SYNOPSIS OF

MANY-ELECTRON CORRELATION EFFECTS IN PHOTODETACHMENT PROCESSES

A THESIS

to be submitted by

JOBIN JOSE

for the award of the degree

of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS. MARCH 2011

Introduction

Chapter I of this thesis provides a brief overview of the theoretical methodology employed in the present work. Scattering is one of the fundamental processes by which one can measure structural properties of several types of targets. The scattering targets include atoms, ions, molecules, clusters, etc. Scattering/collision experiments can be conducted by using elementary particles or atoms/ions or electromagnetic radiation as probes. Photoionization is a process in which interaction of electromagnetic radiation with neutral atom/positive ion/molecule expel an electron from the system leaving the target system ionic. The ejected electron carries important information about the electronic structure of the target, inclusive of the many-electron correlation effects present in the target. The photoionization process has been extensively reviewed in the literature (Amusia, 1990a ; Grant, 2007). Photodetachment is no different from photoionization except that atomic target is a negative ion; photodetachment leaves the target in a neutral state. The photodetachment process is represented by the following reaction: A + e h + A = A + e In negative ions, the extra electron is weakly attached to the atom due to the short range potential. However, it is indistinguishable from the other electrons of the negatively charged many-electron system. In negative ions, the many electron correlation effects (arising from inter-electron interaction) are accentuated further than they are for neutral system, as these tend to overwhelm the coulombic attraction of an electron by the positive nucleus. Therefore, the photodetachment process is often dominated by the correlation effects. Photodetachment data nds applications in many different areas of physics (Massey, 1976; Hall, 1997). Review articles on many-electron correlation effects on the photodetachment process are available in literature (Ivanov, 2004; Pegg, 2004). There are many theoretical methods developed to address the photoionization/ pho1

todetachment which take into account correlation effects, such as the random phase approximation (RPA) (Altick and Glassgold, 1964; Wendin , 1971; Amusia and Cherepkov, 1975) usually called as RPA with exchange (RPAE), the relativistic random phase approximation (RRPA), relativistic analogue of RPA (Johnson and Lin, 1979; Johnson et al., 1980), the close-coupling method (Burke and Seaton, 1971), the R-Matrix method (Berrington et al., 1978), the K-Matrix L2 method (Moccia and Spizzo, 1990), the RRPA with relaxation (RRPA-R) (Radojevi c et al., 1989), the multi-conguration Tamm-Dancoff approximation (MCTD) (Radojevi c and Johnson, 1985), the many-body perturbation theory (Kelly, 1964, 1992), the multi-conguration Hartree-Fock (MCHF) technique (Froese, 1977), and its relativistic counterpart, the multi-conguration DiracFock (MCDF) technique (Grant, 2007), among others. All of these methods (approximations) differ in the manner in which the many-electron correlations are built in them. As mentioned above, the fundamental signicance of the photodetachment process is due to importance of the correlation effects on the same. In the present thesis, are investigated the role of the many-electron correlation effects in the initial state, and also in the nal state of the photodetachment processes. In particular, the many-body effects which are studied in the thesis are: - initial state correlation effects - nal state correlation effects - core-relaxation effects.

The RRPA, RRPA-R and MCTD approximations have been used in the present thesis to study the above mentioned correlation effects in the photodeachment processes.

Motivation and Objective

Motivation: To understand the many-electron correlation effects which govern the photodetachment processes in negative ions. To examine the applicability of a few hitherto unexploited many-body relativistic formulations to describe photodetachment dynamics. 2

Objectives: To study - nalstate correlation effects on the non-dipole photodetachment of Cl (Jose et al., 2009a ). - photoelectron dynamics near the dipole and quadrupole Cooper minima (Jose et al., 2009a ). - relaxation effects on the intermediate shell photodetachment of Cl and Br (Radojevi c et al., 2009). - importance of simultaneous detachment and excitation process from/to different subshells, which are due to correlation effects, on the photodetachment of Li , N a and Cu (Jose et al., 2011, 2009b ). - the evolution of various many-electron correlation effects along the Ar isoelectronic sequence, from Cl upto Cd30+ , so as to understand relative importance of correlation effects among the members (Jose et al., 2010).

