INDEX

Abbasids, 29, 42, 48 Abdali, Ahmad Shah, 76, 77, 81 Abdullah Khan, 47, 64 absolute monarchies, 72, 86 Abu Shaikh, 51 Abyssinians, 60 accommodation, for EIC Indian troops, 956 Achaemenid Empire, 12, 16, 17 acharyas (Brahmin teachers), 3, 33, 345 active reserve, 103 Adamson, Lorne, 51 Aden, 113, 114 Afghan Wars Second, 101, 154 Third, 111 Afghanistan, British conflict with Russia in, 103, 107 Afghans allegiance of chieftains, 53, 55, 69 jihadis, 135 in PIF, 95 subdued by Akbar, 45 African soldiers French recruitment of, 111 proposal to bring to India, 99 Agni Purana, 19 agrarian crisis, 46, 645, 66, 73 ahadis, 65 Ahirs, 108 Ahmad Shah, 6 Ahmadnagar Sultanate, 601 Aibak, Qutub-ud-din, 42, 46, 48 Ain-i-Akbari, 60, 61, 65, 146 Ajatasatru, 11, 12 Ajit Singh, 87

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Akali Dal, 134, 135 Akbar, Emperor, 5, 45, 46, 54, 55, 56, 58, 61, 63, 64, 65, 69, 146 Al-Qaeda, 139 Ala-ud-din Khalji, Sultan, 47, 4950, 62 Alavi, Seema, 2 alcohol abuse, 94, 102 Alexander the Great, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18 Ali, M. Athar, 51 Ali Quli Khan, Ustad, 58, 59 Aligarh School, 51 Alipur Regiment, 18th, 101 All India Training Scheme, 159 Allard, Jean-Franois, 83, 84, 86 Ambar, Malik, 60, 61 Amery, Leo, 114 Amritsar, 82, 135 Anandpala (Sahi ruler), 40 Anderson, Mr (British Resident), 78 Andhras, 18 Anglo-Maratha War First, 77, 878 Second, 79, 80, 81, 87, 88, 148, 149 Third, 81, 88 Anglo-Nepal War (191415), 104 Anik, 30 animals, care of, 1445, 1467, 148, 149 anti-Chola league, 32 Antigonus, 14, 15 Antiochus I, 15 Antipater, 15 Antoine, 83 Anup Singh, 56 Anuradhapura, 32 Anzen, Battle of, 42 apothecaries, 152

231

232

Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia EIC, 79, 88, 92 Indian Army, 101 Indian soldiers in, 100, 110, 111 Khalsa Army, 83, 85, 88 Madras Army, 98 Maratha Army, 79 Mughal Army, 59, 60, 65 Artisan Training Scheme, 159 Aryans, 9, 10 Asaf Khan, 146 ashramas, 33 Askan, Virginia, 52 Asoka, 1516 Assam, 136, 157 Assam Rifles, 136 Assaye, Battle of, 80, 81 Assyrians, 23 atavibala, 19 Atkinson, Major F. D., 151 Aurangzeb, Emperor, 46, 66, 69 Australian Army, 107, 108, 111, 117 Austro-Hungarian Army, 94 Avitabile, Paolo di, 83, 84, 86 Ayiram, 34 Ayubid Sultanate, 50 Azad Kashmir Force, 122 Aziz Sistani, Ustad, 59

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Babbar Khalsa, 135 Babur, Zahir-ud-din Muhammad, Emperor, 3, 5, 45, 50, 512, 53, 55, 58, 623, 68, 69 Baburnama, 5 Babylonia, 15 Bactrian Greeks, 18, 20 Badami (Karnataka), 27, 31 Badauni, Abdul Kadir, 556 baggage waggons, 143 Bahadur, Shamsher, 76 Bahadur Shah I, Emperor, 66 Bahadur Shah, Sultan of Gujerat, 53, 59 Bahul, Sultan, 62 bairagis, 67 Bairam Khan, 55 Baird, Major David, 99 Baiswara Rajputs, 5960 Baji Rao, Peshwa, 75 Bak-Bak, Malik, 48

