To

what extent were the aims of Hitler (and the Nazis) achieved in the Night of the Long Knives in 1934?
Munich International School IB History Standard Level Charlotte Schoenberger 0169070 Mr. Joshi 3930 Words May 2011

Charlotte Schoenberger 0169070

To what extent were the aims of Hitler (and the Nazis) achieved in the Night of the Long Knives in 1934?

Charlotte Schoenberger 0169070

Abstract
This essay investigates to what extent the aims of Hitler and the Nazis were achieved in the Night of the Long Knives in 1934. The main focus lies on Hitlers political aims, especially his consolidation of power within the Party. The research conducted provides the historical context at the time, laying out Nazi ideology and the role of the SA as a basis for understanding Hitlers aims in June of 1934. His aims included to gain respect and support of the army by eliminating important SA leaders, including Ernst Rhm. Furthermore, Hitler intended to settle old scores with other high ranking Nazi Party members this night, such as von Schleicher or Strasser. Aims which were perhaps unintended derive from the night as well, such as increased popularity among the Volk for his determined handling of the situation. The scope of the essay includes Nazi ideology, the role of the SA, the events of the Night of the Long Knives itself and a touch upon the debate whether Hitler is part of the Structuralist or Intentionalist school. It becomes clear through the essay that his aims for the Night of the Long Knives could be interpreted as either, validating Kershaws idea of a compromise of both approaches. The findings led to the conclusion that all of Hitlers aims were achieved to the full extent. This clearly demonstrates the historical significance of the night, as it enabled Hitler to agitate as sole leader of the Party, making decisions concerning domestic and foreign policy without having to fear opposition from within. Words: 258

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Contents Page
Abstract.3 Introduction5 Historical Background..6 2.1 Nazism..6 2.2 The rise of the SA...8 2.3 The Night of the Long Knives.....9 Analysis11 Conclusion..17 Works Cited...19 Bibliography..21

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Chapter 1 Introduction
This essay will focus on the aims Hitler and the Nazis were trying to achieve through the Night of the Long Knives in 19341. This essay also argues whether all aims were intended, or came as a byproduct of Hitlers actions and to what extent they allowed Hitler to advance in consolidating his power. Third Reich history has to me been extremely interesting ever since, especially since my parents were born as post-war children and my grandparents lived through the war under Hitler. As the Night of the Long Knives seemed to be a key event in the consolidation of Hitlers power, and involved both political and militaristic background, both of interest to me, I decided to focus my Extended Essay on this aspect. After being appointed chancellor on January 30th, 19332, Hitler took various steps to secure his power. The Enabling Act passed on March 23rd, 19333 already allowed Hitler to rule by decree. This tore down the Weimar Republic and paved the way for a legal Nazi takeover. The Night of the Long Knives, almost a year later, has far reaching importance, as it allows Hitler to dominate both the Party and the country, paving the road to war, which was already foreshadowed by Lloyd George, to be fought in 25 years time after the Treaty of Versailles, at three times the cost.4

1 Britannica. 121 NOTE THAT YOU CAN USE P. 121 OR JUST 121 2 <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm> 3 <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/enabling.htm> 4 Ross, Stewart. 62 5

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Chapter 2 Historical Background

One of Hitlers key aims was to seek revenge for what he called the death sentence of Versailles5, which had been imposed on Germany in 19196. He found it unjust that Germany was restricted to an army of only 100,000 men7 and was required to pay unrealistic amounts of reparations. Furthermore, Hitler wished to expand Germanys Lebensraum into the East8, creating an empire by establishing German supremacy over the Eastern lands and people of Europe, whom he considered as Untermenschen, people of lesser importance than pure Germans. Hitler wanted a pure German Volk consisting of only the Aryan race. These aims, along with the weak economic and political situation that led to an instable Germany, as Bullock comments, began to attract a mass following for Hitler as it had never done before9, allowing him to rise to power. Since people saw in him a determined leader willing to resurrect their former Germany, Hitler became extremely popular. Hitlers party, the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP), went from gaining 2.6% of the votes in 1928 to 18.3% of the votes in 193010. Hitlers aims are also clearly reflected in the intentions of the Night of the Long Knives, including his will to consolidate his power within the Party and to gain respect of the army, allowing him to continue with his foreign policy plans, such as expansion to the East. 2.1 Nazism No definite date can be given for when Nazism began, however, it clearly developed throughout the early years of the Weimar Republic, after Germanys defeat in the First World War in November 191811. Nazi policies were rarely clearly 5 <http://www.johndclare.net/peace_treaties5.htm> 6 Housden, Dr. Martyn. 4 7 <http://www.johndclare.net/peace_treaties5.htm> 8 Smith, David. 8 9 Traynor, John. 183 WHAT SHOULD YOU DO IF YOU HAVE SAME AUTHOR, DIFFERENT TEXTS? USE THE DATE OF PUBLICATION TO DISTINGUISH THEM. 10 Layton, Geoff. 128 11 <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/timeline_of_world_war_one.htm> 6