Theoretical Framework

A brief overview of the theoretical methodology employed in the present work is given in Chapter I of this thesis. The differential cross section of photoelectrons ejected from an atom/ion by a polarized photon is given, in the electric quadrupole (E2) approximation, by (Derevianko et al., 1999): n, dn, (, ) = 1 + P2 (cos ) + ( + cos2 ) sin cos ) , d 4 (1)

Figure 1: Geometry used for the description of the photodetachment.

where is the total photodetachment cross section, is the dipole (E1) angular distribution asymmetry parameter, P2 (x) is the Legendre polynomial, is the angle between the ejected electron and polarization direction of photon which is along the Y axis and is the angle between the projection of electron momentum in the XZ plane and the photon wave vector which is along X axis. Refer Fig. 1 for the geometry. In the above equation, the parameters and contain information about the interference of electric dipole amplitudes with electric quadrupole amplitudes. The total photodetachment cross section, upto the qudrupole terms: (Derevianko et al., 1999):

n ( ) =

4 2 3

2 | D | + ,

k2 | Q |2 . 20

(2)

The summation in the above equation is over all dipole ( ) and quadrupole ( ) allowed excited states. The RRPA is an approximate relativistic many-body theory formulated to describe the atomic transitions in the system where correlation and relativity are of importance. The RRPA includes nal state correlations via interchannel coupling by summing timeforward Feynman ring-diagrams, and the initial state correlations by summing the timebackward ring-diagrams (Johnson and Lin, 1979; Johnson et al., 1980). When an electron is removed from the atomic core, other electrons rearrange themselves and this effect is called rearrangement/relaxation effects. Essentially it means that the outgoing electron moves in a V(N 1) eld which is altered due to the rearrangement created by a hole (Radojevi c et al., 1989; Ivanov, 2004). One can expect that because of the strong changes in eld due to the removal of an extra electron loosely attached to the atom, the relaxation effects are prominent in the case of photodetachment. Frozen core HF/DF neglects the rearrangement of atomic electrons upon the creation of a vacancy. The RRPA was modied by V. Radojevi c and W.R.Johnson in order to take into account relaxation effects. This method is called RRPA with relaxation (RRPA-R) (Radojevi c et al., 1989). This method includes some of the electron correlations that are excluded in the RRPA, albeit at the cost of gauge invariance of the photoionization/photodetachment transition matrix elements.

It is of vital importance to consider processes that involve simultaneous ionization and excitation from/to different congurations. These result in many-electron correlations in both the initial and the nal state that are not included in the RPA. Such effects are elegantly included in a technique whose potential has not been much utilized hitherto, and known as the multi-conguration Tamm-Dancoff (MCTD) method (Radojevi c and Johnson, 1985), formulated by V. Radojevi c and W.R.Johnson. In the (relativistic) multi-conguration Tamm-Dancoff method (Radojevi c and Johnson, 1985), both the initial state correlations, and those in the nal state are accounted for, the former through adopting a multi-conguration initial state, and the latter through inter-channel coupling, just as in the RPA and in the Tamm-Dancoff (TD) method.

4
4.1

Summary of the Research Work

Interchannel coupling effects on non-dipole photodetachment of Cl

Non-dipole photodetachment studies of Cl using the RRPA are reported in Chapter II. A convenient employment of the truncated RRPA enables us to couple or decouple channels selectively so that the coupling effects of channels from different subshells can be scrutinized. The RRPA was employed to investigate the interchannel coupling effects on the non-dipole photodetachment of Cl . The E2 cross section for the 3p shell is shown in Fig. 2a for two levels of truncation of the RRPA: for channels coming from the 3p shell only, shown by a dotted curve, and for channels from 3p and 3s shells, shown by a solid curve (Jose et al., 2009a ). As seen in Fig. 2a, interchannel coupling between the 3p and 3s photodetachment channels induces considerable alteration of the shape resonance. The maximum of the cross section of the intrashell calculation shifts signicantly due to interchannel coupling. Also, coupling with the 3s channels causes a local dip in the eight-channel 3p E2 photodetachment cross section at 1.2 a.u. The interchannel coupling effect was further investigated in detail by scrutinizing the tran-

sition matrix elements. It was found that the minor difference in the six-channel and the eight-channel truncated RRPA matrix elements gets magnied by the 3 factor in the expression (Derevianko et al., 1999) resulting in the interchannel coupling effect in the cross section. Further, it is noted that the location of the Cooper minimum (Cooper, 1962) in the E2 cross section of the 3p subshell is sensitive to the correlation effects. The analysis of the interchannel coupling effects on photodetachment parameters revealed that E2 channels from the 3p shell dramatically affects channels from 3s subshell (shown in Fig. 2b). The present results (Jose et al., 2009a ) show that even if the cross sections are small, the interchannel coupling effects are measurable by studying the photoelectron angular distributions, and hence important.

