IP# Politics and Religion Recap: democracy - free/fair elections, special interests groups buffered from politics, broad-based

inclusion, - however, most democracies are elite-based - mature democracies (institutionalized) are consistent in democratic peace theory - incomplete construction may be more dangerous because of false hopes, despair, and illegitimate power achieved through appearance of democratic elections; -- Georgia, Eritrea, Balkans, Russia - Not much relationship between democratization and terrorism -- possible negative relationship in terms of civil liberties disputes -- limited ability to monitor the public - for ME and Africa, democracy requires institutions to centralize rather than fragment (particularly in countries with "forced" national boundaries) -- Senegal - 22 language groups, rural/urban divide...but still worked -- three consecutive elections before catches on - voting: lower rates due to poverty and view that vote has no impact/elite rates higher Goal: understand what the consequences and conditions of democracy are and can be ------Why do we care about religion in global security? - source of power - ability for collective organization - source of moral authority - method of building consensus - constrains as well as it empowers Strategy...ends, ways and means...rationalization Deterrence...cost - benefit equation...rational calculation Religion...supplies motive; replacement for state power; transcends national identity and geographic boundaries; motive to fight to defend the faith or achieve faith-based reward -- this is not a new phenomenon -- it's possible that religious identity has grown in the collapse of authoritarianism Repress or control - becomes a threat to government in ways; need to mobilize it or repress it; So....we need to understand it...the role in society. (Clash of Civilizations Huntington) ...flawed analysis but not completely wrong to think about.

Define religion vs philosophy Components: 1. Common beliefs more faith centered 2. Collective belief in something larger than the individual

3. Prescribed code of behavior/code of ethics 4. Eschatological views - origin and termination explanations/logic 5. Purpose - the why (God's will, higher order of creation...) Atheism - 2% (gallop poll 17% responded no religion) Code of conduct, often reliant on super being who people venerate and/or acknowledge, and offers explanations for origin, termination, and purpose with widespread adherence.. What religions travel and why? - Shinto: did not travel...you had to be Japanese; - Confucian: did not travel...Chinese tradition of Middle Kingdom...value system - Prosthelytizing - both the religious narrative and the misuse by powerful men -- share the benefits or keep you from challenging me -- political vs religious reasons -- expansion motives - inadequate resource base as barrier to expansion? - Islam: expanded into less coherent populations and areas of higher conflict -- military conflict between rivals had weakened both -- easy to go into Palestine and take (636) -- Muslim empire expanded into cities...centers of population and trading --- Loot and power or religion? --- Spanish Empire...papal justification...de Soto Democracy provides limited value-based resources - what moral message can the government send out? - as democracy spreads, religious affinity is growing? Correlate how democracy traveled with how Christianity traveled... - Catholic Church and autocratic governments centralized and require an intermediary -- tells you truth, demands compliance, does not permit dissent -- makes them well suited to coexist and do business - Reformation and democracy are similarly a response to this authoritarian construct -- emphasize the individual with powers of self determination within God's will -- Luther's thesis... Commonalities between Protestant Reformation and Islam... - Sunni and Shi'a schism...rigorous structure of Shi'a (religion of the persecuted) - Sunni starts off with avoidance of order/Caliphate (632) - Reformation was about the church... - you can have a religious revival in Islam (not reformation because no church) Does democracy implement better in Protestant or Catholic? - absence of a state religion and state priesthood allowed brief democracy experiments - Germany...imperfect...a challenge in terms of history of democracy One foundation of democracy is science and reason...arguably. If so, does that mean most religions will find conflict with democracy? - science challenges faith -

Schools of Islamic Law When you go from meaningful discussions to ways that question fundamental beliefs, you have to be very careful (regardless of the religion). Be prepared to debate and discuss without insulting. Intersection of ethnicity and religion...? Wrap up: Why cover religion? We do this by theme (the rest of the college does it differently) - we don't do it enough...too much emphasis on models of rational behavior - not an absolute....change and adapt to culture and tradition, existence of other religions - evoke passion, provide moral reasoning, justification for actions, bonds across national identities, reasons for things states can't give reasons for, ** motivator for defense and security goals - states invoke religious narratives and identities - different sets of moral codes (parallel in many cases) - how do they intersect, how do they collide?