13
Objective :
Measurement of Dielectric Constant (Liquid & Solid):-
1. Low-Loss solid dielectrics.
2. Liquid dielectrics or solutions.
Apparatus required :
1. Gunn Power Supply
2. Gunn Oscillator
3. Frequency Meter
4. Tunable Probe
5. Variable Attenuator
6. Slotted Section
7. Detector Mount
8. Sample (Dielectric)
9. SWR Meter
10. Solid Cell,
11. Liquid Dielectric Cell.
Theory :
Consider a solid sample or length l
) & (l
R
+ l)
The impedance are equal so
Z
o
& Z
+
l
) l D D ( tan
R
=
l
l tan
Dielectric constant can be calculated by
1
a 2
1
l
l a
2
g
2 2
r
+
,
_
,
_
,
_
Where
r
Dielectric Constant
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
65
Procedure :
A. For Solid Dielectric :
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in below Figure 41
Figure 41
2. Energize the microwave power source & obtain suitable power level in the SWR
meter.
3. Micrometer position of solid dielectric should be fully closed.
4. With no sample in the shorted waveguide, measure & record in table position of
standing wave minima, starting from an arbitrary plane. Compute guide
wavelength (distance between successive minima being g/2).
5. Take position of first minima as reference minima i.e.
6. Using frequency meter determine the frequency of the excited wave & compute
free space wavelength (
o
= C/F). If frequency meter is not used compute it
using the
a 2 ;
l l l
C
2
C g
2
o
,
_
,
_
,
_
For dominant mode
7. Remove the solid dielectric cell & insert gently the dielectric sample into the
solid dielectric cell such that it should touch the plane of waveguide i.e. end the
sample.
8. Measure & record in table the position of standing wave voltage minima shifted
due to dielectric the position of first minima is taken as D
9. Find out SWR as in previous experiment.
10. Measure & record waveguide dimension.
11. Refer the calculations, Dielectric constant for finding the value of Dielectric
Constant.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
66
Table :
a. Waveguide dimension a = cm, b = .. cm
(for x band a = ... b = ..)
b. Cut-off wavelength
c
=
m
a 2
cm
c. Frequency of operation = . GHz
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
67
B. Liquids & Solutions :
1. Assemble the equipment as shown in below Figure 42.
Figure 42
2. Energize the microwave power source & obtain the suitable power level in the
indicating meter.
3. With no liquid in the cell, read & record in table position or standing wave
minima i.e. D
R
starting from any arbitrary plane. Compute guide wavelength the
distance with alternate minima being
g
/2.
4. Using frequency meter determine the frequency of the excited wave & compute
free space wavelength.
5. Carefully fill the cell with the liquid sample. Measure & record in table the
position of standing wave voltage minima shifted due to dielectric the position
of first minima is taken as D
6. Find out SWR as in previous experiment.
7. Measure waveguide dimension.
Table :
a. Waveguide dimension a = cm, b = .. cm
b. Cut-off wavelength
= 2a cm
c. Frequency of operation f = . GHz
d. Free-space wavelength = c/f = cm
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
69
Calculations :
1. Compute propagation constant =
g
2
2.
Now we know that trans-cendaintal equation
tan
( )
+
l
D D l
R
=
X
X tan
so put the corresponding values of parameter then you will get a value that will we
X
X tan
now choose three lowest values of X say X1, X2, X3 corresponding to solutions
as above from the standard table.
3. Computer corresponding dielectric constant.
=
4. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for second sample
5. Plot two curves one for each sample solution of transcended equation versus
the intersection gives true of.
Sample Calculations :
The following observations are for Teflon.
a =
900 . 0 D
R
=
1842 . 0
l =0.4497 D =
6930 . 0
g =
ii.
( )
4497 . 0 5643 . 3
) 6930 . 0 01742 4497 . 0 ( 5643 . 3
tan
l
D D l tan
R
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
70
=
X
X tan
1334 . 0
Values of X from tables
X = 2.786, 5.638,
X
1
X
2
X
3
For X
1,
032 . 2
1
7628 . 1
900 . 0 2
1
4497 . 0
786 . 2 900 . 0
2
2
2
1
+
,
_
,
_
,
_
This value (2.032) is very near to 2.000 ; so it is correct value.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
71
Experiment 14
Objective :
Study of voice communication by using microwave test bench.
Apparatus required :
1. Gunn Based Setup (Klystron Based Setup)
2. Variable Attenuator
3. Slotted Section
4. Detector Mount
5. Frequency Meter
6. SWR Meter.
Figure 43
Procedure :
1. Setup the common structure of the bench.
2. Connect the Microphone in Audio input socket
3. Select audio mode from GPS mode select switch
4. Connect the detector output to SWR meter.
5. Select audio mode from SWR mode select switch
6. Connect a Headphone in audio output socket in SWR Meter.
7. Tune the controls for maximum output from headphone.
8. Now you can observe the audio signals. Audio signal strength is changing by
variable attenuator or the DIP produced by moving frequency meter etc.