Figure 2: Quadrupole (E2) cross section of the (a) 3p and (b) 3s shells of Cl for two levels of truncation of RRPA. Vertical lines indicate thresholds.

4.2

Photoelectron angular distribution near Cooper minima

It is well known that angular distribution of photoelectrons is strongly sensitive to the positions of dipole and quadrupole Cooper minima (Walker and Waber, 1973; Banerjee et al., 2007). The present results (Jose et al., 2009a ) of the photoelectron angular distribution of the 3p and 3s subshells near E1 and E2 Cooper minima are shown in Fig. 3. The E1-E2 angular distribution asymmetry parameter, for the 3p 1 subshell of
2

Cl , obtained using E1,E2 interchannel coupling for channels from the 3p and the 3s subshells are shown in Fig. 3a. Prominant features in this gure are (a) peaks near photon energy of 1.6 a.u., (b) goes to a zero near photon energy of 2.7 a.u., and (c) also near 6.2 a.u. The peak in at 1.6 a.u. for the 3p 1 is due to the Cooper minimum in the dipole
2

Figure 3: Quadrupole-dipole (E1-E2) angular distribution asymmetry parameter (a) 3p 1 and (b) 3s .
2

Vertical lines indicate thresholds.

3p d photodetachment channel while the zero in for the 3p 1 at 6.2 a.u. is due to
2

the quadrupole Cooper minimum. The zero in at 2.7 a.u. is not due to a quadrupole Cooper minimum. It is due to an accidental cancellation of the four contributing terms, in the expression (Derevianko et al., 1999) for , and referred to as an accidental zero. Thus, a quadrupole Cooper minimum certainly leads to a zero in the parameter, but a zero in does not necessarily imply a quadrupole Cooper minimum.

4.3

Relaxation effects in the photodetachment of Cl and Br

In Chapter III are reported the effects of core-relaxation on photodetachment of Cl and Br in the dipole approximation. In the present study the RRPA and the RRPA-R was applied to the photodetachment of some intermediate shells of chlorine and bromine negative ions (Cl 2p, 2s and Br 3p, 3s) . The results (Radojevi c et al., 2009) of our RRPA and RRPA-R calculations for cross sections of the 2p subshells are shown for Cl and for 3p subshell of Br in Fig. 4. Both the RRPA and RRPA-R results for the cross section show a sharp rise near threshold in accordance with Wigner threshold law (Wigner, 1948), and gradual decrease after the shape resonance region. There is, however, considerable quantitative difference between both types of calculations (RRPA and RRPA-R) close to the corresponding thresholds. The sharp peak in the cross section in the RRPA calculation is seen to vanish as a result of relaxation. Reduced overlaps between orbitals of the relaxed atom and those of the ground state of negative ion causes reduction in the 2p cross section by approximately 20%. The difference in the RRPA and RRPA-R re7

sults at the low energy is attributed to the different treatment of the electron correlation which are most sensitive at low energies. The relaxation effects are thus very important to understand near-threshold phenomenology.

Figure 4: Photodetachment partial cross section of (a) Cl 2p shell and (b) Br 3p shell in RRPA and
RRPA-R.

4.4

Photodetachment of Li , N a and Cu using multi-conguration Tamm-Dancoff approximation

In Chapter IV of this thesis are presented MCTD studies of photodetachment of the Li , N a and Cu negative ions. The MCTD incorporates the initial state correlations by considering a multi-conguration wavefunction for the initial state. The inclusion of two-electron channels (excitation plus photodetachment) resulting from a multi-congurational initial state, is important for a correct description of the photodetachment process. In the present work (Jose et al., 2011, 2009b ), the MCTD technique has been employed to study photodetachment of alkali metal negative ions such as Li , N a , and Cu . A conguration interaction expansion consisting of the following eight relativistic congurations was used to describe the initial state of the Li ion:
5 2 2 2 2 2 1s2 (2s2 + 2p2 1 + 2p 3 + 3s + 3p 1 + 3p 3 + 3d 3 + 3d 2 ), J = 0.
2 2 2 2 2

Photodetachment dipole channels which originate in the 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, and 3d states of the negative ion were coupled. Thus, a total of 20 channels coupled to J = 1, were included. 8

The total photodetachment cross section of Li is shown in Fig. 5a, for the rst 3 eV or so above threshold, and it is compared with several earlier theoretical and experimental results. There is a good overall qualitative agreement between MCTD results and the earlier theoretical and experimental results.

