The First Project

Understand the problems and define the design problem considering characteristic of a structure. Perform the optimization using optimization algorithm in software such as Excel

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 1

Calculate the compressive stress c in the circular piston rod (see figure) when a force P = 10 lb is applied to the brake pedal. Assume that the line of action of the force P is parallel to the piston rod, which has diameter 0.22 in. Also, the other dimensions shown in the figure (2.0 in. and 9.0 in.) are measured perpendicular to the line of action of the force P.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 2

A long retaining wall is braced by wood shores set at an angle of part of the figure. The shores are evenly spaced, 10 ft apart.

30 and supported by concrete thrust blocks, as shown in the first For analysis purpose, the wall and shores are idealized as shown in the second part of the figure. Note that the base of the wall and both ends of the shores are assumed to be pinned. The pressure of the soil against the wall is assumed to be triangularly distributed, and the resultant force acting on a 10-ft length of the wall is F=45 k. If each shore has a 6 in. 6 in. square cross section, what is the compressive stress c in the shores?

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 3

A tie down on the deck of a sailboat consists of a bent bar bolted at both ends, as shown in the figure. The diameter dB of the bar is 6 mm, the diameter dW of the washers is 22 mm, and the thickness t of the fiberglass deck is 10 mm. If the allowable shear stress in the fiberglass is 2.1 , and the

allowable bearing pressure between the washer and the fiberglass is 3.8 , what is the allowable load Pallow on the tie-down?

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 4

A torque T0 is transmitted between two flanged shafts by means of four -in. bolts (see figure). The diameter of the bolt circle is d = 6 in. If the allowable shear stress in the bolts is 14 ksi, what is the maximum permissible torque? (disregard friction between the flanges.)

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 5

A lifeboat hangs from two ships davits, as shown in the figure. A pin of diameter d = 0.80 in. passes through each davit and supports two pulleys, one on each side of the davit. Cables attached to the lifeboat pass over the pulleys and wind around winches that raise and lower the lifeboat. The lower parts of the cables are vertical and the upper parts make and angle = 1800 lb, and the allowable shear stress in the pins is 4000 psi. If the lifeboat weights 1500 lb, what is the maximum weight that should be carried in the lifeboat? 15 with the horizontal. The allowable tensile force in each cable is

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 6

What is the maximum possible value of the clamping force in the jaws of the pliers shown in the figure if a = 90 mm, b = 40 mm, and is the maximum permissible value of the applied load P if a factor of safety of 3.5 with respect to failure of the pin is to be maintained? the ultimate shear stress in the 6-mm diameter pin is 320 ? What

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 7

The piston in an engine is attached to a connecting rod AB, which in turn is connected to a crank arm BC (see figure). The piston slides without friction in a cylinder and is subjected to a force P (assumed to be constant) while moving to the right in the figure. The connecting rod, which has cross-sectional area A and length L, is attached at both ends by pins. The cranks arm rotates about the axle at C with the pin at B moving in a circle of radius R. The axle at C, which is supported by bearings, exerts a resisting moment M against the crank arm. (a) Obtain a formula for the maximum permissible force Pallow rod. (b) Calculate the force Pallow for the following data: C = 150 , A = 63.62 and R = 0.28L. based upon an allowable compressible stress C in the connecting

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 8

A square steel tube of length L = 6.0 m and width b2 = 250 mm is hoisted by a crane (see figure). The tube hangs from a pin of diameter d that is held by the cables at points A and B. The cross section is a allowable shear stress in the pin is 60 , and the allowable bearing stress the pin and the tube is 90 .

Determine the minimum diameter of the pin in order to support the weight of the tube. (Note: Disregard the rounded corners of the tube when calculating its weight.)

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 9

A tubular post of outer diameter d2 is guyed by two cables fitted with turnbuckles (see figure). The cables are tightened by rotating the turnbuckles, thus producing tension in the cables and compression in the post. Both cables are tightened to a tensile force of 32 k. Also, the angle between the cables and the ground is 60, and the allowable compressive stress in the post is C = 6000 psi. If the wall thickness of the post is 0.5 in., what is the minimum permissible value of the outer diameter d2?