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defined by the Party or Hitler himself. Neither the 25-point party program12 nor Hitlers autobiographical Mein Kampf contained clear conceptions of how the German world would be structured under the Nazis13. Furthermore, the Nazis brought with them an ideology that purported to champion the common man, whom they portrayed as victimized in a world controlled by Jews14. This emphasizes their anti-Semitic ideology, as already the 25-point program mentioned that no Jew may be a member of the German nation15. The Jew became the universal scapegoat for the Nazis, responsible for all problems of Germany past and present16. In addition, Hitler believed in Social Darwinism17, suggesting that only the blond haired, blue eyed Aryan18 race should survive. Hitler classified this policy as the need for a Volksgemeinschaft, where in his eyes racially superior Germans were to make up his strong Volk in a harmonious, socially unified and racially pure community19. In addition, an important aspect of Nazi policies was the idea of Lebensraum (living space) in the east, allowing Germans to conquer Eastern Europe and expand Germany into Slav territory. R. Butler argues that this was a continuity of German ideology, taking the territorial expansion of Brandenburg-Prussia during the 18th Century as a blueprint for Hitlers aim of Lebensraum20. Furthermore, Nazis were anti-democratic, nationalistic and believed in a strong military force, necessary to break the harsh terms the Treaty Of Versailles had imposed on Germany in 1919. In Mein Kampf Hitler mentioned that 60 million German hearts and minds are on fire with anger and shame21, emphasizing the humiliation Germany felt due to the 12 The 25-point program outlined Nazi Party key ideas, drawn up by Drexler and Hitler in February 1920. Layton, Geoff. 104 [HERE A POINT IS CLARIFIED, BUT ALSO GIVEN A SOURCE CITATION] 13 Britannica. 121 14 Britannica. 121 15 Layton, Geoff. 11 16 Layton, Geoff. 13 17 Layton, Geoff. 13 18 Smith, David. 6 19 Layton, Geoff. 184 20 Butler, Rohan referred to in Smith, David. 7 21 <http://johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII2.htm> 22.06.2010 7

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Treaty. Hitler was not willing to accept Germanys military defeat; he wished to create a strong and powerful Germany reflecting the Germanic spirit of the nineteenth century22. 2.2 The rise of the SA Between the 1920s and 1930s, the Sturm Abteilung (SA, storm troopers, also known as Brownshirts) played a vital role in supporting Hitler in his rise to power23 by defending his meetings and attacking opponents. The SA was known to be an organization with extreme methods of violent intimidation24. They tended to represent the populist, anti-capitalist left wing of the NSDAP. It was founded by Hitler in Munich in 1921 and drew its early membership largely from unemployed young men.25 It offered to these an opportunity to prove their manliness and provided them with a hierarchical organization, which put them into uniforms and structured their lives26. It placed large importance on the Socialist aspect of the Partys ideals, not willing to compromise simply to satisfy conservative elites. The SA posed as a defender of order and structure, an aspect Hitler embodied in his election campaigns. It was closely linked to Nazi militaristic ideology, an indispensable part of the Nazi seizure of power27 and led to peoples obedience through almost universal fear and intimidating Hitlers opponents28. From January 1931 the SA was lead by Ernst Rhm, who harbored radial anti-capitalist notions and dreamed of making the SA into Germanys main military force.29 Under Rhm, SA membership swelled to 400,000 by 1932 and to perhaps 2,000,000 20

22 Smith, David. 7 23 <http://www.johndclare.net/Nazi_Germany1.htm> 24 Britannica. 273 25 Marsden, Gordon. 14 26 Marsden, Gordon. 14 27 Evans, Richard J. 455 28 Evans, Richard J. 455 29 Britannica. 273 8