Figure 5: Total MCTD length (L) and velocity (V) photodetachment cross sections of (a) Li along
with earlier close-coupling (CC) (Moores and Norcross, 1974), K-matrix (Kmat) (Moccia and Spizzo, 1990) and R-matrix (Rmat) (Rambsbottom et al., 1994) calculations and experiment (solid circles (Kaiser et al., 1974), open triangles (Bae and Peterson, 1985), solid squares (Dellwo et al., 1992)), (b) N a along with previous theoretical calculations: close-coupling (CC) (Moores and Norcross, 1974), eigenchannel R-matrix (ERmat) (Liu and Starace, 1999), R-matrix (Rmat) (Vinci et al., 2000), non-relativistic random-phase approximation (RPAE) (Amusia et al., 1990b ). The vertical lines indicate the thresholds.

The cusp at the 2p threshold is due to interchannel coupling between the closed part (bound to bound) of the 2p s channels and the open 2s p (bound to continuum) channels. Computations were also performed in the RRPA, which is based on the single determinant wavefunction 1s2 2s2 ; it does not therefore include the 2p s channels. The cusp is therefore absent in the RRPA. The inclusion of such two-electron excitation channels in the MCTD method is, thus, a signicant improvement over RRPA. Photodetachment of the rst excited state 2p of Li is also reported in this thesis. Also studied was photodetachment of the N a negative ion in a 15 channel MCTD calculation. Fig. 5b shows good agreement with other theoretical results. Besides the valence shell, MCTD was applied also to the inner/intermediate shell photodetachment of Li , N a , and also of Cu . The results (not included in this synopsis) exhibited all important experimental features in good qualitative agreement.

4.5

Electron correlation effects near photoionization threshold: The Ar isoelectronic sequence

In Chapter V of this thesis is reported (Jose et al., 2010) a study of electron correlation effects in the Ar isoelectronic sequence. In Chapter II, III and IV, interchannel coupling effects, relaxation effects, and initial state correlation effects (via multi-conguration way) on the photodetachment process of various anions are reported. In Chapter V, these effects are examined for various members of an iso-electronic sequence to examine how the photodetachment/ photoionization process is affected in the isoelectronic series. Photoionization/photodetachment studies of members along the isonuclear/isoelectronic sequence enable us analyze systematically the many-body correlation effects as a function of nuclear charge. In the present study of the Ar isoelectronic sequence (Jose et al., 2010), are reported our results on Cl , Ar, K + , Sc3+ , M n7+ , Cu11+ , Kr18+ , M o24+ , and Cd30+ . The TD, RRPA and the RRPA-R approximations were all used for each member of this sequence to understand the role of various correlations that are included/excluded in the approximations employed. The present study of Ar isoelectronic sequence members was carried out with three objectives: (i) to investigate the initial state correlation effects on the photoionization parameters of the 3p and 3s subshells, (ii) to examine the evolution of coupling strength of dipole and quadrupole channels from the 3p subshell on the channels from the 3s subshell and understand how 3s photoionization is affected by this interchannel coupling, and (iii) to investigate how relaxation affects photoionization of the 3p and 3s subshells. In the Tamm-Dancoff (TD) method to study the photoionization process, only the nal state correlations are accounted for by summing over the time forward ring diagrams (Fetter and Walecka, 1971). Thus, a comparison of RRPA and TD results enables us separate the role of electron correlations in the initial state. A fourteen-channel (relativistic dipole channels from 3p, 3s, 2p, 2s) TD and RRPA study was carried out, coupling essentially the same channels in both the approximations.

10

Figure 6: 3p photodetachment/photoionization cross section of the isoelectronic sequence members of

Ar calculated using RRPA (Thick line) and TD (Thin line). Magnied view of the cross section for ions from Sc3+ is shown in the inset.