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 10

The main cables of a suspension bridge [see part (a) of the figure] follow a curve that is nearly parabolic bridge deck, which is uniform in intensity along the horizontal. Therefore, let us represent the central region AOB of one of the main cables [see part (b) of the figure] as a parabolic cable supported at points A and B and carrying a uniform load of intensity q along the horizontal. The span of the cable is L, the sag is h, the axial rigidity is EA, and the origin of coordinates is at midspan. (a) Derive the following formula for the elongation of cable AOB shown in part (b) of the figure:

` (b) Calculate the elongation of the central span of one of the main cables of the Golden Gate Bridge, for which the dimensions and properties are L = 4200 ft, h = 470 ft, q = 12,700 lb/ft, and E = 28,800,000 psi. The cable consists of 27,572 parallel wires of diameter 0.196 in. Hint: Determine the tensile force T at any point n the cable from a free-body diagram of part of the cable: then determine the elongation of an element of the cable of length ds; finally, integrate along the curve of the cable to obtain an equation for the elongation .

2 qL3 h 16 1 + = 8hEA 3L2

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 11

Three steel cables jointly support a load of 60 kN (see figure). The diameter of the middle cable is 20 mm and the diameter of each outer cable is 12 mm. The tensions in the cables are adjusted so that each cable carries one-third of the load (i.e., 20 kN). Later, the load is increased by 40 kN to a total load of 100 kN. (a) What percent of the total load is now carried by the middle cable? (b) What are the stresses M and 0 in the middle and outer cables, respectively? (Note: See table 2-1 in Section 2.2 for properties of cables.)

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 12

A bumping post at the end of a track in a railway yard has a spring constant k = 6.1 MN/m (see figure). The maximum possible displacement d of the end of the striking plate is 460 mm. What is the maximum velocity that a railway car of weight W = 470 kN can have without damaging the bumping post when it strikes it?

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 13

A bungee jumper having a mass of 50 kg leaps from a bridge, braking her fall with a long elastic shock cord having axial rigidity EA = 2.1 kN (see figure). If the jump off point is 60 m above the water, and if it is desired to maintain a clearance of 10 m between the jumper and the water, what length L of cord should be used?

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 14

Under cruising conditions the distributed load acting on the wing of small airplane has the idealized variation shown in the figure. Calculate the shear force V and bending moment M at the inboard end of the wing.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 15

A fiberglass pipe is hoisted by a crane using a sling, as shown in the figure. The outer diameter of the pipe is 150 mm, its thickness is 6 mm, and its weight density is 18 kN/m3. The length of the pipe is L = 13 m and the distance between lifting points is s = 4 m. Determine the maximum bending stress in the pipe due to its own weight.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 16

A railroad tie (or sleeper) is subjected to two rail loads, each of magnitude P = 36 k, acting as shown in the figure. The reaction q of the ballast is assumed to be uniformly distributed over the length of the tie, which has cross-sectional dimensions b = 12 in. and h = 10 in. Calculate the maximum bending stress max in the tie due to the loads P, assuming the wheel gage L = 57 in. and the overhang length a = 19.5 in.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 17

A stile crossing a pipeline at a chemical plant is supported by two fiberglass frames as shown in part (a) of the figure. Each frame has a span L = 5.46 m and height h = 0.82 m [see part (b) of the figure]. The slope of the inclined members of the frame is 2 on 3. The cross section of the frame is I shaped with width 100 mm, height 150 mm, and thickness 10 mm [see part (c) of the figure]. Determine the maximum bending stress at the midsection of the frame due to a uniform load q = 2.8 kN/m acting on the horizontal part of the frame.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 18

A small dam of height h = 6 ft is constructed of vertical wood beams AB, as shown in the figure. The wood beams, which have thickness t = 2.5 in., are simply supported by horizontal steel beams at A and B. Construct a graph showing the maximum bending stress max in the wood beams versus the depth d of the water above the lower support at B. Plot the stress max (psi) as the ordinate and the depth d (ft) as the abscissa. (Note: the weight density of water equals 62.4 lb/ft3.)