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times the size of the regular army- by the time that Hitler30 was appointed chancellor on January 30th, 193331. Rhm was a blatant homosexual, a heavy drinker and enjoyed the blood and violence of war and political street battles32. He openly described himself as an immature and wicked man, who war and unrest appeal to more than good bourgeois order.33 Rhm had been a close friend of Hitler, introducing him to the Deutsche Arbeiter Partei (DAP) in 1919. Hitler feared a deterioration in Rhms loyalty, since he spoke of a second revolution (which would imply further revolution and more change to the current system) that would allow the SA to receive the rewards they felt had been denied them.34. Himmler, leader of the Schutzstaffel (SS), therefore moved his men against Rhm under Hitlers decree, on June 30th, 1934 in the Night of the Long Knives35. 2.3 The Night of the Long Knives, June 1934 The Night of the Long Knives, also known as Blood Purge, was a campaign of assassination unleashed by Hitler on the night of June 30th, 1934, against the growing power of the SA36, including the assassination of long time friend and supporter of Hitler and leader of the SA., Ernst Rhm. Various factors led to the Night of the Long Knives. By 1934, Hitler had realized that the army was the only institution, which still had the capability to remove him from power by militaristic force. The army had not been very supportive of Hitler and the not very decent Nazi chaps so far, who they claimed must be surveyed with great caution37. Even more than Hitler, however, the army and the SS were distrustful of and disliked the SA and regarded them at best with

30 Britannica. 273 31 <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/named.htm> 32 Layton, Geoff. 161 33 Layton, Geoff. 161 34 Rees, Laurence. 55 35 Rees, Laurence. 55 36 Snyder, Louis L. 31 37 Carsten, Francis Ludwig. 340 9

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suspicion and more frequently with open hostility38. By June 1934 they saw the chance to exterminate them. Himmler and Heydrich, leaders of the SS began to spread rumors that the SA and Rhm were planning an outright Putsch39. Some historians, such as Bullock, however, claim that the Putsch was an invention, made up at the time to deceive Hitler to act against Rhm and the SA40. Himmler met with members of the General Staff and worked out a secret agreement ensuring cooperation between the SS and the Army in any action to be taken against the SA41. Hitler landed in Munich on Saturday, June 30th, 1934 to settle scores with Rhm and other important SA leaders. He drove out to Bad Wiessee (near Munich) to arrest Rhm and thus ended a fifteen-year association between Hitler and one of the original members of the Nazi Party42, when Rhm and his followers were shot in Munich43. Although the proposed death list was made up of 83 names, including high-ranking SA leaders who had not clearly set themselves against Rhm and individuals, such as Kurt von Schleicher44 (), Ernst Jung (), and Georg Strasser45, the operation lastly included more victims than intended. It is estimated that up to 400 people were murdered46. Countless deaths were also said to be unrecorded, therefore the list is probably far more extensive than known; emphasizing that Hitler was even more brutal and vigorous than known at the time. The Reich governments Enabling Law of July 3, 1934, retroactively legalized the massacre47, justifying it as a state emergency against an alleged Rhm Putsch. 38 Garcia, Nicola. 20 39 <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-roehm.htm> 40 Bullock, Allan. 121 41 <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-roehm.htm> 42 <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-roehm.htm> 43 Snyder, Louis L. 809 44 Kurt von Schleicher was the former chancellor, Edgar Jung was the conservative journalist and Georg Strasser was part of the NSDAP, with anti-capitalistic and anti- Marxist views. He wanted to break off the left wing of the NSDAP in 1932 under Schleicher, who offered him the post of Prussian prime minister. <http://www.zweiter-wk.de/Download/georgstrasser.html> 45 Snyder, Louis L. 809 46 Geoff, Layton. 48 47 Snyder, Louis L. 809 10

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These aims of Hitler are key to understanding the scope of the Night of the Long Knives. Historians still argue today whether Hitlers aims emerged from previous German politics or whether the role of the individual was key to his path. Structuralists, such as Fischer or Shirer, the American journalist, claim that Nazism was but a logical continuation of German history48, drawing attention to continuity with the past: the existence of and influence of conservative elites49 or the prevalent desire of Germans for power. On the contrary, Intentionalists, such as Hildebrand or Jckel find Hitlerism to be a synonym for Nazism50, stressing the role of the individual in the Nazi seizure and consolidation of power. Kershaw, accrediting the course of history to a combination of factors, seeing the Night of the Long Knives as a propaganda coup par excellence51 lies in the middle of these two schools, commenting on the aims of Hitler from both perspectives. In the next section these aims will be evaluated in order to reach a conclusion on how successful the Night of the Long Knives was for Hitlers consolidation of power.