Results (Jose et al., 2010) of the current study of photodetachment/photoionization cross sections calculated using RRPA and TD are presented in Fig. 6. Thresholds of the 3p 3 subshell are shown as vertical dashed lines. From Fig. 6, it is clear that initial state
2

correlation effect enhances the cross section prominently for Cl and Ar. Considering the differences in the RRPA and TD results, it is concluded that initial state correlations are most important in Cl , and get progressively weak with increasing ionicity, since the attractive coulomb potential of the nucleous becomes more important. In fact, at K + itself, the difference between RRPA and TD results already becomes signicantly weak. Along the isoelectronic sequence, a gradual reduction of the importance of the many-electron correlation effect is seen, leaving the Cd30+ photoionization practically unaffected, as explained above.

Conclusions
Interchannel-coupling strongly inuences the non-dipole photodetachment parameters of 3p and 3s subshell of Cl . The effects are dramatic in the vicinity of the shape resonance of the cross section, and near the Cooper minima. The exact location of the quadrupole Cooper minimum is sensitive to the level of truncation of the RRPA, and thus to interchannel coupling. The Cooper minima in the dipole channels and quadrupole channels very strongly affects the nondipole photoelectron angular distribution. The asymmetry param11

eter peaks around the dipole Cooper minimum, and has a zero near quadrupole Cooper minimum. In addition, 3p has an accidental zero. Relaxation effects on the photodetachment of Cl and Br are signicant in the threshold region. The success of the MCTD method, employed for the rst time to study photodetachment of negative ions, wherein all of the important features of the cross sections (including the sensitive cusp) were well reproduced, is well suited to study both photoionization and photodetachment. From the application of MCTD to the photodetachment of Cu , the importance of the inclusion of the core correlation effects was revealed. Many-electron correlations studied using TD, RRPA and RRPA-R along the isoelectronic sequence of Ar showed that they are most prominent in the negative ions, and get progressively weaker as the ionicity increases.

REFERENCES
1. Altick P. L. and Glassgold A. E., Correlation effects in atomic structure using the random phase approximation. Physical Review 133, A632 (1964). 2. Amusia M. Ya. and Cherepkov N. A., Photoionization of atoms in the random-phase approximation with exchange. Case studies in Atomic Physics 5, 47 (1975). 3. Amusia M. Ya., Atomic photoeffect. Physics of atoms and molecules series. ed P. G. Burke and H. Kleinpoppen, Plenum, New York (1990a ). 4. Amusia M. Ya., Gribakin G. F., Ivanov V. K., and Chernysheva L. V., Many-electron correlations in negative-ion photodetachment. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 23, 385(1990b ). 5. Bae Y. K., and Peterson J. R., Effect of virtul state near an s-wave threshold: Absolute Li photodetachment cross sections near the Li(22 P ) threshold. Phys. Rev. A 32, 1917 (1985). 6. Banerjee T., Deshmukh P. C., and Manson S. T., Dipole and quadrupole Cooper minima and their effects on dipole and nondipole photoelectron angular distributions in Hg 6s. Physical Review A 75, 042701 (2007). 7. Berrington K. A., Burke P. G., Dorneuf M. Le., Robb W. D., Taylor K. T. and Vo Ky L., A new version of the general program to calculate atomic continuum processes using the R-matrix method. Comput. Phys. Commun. 14, 367 (1978). 8. Burke P. G. and Seaton M. J., Numerical solutions of the Integro-differential Equations of Electron-Atom Collision Theory. Methods in Computational Physics 10, 1 (1971). 12