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 19

A pontoon bridge (see figure) is constructed of two wood beams, known as balks, that span between adjacent pontoons and support the transverse floor beams, which are called chesses. For purposes of design, assume that a uniform floor load of 10 acts over the chesses. (this load includes an allowance for the weights of the chesses and balks.) Also, assume that the chesses are 2.4 m long and that the balks are simply supported with a span of 3.6 m. The allowable bending stress in the wood is 17.5 . required width bmin? If the balks have a square cross section, what is their minimum

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 20

A small balcony constructed of wood is supported by three identical cantilever beams (see figure). Each beam has length L1 = 2.1 m, width b, and height h = 4b/3. The dimensions of the balcony floor are L1 L2, with L2 = 2.5 m. The design load is 5.5 acting over the entire floor area. (This load accounts for all loads except the weights of the cantilever beams, which have a weight density = 5.5 kN/m3.) The allowable bending stress in the cantilevers is 15 . Assuming that the middle cantilever supports 50 % of the load and each outer cantilever supports 25% of the load, determine the required dimensions b and h.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 21

A horizontal shelf AD of length L = 36 in., width b = 12 in., and thickness t = 0.75 in. is supported by brackets at B and C [see part (a) of the figure]. The brackets are adjustable and may be placed in any desired positions between the ends of the shelf. A uniform load of intensity q, which includes the weight of the shelf itself, acts on the shelf [see part (b) of the figure]. Determine the maximum permissible value of the load q if the allowable bending stress in the shelf is allow = 750 psi and the position of the supports is adjusted for maximum load-carrying capacity.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 22

Water pressure acts against an inclined panel ABC that serves as a barrier (see figure). The panel is pivoted at point B, which is height h above the base, and presses against the base at A when the water level is not too much high (note that the panel will rotate about the pin at B if the depth d of the water exceeds a certain maximum depth dmax). The panel has thickness t and is inclined at an angle to horizontal. The allowable bending stress in the panel is allow. Derive the following formula for the minimum allowable thickness of the panel:

t min

8h 3 = allow sin 2

(Note: To aid in deriving the formula, observe that the maximum stress in the panel occurs when the depth of the water reaches the maximum depth dmax. Also, consider only the effects of bending in the panel, disregard the weight of the panel itself, and let be the weight density of water.)

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 23

A retaining wall 5 ft high is constructed of horizontal wood planks 3 in. thick (actual dimension) that are supported by vertical wood piles of 12 in. diameter (actual dimension), as shown in the figure. The lateral earth pressure is p1 = 100 lb/ft2 at the top of the wall and the top of the wall and p2 = 400 lb/ft2 at the bottom. Assuming that the allowable stress in the wood is 1200 psi, calculate the maximum permissible spacing s of the piles. (Hint: Observe that the spacing of the piles may be governed by the load carrying capacity of either the planks or the piles. Consider the piles to act as cantilever beams subjected to a trapezoidal distribution of load, and consider the planks to act as simple beams between the piles. To be on the safe side, assume that the pressure on the bottom plank is uniform and equal to the maximum pressure.)

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 24

A tall signboard is supported by two vertical beams consisting of thin-walled, tapered circular tubes (see figure). For purposes of analysis, each beam may be represented as a cantilever AB of length L = 25 ft subjected to a lateral load P = 550 lb at the free end. The tubes have constant thickness t = 0.375 in. and average diameters dA = 3.5 in. and dB = 10.5 in. at ends A and B, respectively. Because the thickness is small compared to the diameters, the moment of inertia at any cross section may be obtained from the formula I = d3t/8 (see Case 22, Appendix D), and therefore the section modulus may be obtained from the formula S = d2t/4. At what distance x from the free end does the maximum bending stress occur? What is the magnitude max of the maximum bending stress? What is the ratio of the maximum stress to the largest stress B at the support?

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 25
A square wood platform, 8 ft 8 ft in area, rests on masonry walls (see figure). The deck of the platform is constructed of 2 in. nominal thickness tongue-and-groove planks (actual thickness 1.5 in.; see Appendix F) dimensions (actual dimensions 3.5 in. 5.5 in.) supported on two 8-ft long beams. The beams have 4 in. 6 in. nominal

The planks are designed to support a uniformly distributed load w (lb/ft2) acting over the entire top surface of the platform. The allowable bending stress for the planks is 2400 psi and the allowable shear stress is 100 psi. When analyzing the planks, disregard their weights and assume that their reactions are uniformly distributed over the top surfaces of the supporting beams. (a) Determine the allowable platform load w1 (lb/ft2) based upon the bending stress in the planks. (b) Determine the allowable platform load w2 (lb/ft2) based upon the shear stress in the planks. (c) Which of the preceding values becomes the allowable load wallow on the platform? (Hints: Use care in constructing the loading diagram for the planks, noting especially that the reactions are distributed loads instead of concentrated loads. Also, note that the maximum shear forces occur at the inside faces of the supporting beams.)