Chapter 3 Analysis
Hitlers main aims of the Night of the Long Knives included gaining the full support of the army, consequently allowing him to follow through with his foreign policy plans, consolidating his power within the NSDAP and over the country and doing so by eradicating Rhm and the SA. The first and most prominent goal was to finally gain the full support of the Reichswehr (army). Hitler knew that without the army he would be powerless and that their (old generals/army) backing was indispensable if he were to consolidate

48 Shirer, William as seen in Layton, Geoff. 156 49 Layton, Geoff. 156 50 Layton, Geoff. 156 51 Kershaw, Ian. 95 11

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his power52. His idea of expansion towards the East, the foreign policy, including the idea of Lebensraum could never be put into place without an intact army to back him up. In addition, the army also had the power to overthrow Hitler, this knowledge only increased Hitlers urge to gain their support. Since Hitler needed the army by his side, it was only a question of time before Rhm and his fellow advocates of a second revolution had to go, in the interests of concord with the generals53. Through the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler convinced the Reichswehr that they were to be more important than the SA. The aristocratic Reichswehr generals () considered the SA to be little more than a bunch of gangsters54, who decreased their own military importance. That Hitlers aim of gaining the support of the Reichswehr was clearly achieved was demonstrated by the oath of allegiance, sworn on the day of Hindenburgs death, August 2nd, 193455, to Hitler in person. This oath, sworn to Hitler as an individual rather than to the country of Germany after the Night of the Long Knives, proved how powerful Hitler had become. He now had Reichswehr to support him, sworn by oath to obey him until their death. Furthermore, this shows that the army was ready to work for him and began to respect him; consequently the door was fully opened to the crucial extension of Hitlers power following Hindenburgs death56. The respect of the army was increased as Hitler began to expand his territory in the coming years. During the successful reoccupation of the Rhineland in March 193657, for example, when Hitler knew and proclaimed that if France had marched into the Rhineland, we would have had to withdraw with our tails between or legs58, Hitler gained more support of the army. The backing of the army enabled Hitler to pursue his aim of seeking revenge for the Treaty of Versailles. Additional events, such as the 52 Fest, Joachim. 452 53 Burleigh, Michael. 159 54 Lowe, Norman. 317 55 <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-fuehrer.htm> 56 Kershaw, Ian. 316 57 < http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Rhineland_1936.htm> 58 <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Rhineland_1936.htm> 12

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Anschluss with Austria in March 193859, which had also been forbidden to Germany in the Treaty in 1919, led to the silencing of even his last critics within the Reichswehr, since it proved that he was ready to take risks to achieve territorial gains. Yet, it seems not all of the army sincerely backed Hitler and some members continued to plot against him, however, too late and unsuccessful as the July bomb attack of 1944, for example, demonstrates. In addition, through the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler wished to immediately end any threat of a second revolution60, which Rhm and the SA were apparently in favor of. Rhm argued that the German people will fall into despair and will be an easy prey for the bloodstained frenzy coming from the depths of Asia, if the German revolution is wrecked by reactionary opposition, incompetence of indolence.61 In addition, Rhm posed a potential threat to Hitler, since he was strongly opposed to seeing the SA degenerate into a mere propaganda appendage62. Rhm desired to form a peoples militia, combining the army and the SA, with him as the leader. However, the young Third Reich lacked stability due to the bullying arrogance and rowdy disturbances of the power-crazed SA63. Hitler was afraid that the SA would begin to work against him. After years of loyalty and aiding him in coming to power, he saw them as unnecessary. When trying to consolidate his power within the Party, it became clear to him that the SA would only be profitable for him in a subdued form, with a completely loyal leader, a quality Rhm seemed to lack64. Hitler wanted no one in his Party concerned with a private power base65, rather than solely abiding his orders. As Fest mentions, Hitler stated, the community within the party movement must be incredibly loyal66. He realized that