Arabs invasions, 29 of Sind, 29, 33 archers, mounted, 4 Byzantine Army, 42, 43 Gupta Army, 22, 43 Mongol, 52 Mughal Army, 53 Tang Army, 29 Turkish, 5, 38, 39, 42, 43 archers, Rajput infantry, 38, 43 Argaum, Battle of, 801 Argos, 13 Armenians, 42 armour and uniform early modern Europe, 72 Gupta Army, 24 Gurkhas, 104 Indian soldiers in World War I, 109 Khalsa Army, 845 Maurya Army, 144 medieval European knights, 39 regimental, 93 Vedic Age, 10 armourers/armament industry, 144, 145, 158, 161, 162 Army in India, 91 in 1879, 101 in 1890s, 105 in 1914, 108 in 1919, 111 in 1922, 112 in 1939, 113 desertions, 117 on eve of 1857 Mutiny, 967 non-combatants, 143, 1523, 156, 157 Army Remount Department, 95 Army Service Corps School of India, 160 Army Supply Corps (ASC), 1601 arquebuses, 65, 71 Arrian, 14, 18 arrows Indus Civilization, 9 Vedic Age, 1011 Arthasastra (Kautilya), 3, 7, 14, 19, 38, 144 artillery Bengal Army, 98 Bombay Army, 98

Index baladhrikata, 28 Balaji Baji Rao, Peshwa, 76 Balban, Ghiyas-ud-din, Sultan, 47, 48, 50, 145 Baldev Singh Committee, 161 ballads, rajput heroic, 37, 145 Ballala II, 145 Baluchistan, 13940 Baluchistan Liberation Army (BLA), 139 Baluchistan Liberation Front, 139 Balwant Rao Mehendale, 75, 76 Banda Bahadur, 81 Bangladesh, 2, 125 Bangladesh Army, 125, 132 Bangladesh Navy, 125 banias, 157, 161 banjaras, 7, 8, 1456, 148, 162 Bapu, Sakharam, 76 Baqi Shaghawal, 63 bards, 144, 145 Barkhurdar Khan, 77 Barnard, Major-General Henry, 97 Barni, Zia-ud-din, 48 Barua, Pradeep P., 1 Basowan, Shaikh, 84 battle formations see ORBATs battles, centrality of, 143 bayonets, 71 bedlars, 7 begari, 7, 8, 50, 147 Bengal, 29 Bengal Army, 2, 84, 91, 945, 96, 97, 98, 105, 150, 1534 change in post-Mutiny composition of, 99 Bengal Artillery, 83, 94 Bengal Cavalry, 154 Bengali Muslims, 124, 139 beparis, 8 Bhangi (chief ), 146 Bharatpur, Siege of, 148 Bhau, Sadashiv Rao, 76 bhiksukis, 144 Bhindranwale, Sant Jarnail Singh, 1345 bhistis (water carriers), 147, 148, 152, 154, 155 Bhonsle clan, 74, 75 bhrata balas, 36

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bhrtakas (hired men), 19 Bhutan, 136 Bijapur Sultanate, 60 Bijoy Dev, Raja of Jammu, 41 Bimbisara, 11 Bindusara, 15 Black, Jeremy, 72 Black Sea Tigers, 137 body guards, 34 Boer War (18991902), 106 Bolshevik Army, 11213 Bombay Army, 912, 95, 97, 1534 composition of Marine Battalion 1858, 989 post-Mutiny, 100 Bombay Garrison, 91 Bombay Infantry, 101 Bombay Marine Battalion, 989 Bombay Presidency, 103, 104, 115 booty see plunder Bouillon, duc de, 57 bows, composite, 223 Boyd (European military entrepreneur), 79 Brahmanabad, Siege of, 29 Brahmins holding of higher commands by, 34 Indian Army closes ranks to, 112 in Khalsa Army, 84 in Mauryan Army, 19 as mercenaries, 54 status of military service among, 10 support for Rajputs, 37 Branch Recruiting Offices (BROs), 131 brihadasvarara, 28 Brihadratha, Emperor, 19 British Army, 91 in 1901, 1067 Boer War, 106 composition in 18th-and 19th-century, 934 post World War II, 11718 recruitment from lower echelons of society, 934 short service scheme, 102 British Indian Empire, recruitment of Indian troops, 91, 99100 Bronze Age, 9 brotherhoods, 37