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 26

A simple log bridge in a remote area consists of two parallel logs with planks across them (see figure). The logs are Douglas fir with average diameter 300 mm. A truck moves slowly across the bridge, which spans 2.5 m. Assume that the weight of the truck is equally distributed between the two logs. Because the wheelbase of the truck is greater than 2.5 m, only one set of wheels is on the bridge at a time. Thus, the wheel load on one log is equivalent to a concentrated load W acting at any position along the span. In addition, the weight of one log and the planks it supports is equivalent to a uniform load of 850 N/m acting on the log. allowable bending stress of 7.5 , and (b) an allowable shear stress of 0.8 . Determine the maximum permissible wheel load W based upon (a) and

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 27

An aluminum pole for a street light weighs 2300 N and supports an arm that weight 330 N (see figure). The center of gravity of the arm is 1.2 m from the axis of the pole. The outside diameter of the pole (at its base) is 225 mm and its thickness is 18 m. Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses t and c, respectively, in the pole (at its base) due to the weighs.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 28

A cylindrical brick chimney of height H weights w = 825 lb/ft of height (see figure). The inner and outer diameters are d1 = 3 ft and d2 = 4 ft, respectively. The wind pressure against the side of the chimney is p = 10 lb/ft2 of projected area. Determine the maximum height H if there is to be no tension in the brickwork.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 29

A plain concrete wall (i.e., a wall with no steel reinforcement) rests on a secure foundation and serves as a small dam (see figure). The height of the wall is h = 2 m and the thickness of the wall is t = 0.3 m. (a) Determine the maximum tensile and compressive stresses t and c, respectively, at the base of the wall when the water level reaches the top (d = h). Assume plain concrete has weight density c = 23 kN/m3. (b) Determine the maximum permissible depth dmax of the water if there is to be no tension in the concrete.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 30

A temporary wood flume serving as a channel for irrigation water is shown in the figure. The vertical boards forming the sides of the flume are sunk in the ground, which provides a fixed support. The top of the flume is held by tie rods that are tightened so that there is no deflection of the boards at that point. Thus, the vertical boards may be modeled as a beam AB, supported and loaded as shown in the last part of the figure. Assuming that the thickness t of the boards is 1.5 in., the depth d of the water is 40 in., and the height h to the tie rods is 50 in., what is the maximum bending stress in the boards? (Hint: The numerically largest bending moment occurs at the fixed support.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 31

A simple beam on a 12 ft span supports a uniform load of intensity 600 lb/ft (see figure). The beam consists of a wood member ( 4 in. 11.5 in. in cross section) that is reinforced by 0.25 in. thick steel plates on top and bottom. The moduli of elasticity for the steel and wood are Es = 30 106 psi and Ew = 1.5 106 psi, respectively. Calculate the maximum bending stresses s in the steel plates and w in the wood member due to the uniform load.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 32

A spherical steel pressure vessel (diameter 600 mm, thickness 10 mm) is coated with brittle lacquer that cracks when the strain exceeds 200 10-6 (see figure). What internal pressure p will cause the lacquer to develop cracks? (Assume E = 205 and = 0.30.)

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 33

A cylinder filled with oil is under pressure from a piston, as shown in the figure. The diameter d of the piston is 1.91 in and the compressive force F is 3600 lb. The maximum allowable shear stress allow in the wall of the cylinder is 6000 psi. What is the minimum permissible thickness tmin of the cylinder wall?

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 34

A gondola on a ski lift is supported by two bent arms, as shown in the figure. Each arm is offset by the distance b = 7.0 in. from the line of action of the weight force W. The allowable stresses in the arms are 15,000 psi in tension and 7,500 psi in shear. If the loaded gondola weighs 1300 lb, what is the required diameter d of the arms?