59 <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWanschluss.htm> 60 Kershaw, Ian. 85 61 Lang, Sen. 17 62 Layton, Geoff. 46 63 Kershaw, Ian. 85 64 Rhm seemed desperate to increase his own power, he persisted in his demands, forcing Hitler to choose between the SA and the Reichswehr Lowe, Norman. 317 65 Fest, Joachim. 454 66 Fest, Joachim. 454 13

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it was crucial to select people who on one hand are competent, on the other hand can carry out the measures of administration in blind obedience67. Hitler did not see these desired qualities in other influential Nazi Party leaders either, such as Strasser, who had a centralized structure of Party Management68 and von Schleicher whom he killed in the same night. Hitler had cast Strasser in the role of traitor, after he had pleaded in vain for his point of view69, trying to convince Hitler to join a broad-based national coalition. Schleicher, as former head of the army, was still on Hitlers black list, since he had apparently intended to () eliminate the Reichstag by presidential decree, to put the army in control and to suppress the Nazis altogether.70 In addition, two of Papens advisors were shot dead by the SS () because Papen had made a speech at Marburg criticizing Hitler. Papen himself was probably saved only by the fact that he was a close friend of President Hindenburg.71 Hitler saw the Night of the Long Knives as an opportunity to remove Ernst Rhm and figures whom he considered disloyal, allowing him to be backed up by a Party with no self-interests, agitating solely under Hitlers orders. However, it can also be argued that Rhm had no such revolutionary ideas, or at least not to an extent that it would have harmed the movement. Historians, such as Kershaw or Bullock argue that the whole story of an imminent coup dtat was a lie72 fabricated to exaggerate Rhms revolutionary ideas. The high-level machinations73 of the Reichswehr were unknown to the public. As Bullock argues, this idea of a second revolution was possibly made use of at the time by Goering and Himmler to deceive Hitler and force him to move against Rhm74. Only the inner power elit was said to have known of their plan of removing the threat

67 Fest, Joachim. 454 68 Evans, Richard J. 303 69 Evans, Richard J. 302-3 70 Evans, Richard J. 306 71 Lowe, Norman. 317 72 Bullock, Alan. 295 73 Kershaw, Ian. 85 74 Bullock, Alan. 295 14

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posed by the massive, pseudo-revolutionary force led by Ernst Rhm75. In any case, however, by eradicating Rhm and other high-ranking SA generals, Hitler removed the organization that was seriously destabilizing the regime and directly threatening his position76. One can conclude that this aim was fulfilled through the Night of the Long Knives, since the Party members Hitler was most suspicious about were now dead and could no longer threaten his position. By killing Rhm, Hitler also emerged as the one who cleansed public life of the dissolute immorality and corruption of the SA leaders77. Although perhaps not intended at first, his image was strengthened through his actions of the Rhm Putsch. One might not have expected, that by mass shooting former comrades without a semblance of orderly trial or sentence in a court of law78 Hitler would have gained more sympathy from the people. However, although perhaps not an intended aim of Hitler when planning the Night of the Long Knives, this decisive handling of the problem79 impressed most of the population and led to an enormous increase in support, especially among those who had formerly been hesitant in their attitudes to Nazism80. The public celebrated Hitler as a hero, who had radically destructed the enemies of the people81. They supported his actions and found their idealistic view of him as a determined, yet ruthless ruler confirmed. The misinterpretation as protection of the Volk stood in contrast to the political significance for consolidating his power, which it held for Hitler himself. In his speech to Reichstag on the 13th of July82, Hitler openly accepted full responsibility for action amounting to mass murder83. This allowed him to emerge as the supreme judge of the German people, as he mentions, who is responsible for the

75 Kershaw, Ian. 85 76 Kershaw, Ian. 316 77 Kershaw, Ian. 91 78 Kershaw, Ian. 85 79 Lowe, Norman. 317 80 Kershaw, Ian. 85 81 Kershaw, Ian. 86 82 <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERnight.htm> 83 Kershaw, Ian. 88 15