9. Cooper J. W. , Photoionization from outer atomic subshells. A model study. Physical Review 128, 681 (1962). 10. Dellwo J., Liu Y., Tang C. Y., Pegg D. J., and Alton G. D., Photodetachment cross sections for Li . Phys. Rev. A 46, 3924 (1992). 11. Derevianko A., Johnson W. R. and Cheng K. T., Non-dipole effects in photoelectron angular distributions for rare gas atoms. Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables 73, 153 (1999). 12. Dias E. W. B., Chakraborty H. S., Deshmukh P. C., Manson S. T., Hemmers O., Glans P., Hansen D. L., Wang H., Whiteld S. B., Lindle D. W., Wehlitz R., Levin J. C., Sellin I. A., and Perera R. C. C., Breakdown of the independent particle approximation in high-energy photoionization. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4553 (1997). 13. Fetter A. L. and Walecka J. D., Quantum theory of many-particle systems. McGrawHill, New York (1971). 14. Froese Fischer C., The Hartree-Fock method for atoms. John Wiley and Sons, New York, (1977). 15. Grant I. P., Relativistic quantum theory of atoms and molecules. Springer Series on Atomic, Optical and Plasma Physics, USA (2007). 16. Hall C. M. , Inuence of negative ions on mesospheric turbulence traced by ionization: Implications for radar and in situ experiments. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 439 (1997). 17. Hansen D. L., Hemmers O., Wang H., Lindle D. W., Focke P., Sellin I. A., Heske C., Chakraborty H. S., Deshmukh P. C., and Manson S. T., Validity of the independentparticle approximation in x-ray photoemission: The exception, not the rule. Phys. Rev. A 60, R2641 (1999). 18. Ivanov V. K., Theoretical studies of photodetachment. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 70, 345 (2004). 19. Johnson W. R. and Lin C. D., Multichannel relativistic random-phase approximation for the photoionization of atoms. Physical Review A 20, 964 (1979). 20. Johnson W. R., Lin C.D., Cheng K. T. and Lee C. M., Relativistic random phase approximation. Physica Scripta 21, 409 (1980). 21. Jose J., Pradhan G. B., Deshmukh P. C., Radojevi c V., and Manson S. T., Nondipole and interchannel coupling effects in the photodetachment of Cl . Phys. Rev. A 80, 023405 (2009a ). 22. Jose J., Pradhan G. B., Radojevi c V., Manson S. T. and Deshmukh P. C., Photodetachment of cross section of lithium negative ion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 194, 022096 (2009b ). 23. Jose J., Pradhan G. B., Deshmukh P. C., Radojevi c V., and Manson S. T., Correlation and relaxation effects near threshold: The Ar isoelectronic sequence. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 55 (5), 158 (2010) 13

24. Jose J., Pradhan G.B., Radojevi c V., Manson S.T., and Deshmukh P.C., Valence photodetachment of Li and Na using relativistic many-body techniques. Submitted to Physical Review A (2011). 25. Kelly H. P., Many-body perturbation theory applied to atoms. Physical Review 138, B896 (1964). 26. Kelly H. P., Correlation effects in many Fermion systems. II. Linked clusters. Physical Review 134, A1450 (1992). 27. Kaiser H. J., Heinicke E., Rackwitz R., and Feldmann D., Photodetachment measurements of alkali negative ions. JZ Phys. 270, 259 (1974). 28. Liu C. N., and Starace A. F, Photodetachment of N a . Phys. Rev. A 59, 3643 (1999). 29. Massey H., Negative ions. Cambridge University Press, London, (1997).

30. Moccia R. and Spizzo P. , Lithium anion photodetachment up to the 3s threshold: a K-matrix L2 basis calculation. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 23, 3557 (1990). 31. Moores D. L., and Norcross D. W., Alkali metal ions. I. Photodetachment of Li , N a , and K . Phys. Rev. A 10, 1646 (1974). 32. Pegg D. J., Structure and dynamics of negative ions. Rep. Prog. Phys. 67, 857 (2004). 33. Radojevi c V. and Johnson W. R., Multiconguration Tamm-Dancoff approximation applied to photoioniation of the outershells of Be and M g . Phys. Rev. A 31, 2991 (1985). 34. Radojevi c V., Jose J., Pradhan G. B., Deshmukh P. C., and Manson S. T., Relaxation effects in the photodetachment of intermediate p shells of chlorine and bromine negative ions. Canadian Journal of Physics 87, 49 (2009). 35. Radojevi c V., Kutzner M. and Kelly H. P., Photoionization of the barium 4d subshell including relativistic and relaxation effects. Phys. Rev. A 40, 727 (1989). 36. Rambsbottom C. A., Bell K. L., and Berrington K. A., Photodetachment cross sections for the 1 S bound state of the negative lithium ion. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 27, 2905 (1994). 37. Vinci N., Glass D. H., Taylor K. T., and Burke P. G., Single and multiphoton detachment of N a . J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 33, 4799(2000). 38. Walker T. E. H. and Waber J. T., Angular distribution of photoelectrons fom relativistic wave functions. Physical Review Letters 30, 307 (1973). 39. Wendin G., Collective effects in atomic photoabsorption spectra I. J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 4, 1080 (1971). 40. Wigner E. P., On the behavior of cross sections near thresholds. Phys. Rev. 73, 1002 (1948).