234

Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia IndiaPakistan Wars, 125 in Nepal, 140 in Sri Lanka, 138 World War I, 11011 World War II, 117 catapults, 11 catu-bhata, 28 cavalry Abbasid, 29 Bengal Army, 95, 98, 154 Bombay Army, 98 British Army, 96 Delhi Sultanate, 28, 46, 47, 50, 53 Ghaznavid, 40, 41 Ghori Army, 41, 42 Gupta Army, 22, 23, 24, 38 Gurjara-Pratiharas, 29 Harshas army, 28 Hemus army, 54, 55 Hoysala Army, 33 Hun, 24 Indian Army, 96, 101, 105, 111 irregular (siladari), 95, 96, 109 Khalsa Army, 83, 85 Madras Army, 95, 98 Maratha, 74, 75, 767, 80, 81, 82 marginalization of, 6 Maurya Army, 18 medieval Western European, 33 Mughal Army, 54, 55, 61, 65, 81 non-combatants with, 148, 150 Ottoman, 54 prestige of, 93 Rajput, 4, 5, 38, 40, 42, 43 Rajput-Afghan, 53 riding masters, 148 Seunas, 33 Sher Shahs, 54, 62 Sikh, 81, 82 Ceylon, 158 see also Sri Lanka Chagatai Turks, 45 Chaldiran, Battle of, 58 Chalukya Dynasty, 27, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35 Champa, 12 Chand, Bihari, 59 Chandawar, Battle of, 42 Chandellas/Chandella Army, 401

Brown, Lieutenant-Colonel, 96 Brown, Major (British Resident), 78 Bucher, General Roy, 122 Buddhism, in Sind, 29 Bugti, Nawab Akbar Khan, 139 bullocks, 146 Bundelas, 6 Burma policing, 104, 105 World War II, 113, 117, 157 see also Myanmar Burma Evacuee Labour Camp, 158 Bussy, Charles Joseph Patisser, Marquis de, 76, 77 butcher and bolt expeditions, 152 Byzantine Army, 423 C3 (Command, Control and Communications), failure of indigenous powers lies in, 90 Caesar, Julius, 1718 Cambridge, Prince George, Duke of, 99100, 105 camels, 29, 39, 43, 76, 147, 149, 154 camp followers, 1546 campoos, 78, 87, 89 camps, military, 144 Candler, Edmund, 11112 Cannae, Battle of, 13 caracole tactics, 812 Cardwell, Edward, 102, 103 cartridges, prepackaged, 71 caste system, 1, 163 and 1857 Mutiny, 100 and Bombay Army, 989 and EIC armies, 95 and Mauryan Army, 19 and Mughal Army, 66, 68 and non-combatants, 8, 148, 162 and private armies, 7 problems of taboos, 96 and recruitment to Indian Army, 114 and regimental composition, 101 rise in Vedic Age, 10 casualties 1857 Mutiny, 98 battle, 2 Golden Temple of Amritsar, 135