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fate of the German people.84 He justified his actions as vital steps to maintain security and order within the country. By speaking openly to the public he gained even more support and apparently his speech had a liberating effect85, since it revealed the actual plot to the people. By gaining mass support as a byproduct from his actions on June 30th, 1934, Hitler could be considered an opportunist, simply exploiting circumstances as they occurred86, as Mommsen suggests. This allowed Hitler to achieve even more goals than actually intended with the Night of the Long Knives, by taking the initiative to lead public opinion.87 Ruthlessness in the interest of bourgeois order88 boosted his popularity and once again enabled him to strengthen his leading position. By crushing the opposition through Night of the Long Knives, Hitler knew that his position within the Party would be fortified. He would no longer have to fear opposition from within, allowing him to concentrate on foreign and domestic policy. Such eradication also led to the enforcement of Gleichschaltung, Hitlers idea of the government trying to control as many aspects of life as possible89. By eliminating parties and trade unions, he ended every likely source of resistance90, which could influence the people. By creating organizations, which already the youth were obliged to join, such as the Hitler Jugend (HJ) or the Bund Deutscher Mdchen (BDM), Hitler began to control every aspect of German life, acquiring absolute power over time. In addition to the Enabling Act, already been put into place in March 193391, the Night of the Long Knives enabled Hitler to rule purely by decree. This section has demonstrated that Hitler achieved his aim of consolidating his power, especially since the Night of the Long Knives revealed once again most

84 Fest, Joachim. 469 85 Kershaw, Ian. 89 86 Mommsen, Hans as referred to in Lowe, Norman. 321 87 The World at War DVD 88 Kershaw, Ian. 93 89 Lowe, Norman. 312 90 Lowe, Norman. 312 91 <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/enabling.htm> 16

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graphically just how strong Hitlers hold over the party had become92. Furthermore, the crushing of the SA leadership, as Kershaw suitably mentions, showed what Hitler wanted it to show: that those opposing the regime had to reckon with losing their heads. Through this ruthless killing it became evident, already by June of 1934, that Hitler would stop at nothing to hold on to power, that he would not hesitate to use the utmost brutality to smash those in his way.93

Chapter 4 Conclusion
The Purge on the 30th of June, 1934 allowed Hitler to consolidate his power. All of his intended goals were reached, for instance by siding with the Reichswehr, Hitler had the strongest power-base to back him up, allowing his foreign policy plans to be put into effect. Furthermore, he removed inner-party opposition, by settling old scores with Party members conflicting him, such as Strasser, von Schleicher or disloyal rivals, such as Ernst Rhm, consolidating his position within the Party. In addition, by demonstrating his power to the NSDAP and the conservative elites and showing clearly that he was going to act ruthlessly he ensured that opposition would not reoccur. The Purge established a pattern of violence that characterized the Nazi regime; using force to establish an empire. Furthermore, unintended positive effects came along with it, such as increased popularity for his determined course of action. The aims were equally beneficiary for Hitler, allowing him to increase his power in various aspects, both within the Party and among his Volk. Regarding Hitlers actual intentions with the Night of the Long Knives, some unresolved questions still arise. Other aims might have been key to his actions, such as the fear of black mail and exposure, as Machtan argues, since his friends, 92 Kershaw, Ian. 249 93 Kershaw, Ian. 316 17

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including Ernst Rhm, apparently knew about his early homosexual relationships94. Furthermore, another unresolved question is whether the complete Reichswehr was sincerely on his side after 1934, considering the July bomb plot of higher echelons of the army against Hitler in 194495, despite the sworn oath of allegiance. In addition, the debate whether Hitler intended all the actions carried out or whether he was an opportunist is still ongoing, and although both sides have compelling arguments, through my research Kershaws argument seems to me to be the most valid. Through the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler was ready to rule with absolute power and to bring about the changes he was promising to Germany. From now on he could concentrate on erecting his New Germany, under the Fhrerprinzip, which would overturn the Treaty of Versailles and establish Germany as the major European power.96 Hitler now began to rule over a Volk, which, as Mussolini once said, would believe, obey and fight97, and in the years following () the rest of Europe, and the world, would learn just how poisonous that mixture could be.98 94 Lowe, Norman. 317 95 Keitel, Wilhelm. 192 96 Mcdonough, Frank. 89 97 <http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/heroesvillains/g3/cs1/g3 cs1s2.htm> 98 Evans, Richard J. 451 18

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ON THE WORKS CITED PAGE, INCLUDE ALL THE SOURCES YOU HAVE CITED IN THE FOOTNOTES. MUST BE IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER, SHOULD LOOK LIKE THE BIBLIOGRAPHY, AND EACH SOURCE NEEDS TO BE THERE ONLY ONCE.