14

Proposed Contents of the Thesis

The thesis is organized as follows: 1. Chapter 1 General Introduction 2. Chapter 2 Interchannel Coupling Effects in the Photodetachment of Cl 3. Chapter 3 Relaxation Effects in Photodetachment 4. Chapter 4 Photodetachment of Li , N a and Cu Using Multi-Conguration Tamm-Dancoff Technique 5. Chapter 5 Electron Correlation Effects Near Photoionization Threshold: The Ar Iso-electronic Sequence 6. Chapter 6 Summary, and Scope for Future Work

7
7.1

Publications based on the thesis

Papers in Refereed Journals

1. Photodetachment of 2p shell of the chlorine negative ion V. Radojevi c, J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, P. C. Deshmukh, and S. T. Manson Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade, 84, 61 (2008) 2. Nondipole and interchannel-coupling effects in the photodetachment of Cl J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi c, and S. T. Manson Physical Review A, 80, 023405 (2009) 3. Relaxation effects in the photodetachment of intermediate p shells of chlorine and bromine negative ions V. Radojevi c, J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, P. C. Deshmukh, and S. T. Manson Canadian Journal of Physics, 87, 49 (2009) 4. Photodetachment of cross section of lithium negative ion J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, V. Radojevi c, S. T. Manson and P. C. Deshmukh Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 194, 022096 (2009) 5. Inner shell photodetachment of N a using the Multi-Conguration Tamm-Dancoff Approximation J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan,V. Radojevi c, S. T. Manson and P. C. Deshmukh Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade, 89, 29 (2010) 6. Valence photodetachment of Li and Na using relativistic many-body techniques J. Jose, G.B. Pradhan, V. Radojevi c, S.T. Manson and P.C. Deshmukh Submitted to Physical Review A, (2011) 15

7. Electron correlation effects near photoionization threshold: The Ar isoelectronic sequence J. Jose, G.B. Pradhan, V. Radojevi c, S.T. Manson and P.C. Deshmukh Manuscript to be submitted to Phys. Rev. A, (2011)

7.2

Presentations in Conferences

1. Relaxation Effects in Photodetachment of Intermediate p Shells of the Chlorine and Bromine Negative Ions. V. Radojevi c, J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, P. C. Deshmukh, and S. T. Manson; Symposium on Atomic Physics: A Tribute to Walter Johnson Notre Dame, 4-5 April 2008. 2. Effect of interchannel coupling on shape resonance in quadrupole photodetachment of Cl . G. B. Pradhan, J. Jose, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi c and S. T. Manson; DAE-BRNS Symposium on Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics IUAC New Delhi, 10-13 February 2009. 3. Photodetachment of Cl : E1, E2 photoelectron angular distribution near Cooper minima. J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi c and S. T. Manson; DAE-BRNS Symposium on Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics IUAC New Delhi, 10-13 February 2009. 4. Nondipole effects in the photodetachment of Cl . J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi c and S. T. Manson; DAMOP University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 19-23 May 2009. 5. Photodetachment cross section of lithium negative ion. J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, V. Radojevi c, S. T. Manson and P. C. Deshmukh; XXVI ICPEAC Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA, 22-28 July 2009. 6. Photodetachment cross section of sodium negative ion. J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, V. Radojevi c, S. T. Manson and P. C. Deshmukh; Topical Conference RRCAT, Indore, 3-6 March 2010. 7. Correlation and relaxation effects near threshold: The Ar isoelectronic sequence. J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi c and S. T. Manson; DAMOP Houston, Texas, 25-29 May 2010. 8. Effects of core correlation on the photodetachment of Cu- (to be presented). J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, G. Aravind, P. C. Deshmukh, V. Radojevi c and S. T. Manson; DAMOP Atlanta, Georgia, 13-17 June 2011. 9. Dipole and quadrupole photodetachment/photoionization studies of the Ar isoelectronic sequence (to be presented). J. Jose, G. B. Pradhan, V. Radojevi c, S. T. Manson and P. C. Deshmukh; DAMOP Atlanta, Georgia, 13-17 June 2011.

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