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 35

A sign is supported by a pipe (see figure) having outer diameter 100 mm and inner diameter 80 mm. The dimension of the sign are 2.0 m 0.75 m, and its lower edge is 3.2 m above the base. The wind pressure against the sign is 1.8 . Determine the maximum in-plane shear stresses due to he wind pressure on the sign at points A, B, and C, located on the outer surface at the base of the pipe.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 36

A steel post AB of hollow circular cross section is fixed at the base and free at the top (see figure). The inner an outer diameters are d1 = 96 mm and d2 = 110 mm, respectively, and the length L = 4. 0 m. A cable CBD passes through a fitting that is welded to the side of the post. The distance between the plane of the cable (plane CBD) and the axis of the post is e = 100 mm, pretensioned by tightening the turnbuckles. If the deflection at the top of the post is limited to = 20 mm, what is the maximum allowable tensile force T in the cable? (Assume E = 205 .) and the angles between the cable and the ground are = 53.13. The cable is

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 37

The members of the truss are assumed to be pin connected. If member BD is an A-36 steel rod of radius 2 in, determine the maximum load P that can be supported by the truss without causing the member to buckle. Assume that each members have a different radius.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 38

The acrobat has a weight of 150 lb, and suspends himself uniformly from the center of the high bar. Determine the maximum bending stress in the pipe (bar) and its maximum deflection. The pipe is made of L2 steel and has an outer diameter 1 in. and a wall thickness of 0.125 in.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 39

The A-36 steel pipe has an outer diameter of 2 in. If it is held in place by a guywire, determine the pipes required inner diameter to the nearest 1/8 in., so that it can support a maximum horizontal load of P=4 kip without causing the pipe to buckle. Assume the ends of the pipe are pin connected.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 40

The two pulleys attached to the shaft are loaded as shown. If the bearings at A and B exert only vertical forces on the shaft, determine the required diameter of the shaft to the nearest 1/8 in. using the maximum-shear stress theory and maximum-distortion-energy theory.

allowable = 67 ksi, allowable = 12 ksi.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 41
The steel beam has an allowable bending stress allowable = 140 MPa and an allowable shear stress of allowable = 90 MPa. Determine the maximum load that can safely be supported.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 42

The boat has a weight of 2300 lb and a center of gravity at G. If it rests on the trailer at the smooth contact A and can be considered pinned at B, determine the absolute maximum bending stress developed in the main strut of the trailer. Consider the strut to be a box-beam having the dimensions shown and pinned at C.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 43

The chair is supported by an arm that is hinged so it rotates about the vertical axis at A. If the load on the chair is 180 lb and the arm is a hollow tube section having the dimensions shown, determine the maximum bending stress at section a-a.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 44

Determine the smallest allowable diameter of the shaft which is subjected to the concentrated forces. The sleeve bearings at A and B support only vertical forces, and the allowable bending stress is allowable = 22 ksi.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 45

The A-36 steel posts are drilled at constant angular speed into the soil using the rotary installer. If the post has an inner diameter of 200 mm and an outer diameter of 225 mm, determine the relative angle of twist of end A of the post with respect to end B when the post reaches the depth indicated. Due to soil friction, assume the torque along the post varies linearly as shown, and a concentrated torque of 80 kNm acts at the bit.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 46

The device shown is used to mix soils in order to provide in-situ stabilization. If the mixer is connected to an A-36 steel tubular shaft that has an inner diameter of 3 in. and an outer diameter of 4.5 in. determine the angle of twist of the shaft of A relative to B and the absolute maximum shear stress in the shaft if each mixing blade is subjected to the torques shown.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 47

The steel shaft has an diameter of 1 in. and is screwed into the wall using a wrench. Determine the maximum shear stress in the shaft if the couple forces have a magnitude of F=30 lb.

Automatic Design Laboratory

Example 48

The 50-lb lamp is supported by three steel rods connected by a ring at A. Determine the angle of orientation O of AC such that the average normal stress in rod AC is twice the average normal stress in rod AD. What is the magnitude of stress in each rod? The diameter of each rod is given in the figure.

Automatic Design Laboratory