1. "Adolf Hitler." Spartacus Educational - Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm> 2. Bullock, Allan. Hitler a Study in Tryanny. New York: Harper, 1962. Print. 3. Burleigh, Michael. The Third Reich: A New History. 1 Amer ed ed. New York: Hill & Wang, 2000. Print. 4. Butler, Rohan. D'O.. The Roots of National Socialism, 1783-1933. Oxford: Faber & Faber, 1942. Print. 5. Carsten, F. L.. The Reichswehr and politics: 1918 to 1933 . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966. Print. 6. Domarus, Max. The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2007. Print. 7. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15th Edition ed. New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. , 2007. Print. 8. Evans, Richard J.. The Coming of the Third Reich. Boston: Penguin (Non- Classics), 2005. Print. 9. Fest, Joachim C.. Hitler. New York: Harcourt, 2002. Print. 10. Garcia, Nicola. "An Internal Purge." 20th Century History Review Apr. 2009: 17-20. Print. 11. Hitler, 1934 Adolf. "Night of the Long Knives." Spartacus Educational - Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2010. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERnight.htm> 12. Housden, Dr. Martyn. "Adolf Hitler - A Disaster for the German Nation." 20th Century History Review Sep. 2006: 1-6. Print. 13. Keitel, Wilhelm, and Walter Grlitz. The memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel Edited with an introd. and epilogue by Walter Gorlitz.. New York: Stein And Day, 1966. Print. 14. Kershaw, Ian. The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich. Reissue ed. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2001. Print. 15. Lang, Sen. "The Night of the Long Knives, 1934." Modern History Review Sep. 2003: 16-17. Print. 16. Layton, Geoff. Germany: The Third Reich, 1933-45 (Access to History). 2 ed. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational, 2000. Print. 17. Lowe, Norman. Mastering Modern World History, 4th Ed. (Palgrave Master Series). 4 ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Print. 18. Marsden, Gordon. "Political Violence and the Nazi Seizure of Power." History Today 35 (1985): 8-13. Print.

Works Cited

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19. Mcdonough, Frank. Conflict, Communism and Fascism: Europe 18901945 (Cambridge Perspectives in History). New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Print 20. Rees, Laurence. The Nazis: A Warning From History. London: Bbc Books, 1998. Print. 21. Ross, Stewart. First World War . London: Evans Brothers, 1997. Print. 22. Smith, David. "Origins of National Socialism." Modern History Review 7.1 (1995): 6-8. Print 23. Snyder, Louis L. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York and Washington D.C.: Da Capo Press, 1994. Print. 24. "The History Place - World War II in Europe Timeline: March 23, 1933 - Reichstag passes Enabling Act." The History Place. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/enabling.htm> 25. The World at War. Dir. Laurence Olivier. Perf. .. Fremantle Media, 1973. DVD. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/timeline_of_world_war_one.htm> 26. "Timeline of World War One." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. 27. Traynor, John. Europe, 1890-1990 (Challenging History). New Ed ed. Surrey: Nelson Thornes Ltd, 1991. Print. 28. "Verdicts on the Treaty of Versailles." GCSE Modern World History. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. <http://www.johndclare.net/peace_treaties6.htm>.

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Bibliography
THIS IS SIMILAR TO THE CITATIONS PAGE BUT INCLUDES ALL MATERIAL YOU HAVE USED TO UNDERSTAND AND RESEARCH YOUR TOPIC. EVERYTHING ON THE CIT. PAGE, MUST ALSO BE HERE OF COURSE!

