Resistor

Colour Codes

Meters
Moving coil meters must take a current to give a non-zero reading (a) Ammeter measures current (b) Voltmeter measures voltage

2 A V

Ammeter shunt resistance

For the Ammeter, the shunt resistance is given by

where

iRC Rsh = ( I i)

i is the full scale deec4on current I is the current through the circuit Rc is the resistance of the meter coil

Voltmeter multiplier resistance

For the Voltmeter, the mulAplier resistance is given by

where

V Rs = Rc i

i is the full scale deec4on current V is the voltage RC is the resistance of the meter coil

Potentiometer
A potenAometer is used to measure e.m.fs and p.d.s Consists of resistor(s) and a voltmeter

A E + - C L V B

VBC=kL where k=constant

A C + I B V + Etest - - - E + E A C - I B V + Etest 5

To determine Etest measure length of wire when voltmeter shows no deecAon (0 reading)

Measuring the e.m.f of a battery with a voltmeter

V r + - BaWery

Voltmeter has resistance R Power cell has internal resistance r Current through circuit: I = (e.m.f.)/(R+r) = E/(R+r) P.d across voltmeter: V = I R = ER/(R+r) Measured value for the voltage always less than the e.m.f of the cell

Converting Ammeters
A Galvanometer is a type of sensiAve Ammeter
Analog devices that can measure low currents No shunt resistor DeecAon of the pointer comes as a response to current owing through the coil (RC) in a magneAc eld

To convert a galvanometer into an ammeter, connect a shunt resistor in parallel to the galvanometer The value of the shunt resistance connected will determine your new range of deecAon
A lower shunt resistor will allow more of the current through that component of the circuit so less current will pass through the Rc of the Galvanometer, thereby increasing its range

Converting Ammeters
Galvanometers can also be converted into Voltmeters by adding a large (mulAplier) resistance in series with the galvanometer
A G Rc B Rs I Vfsd=IRc

The introducAon of the mulAplier resistor into the circuit INCREASED the potenAal dierence between A and B because the potenAal drops when current ows through a resistor

Example
A galvanometer of coil resistance Rc=20 gives full scale deecAon for a current of 100mA. a) What is the corresponding full scale deecAon voltage when your meter pointer shows 100mA? b) How can you convert this instrument to cover a range up to 10V?

Measuring the e.m.f of a battery with a potentiometer

-

We want to measure Etest Connect a cell of known e.m.f and nd the balance point Edriver
Record the balance length Get k (the p.d. per unit length)

A switch Estand + +

Flick the switch and measure the new balance length LBD
k is known so solve for Etest Etest=kLBD = (Estand/LBC) LBD
Edriver + - LBD

B A D V Etest B + switch Estand 10 +

+ LBC

V Etest

Measuring internal resistance

To measure the internal resistance r of the test cell (Etest) use a similar arrangement Edriver
Get Etest with the previous method Replace the standard cell by a known resistance Complete the circuit and measure new balance length With R connected V across the test cell = k LBK = (EtestR)/(R+r)
A switch + K LBK B

kLBK

kL R ( L LBK ) = BD r = R BD R+r LBK

+ -

V Etest

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Example
A potenAometer is used to measure the e.m.f and internal resistance of a baWery. Without any resistor in parallel with the baWery, the balance length is 740mm. A 5 resistor is then connected to the baWery and the balance length falls to 550mm. When the baWery and resistor are replaced by another baWery, the balance length is 535mm. If the e.m.f of the second baWery is 1.1V, what is a) The e.m.f of the rst baWery? b) The internal resistance of the rst baWery?

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Example (23.11)
For the circuit below, calculate the meter current for each of the following situaAons: a) X and Y are short-circuited b) A 3k resistor is connected between X and Y c) A 4V baWery is connected between X and Y with its posiAve pole at X

3k A 6k X Y 13

+ -

6V

To Do
From chapter 22 read secAon 22.5 From chapter 23 read secAons 23.1, 23.2 Homework Assignment wk3: quesAons 23.1, 23.3, 23.4, 23.5, 23.6 Hand it in no later than 4:00pm next Wednesday - LATE WORK WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED

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