Note : This experiment is only observational type. Please do not measure any
parameter.
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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Experiment 15
Objective :
Study of square law behaviour of a microwave crystal detector.
Apparatus required :
1. Microwave power source,
2. Source of Power Supply,
3. Frequency meter,
4. Variable attenuator,
5. Detector mount,
6. Power meter or SWR meter,
7. Variable attenuator,
8. H-Plane tee,
9. Waveguide stands and accessories.
Theory :
Figure 44
1. Assemble the set-up as shown in figure 44
2. Measure input power from one port of the Tee by using power meter.
3. While attenuator is set for minimum attenuation, switch on microwave power
source and set it for maximum power output.
4. Set the attenuator till micro ammeter reads zero.
5. Increase the power using variable attenuator in steps of 1 mW, indicated by
power meter. Measure and record in table, corresponding current till maximum
power level.
6. Draw the curve between output current and input power. The graph represents
the square law characteristics of crystal detector.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
73
For Example :
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
74
Experiment 16
Objective :
Study the Resonant Cavity.
Apparatus required :
1. Microwave Power Source
2. Source of Power Supply
3. Frequency Meter
4. Variable Attenuator
5. Detector Mount
6. SWR Meter
7. Resonant Cavity.
Figure 45
Procedure :
1. Set up the common Gunn oscillator source bench as shown in figure without
cavity resonator.
2. Set the micrometer position of Gunn oscillator in zero position.
3. Take the corresponding power reading in SWR meter or power meter.
4. Now vary the micrometer by 0.5mm & take the corresponding power reading in
SWR meter or in power meter.
5. Now again vary micrometer by 1mm & take the corresponding reading.
6. Again vary the micrometer in steps of 0.5mm & take corresponding power
reading.
7. Prepare a chart of micrometer reading of Gunn Oscillator & Power Output.
8. Without disturbing the bench inserts Resonant Cavity between Slotted section &
Detector Mount.
9. Set again Micrometer of Gunn oscillator in Zero position & take the
corresponding power reading in SWR Meter.
10. Now vary the micrometer of Gunn oscillator in steps of 0.5mm & take the
corresponding power reading in SWR meter.
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
75
11. Now Prepare a chart Between Micrometer position of Gunn oscillator & power
reading in SWR meter.
12. Now compare the power reading without resonator cavity & power reading with
resonator cavity.
13. Now observe the reading carefully & note where the difference is maximum.
14. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator in that position, where the difference is
maximum.
15. In this position measure the frequency of gun oscillator by DRF meter. This
frequency will be the resonant frequency of resonator cavity/waveguide cavity
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
76
Experiment 17
Objective :
Study of PC to PC communication by using Microwave Test Bench.
Apparatus required :
1. Gunn Oscillator
2. Gunn Power Supply
3. Isolator
4. PIN Modulator
5. Variable Attenuator
6. Detector Mount
7. SWR Meter
Figure 46
Microwave Test Bench: MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
77
Procedure :
1. Setup the above structure of the bench.
2. Connect Gunn oscillator and pin modulator to Gunn bias and pin bias of Gunn
Power Supply.
3. Keep mode select switch of Gunn Power Supply in PC position.
4. Connect interfacing cable to 1
st
PC.
5. Install the PC to PC communication software in both the PCs.
6. Select PC mode from mode select switch of SWR meter.
7. Connect the interfacing cable from SWR meter (rear panel) to 2
nd
PC.
8. Connect Detector output to CRO.
9. Switch On the Gunn Power Supply and set it at 10V (approximately).
10. Select 1
st
PC as transmitter and 2
nd
PC as a receiver on the software window.
11. Select appropriate comports and press Start Communication on both the PC.
12. Now send some data from transmitter PC and watch the detected signal on
CRO. If it is coming properly (it should be more that 80 mV Vpp always for this
experiment) then connect it to input of SWR meter.
13. Observe the BNC output (Rear panel of SWR meter) on CRO, while
transmitting the data, if it is not receiving on receiver PC then adjust the
comparator potentiometer to get the output.
14. Observe the transmitted data on receiver PC.
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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Identification of Microwave Components
Gunn Oscillator (10 MW) Isolator
PIN Modulator Slotted Section
Frequency Meter Variable Attenuator
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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Detector Mount Tunable Probe
Klystron Mount Coaxial Adapter
Phase Shifter C. D. Coupler 20dB
E Plane Bend E Plane Tee
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
80
Fixed Attenuator Matched Termination
Magic Tee T-Circulator
Multi hole Directional Coupler (10dB) SS Tuner
Precision movable short Slotted Antenna Broad Wall
Microwave Test Bench : MICROWAVE LAB, ECE, DTU
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Slotted Antenna Narrow Wall Parabolic Antenna
Waveguide Cavity Waveguide Twist
Dielectric Antenna H Plane Sectorial Horn
Pickup Horn Pyramidical Horn Standard Gain Horn