1. "Adolf Hitler." Spartacus Educational - Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm> 2. "Anschluss." Spartacus Educational - Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWanschluss.htm>. 3. Bullock, Allan. Hitler a Study in Tryanny. New York: Harper, 1962. Print. 4. Burleigh, Michael. The Third Reich: A New History. 1 Amer ed ed. New York: Hill & Wang, 2000. Print. 5. Butler, R. D'O.. The Roots of National Socialism, 1783-1933. Oxford: Faber & Faber, 1942. Print. 6. Carsten, F. L.. The Reichswehr and politics: 1918 to 1933 . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966. Print. 7. Clare, John D.. "Road to War - Hitler's Aims." GCSE Modern World History Revision Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 June 2010. <http://johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII2.htm>. 8. Davidson, Eugene. The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2004. Print. 9. Domarus, Max. The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2007. Print. 10. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15th Edition ed. New York: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. , 2007. Print. 11. "Ernst Roehm : Nazi Germany." Spartacus Educational - Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERroehm.htm> 12. Evans, Richard J.. The Coming of the Third Reich. Boston: Penguin (Non- Classics), 2005. Print. 13. Fest, Joachim C.. Hitler. New York: Harcourt, 2002. Print. 14. Garcia, Nicola. "An Internal Purge." 20th Century History Review Apr. 2009: 17-20. Print. 15. Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. New York: Mariner Books, 1998. Print. 16. Hitler, 1934 Adolf. "Night of the Long Knives." Spartacus Educational - Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2010. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERnight.htm> 17. Housden, Dr. Martyn. "Adolf Hitler - A Disaster for the German Nation." 20th Century History Review Sep. 2006: 1-6. Print. 18. Keitel, Wilhelm, and Walter Grlitz. The memoirs of Field-Marshal Keitel Edited with an introd. and epilogue by Walter Gorlitz.. New York: Stein And Day, 1966. Print. 19. Kershaw, Ian. Hitler. 1st THUS edition ed. Allen Lane: Penguin, 2008. Print. 20. Kershaw, Ian. The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich. Reissue ed. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2001. Print. 21. Kulturreferat Mnchen. "National Socialism in Munich." Themen Geschichtspfad Dec. 2007: 95. Print.

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22. Lang, Sen. "The Night of the Long Knives, 1934." Modern History Review Sep. 2003: 16-17. Print. 23. Layton, Geoff. Germany: The Third Reich, 1933-45 (Access to History). 2 ed. London: Hodder & Stoughton Educational, 2000. Print. 24. Lowe, Norman. Mastering Modern World History, 4th Ed. (Palgrave Master Series). 4 ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Print. 25. Marsden, Gordon. "Political Violence and the Nazi Seizure of Power." History Today 35 (1985): 8-13. Print. 26. Mcdonough, Frank. Conflict, Communism and Fascism: Europe 18901945 (Cambridge Perspectives in History). New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Print 27. Newton, Melanie. "National Socialism in Munich." ThemenGeschichtsPfad 1 (2007): 1-95. Print. 28. "Personenbeschreibung | Georg Strasser | Deutscher Politiker." Zweiter Weltkrieg - Nationalsozialismus | Daten - Verlauf u. Zusammenfassung . N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2010. <http://www.zweiter- wk.de/Download/georgstrasser.html> 29. Reed-Purvis, Julian. "The Germans and the Holocaust Part 1." Modern History Review: The Origins of the Cold War 12 (2000): 24-27. Print. 30. Rees, Laurence. The Nazis: A Warning From History. London: Bbc Books, 1998. Print. 31. "Rhineland 1936." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Rhineland_1936.htm>. 32. Ross, Stewart. First World War . London: Evans Brothers, 1997. Print. 33. Smith, David. "Themes - Origins of National Socialism." Modern History Review 7.1 (1995): 6-8. Print. 34. Snyder, Louis L.. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York and Washington D.C.: Da Capo Press, 1994. Print. 35. "The History Place - World War II in Europe Timeline: March 23, 1933 - Reichstag passes Enabling Act." The History Place. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2010. <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/enabling.htm> 36. The History Place. "The Triumph of Hitler." The History Place. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Mar. 2010. <www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-roehm.htm> 37. "The National Archives | Heroes & Villains | Mussolini & Abyssinia | Why invade Abyssinia? | Source 2." The National Archives. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2010.<http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/heroesvillains/g3/cs 1/g3cs1s2.htm> 38. The Treaty of Versailles." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 June 2010. <http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm> 39. The World at War. Dir. Laurence Olivier. Perf. .. Fremantle Media, 1973. DVD. 40. "Timeline of World War One." History Learning Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2010.<http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/timeline_of_world_warone.htm 41. Traynor, John. Europe, 1890-1990 (Challenging History). New Ed ed. Surrey: Nelson Thornes Ltd, 1991. Print. 42. "Verdicts on the Treaty of Versailles." GCSE Modern World History. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. <http://www.johndclare.net/peace_treaties6.htm>.

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43. "Versailles Treaty." Spartacus Educational - Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2010. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWversailles.htm>

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