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Index Chandragupta I, 20 Chandragupta II, 21, 22, 23 Chandragupta Maurya, 1415, 19, 144 Changiz Khan, 60 Chao Kingdom, 24 chariots, 4, 9, 10, 24 manufacture of, 143 Mauryan Army, 18 Pauravas, 12 scythe, 11, 143 Charles XI, King of Sweden, 92 Charles XII, King of Sweden, 92 Charles Martel, 32 Chatfield, Lord, 113 chaturvarga, 10 Chauhan clan, 37, 41 Chausa, Battle of, 54 chelas, 67 Chera Army, 34 Chera Navy, 32 Cheras, 32 Chi, 13 Childers, Hugh, 103 children enlistment of, 137, 138, 1401 with regiments, 153 Chillianwala, Battle of, 149 China armed forces, 127 demograhic resources, 17, 28, 127 nomadic invasions, 24 supply of arms to Pakistan, 127 see also PLA ChinaIndia War (1962), 1234 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 127 Chingiz Khan, 52 Chingizid princes, 52 chivalry, Rajput, 4, 36, 378 Chola Army, 323, 35 Chola Dynasty, 325 Chola Navy, 32, 33 Christian IV, King of Denmark, 57 Christians, Indian, 100 Chu Army, 12 Chunar, Siege of, 59 class battalions, 84 class company battalions, 84 class company regiments, 101

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Dahir, King, 29 Dailamis/Dailamites, 39 Dara Shikoh, Prince, 57 Dardanelles, 110 Darius I, 12 Darius III, 12

class regiments, 1001 Clauswitz, Carl von, 143 clerks, 154 Clive, Lord Robert, 945 Clothing Directorate, 160 clothing, manufacture of, 15960 clubs, regimental, 102 COIN 19472012, 13341 Delhi Sultanate, 46 College of Defence Management (CDM), 125 colours, regimental, 923 Combined Defence Services Examination (CDSE), 130 command systems, 90 common soldiers, in pre-British era, 3, 4 communications, 90, 146 Compagnies des Indies, 6 companions of honour, 34 conscription, 54 in China, 10 for insurgent armies, 1367, 140, 163 not practised in India, 68, 163, 164 in Sri Lanka, 138 in Western Europe, 102, 164 Constantinople, 112 cooks, 143, 145 coolies, 1523, 154, 158 corporal punishment, Wellingtons belief in, 94 counter-insurgency campaigns see COIN Court, Colonel (later General) ClaudeAuguste, 83, 85, 86 Court of Directors, 92 CPI, 136 criminals, recruitment of, 19, 94 crossbows, 65, 71 Curzon, Lord George, 132 Cynoscephalae, 13 Cyrus I, 12

236

Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia Dhana Nanda, 1314 Dharmapala, 29 dharmayuddha concept, 5, 28, 41, 68 Dhian Singh, 87 dhobis, 8, 145 Diadochi, War of, 14, 15 Digby, Simon, 67 Dikshitar, V. R. R., 17 Diodorus, 14, 18, 19 discharged troops, danger of, 94 discipline and punishment EIC armies, 69, 96 Khalsa Army, 85 Mughal Army, 57 of sepoys and sowars, 93 Wellingtons views on, 94 of World War II Indian troops, 117 discrimination, 110 doctors, 152 Dogras, 108, 114 Doran, Captain J., 151 dressers, 149 drill, 72 of irregular regiments, 93 drummers, 92, 100, 143, 144, 148, 154, 157 Dubignon (French officer), 83 Dudrenec, 79 Dupleix, Joseph, Marquis de, 76 dustoor, 107 East India Company (EIC), 2, 6 expansion of, 73 financial resources of, 8 French attempts to counterbalance, 77 inevitable victory against indigenous powers, 90 and Khalsa Kingdom, 83, 878, 89 and Maratha Confederacy, 77, 79, 801, 89 and non-combatants, 148, 149, 161 private European units, 91 Rajputs serve in, 60 and regimental system, 6, 69, 919 rise and fall of, 919 size of armies, 95 troops on eve of 1857 Mutiny, 97 Western-style warfare, 89

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Dark Age, 27 Das, Bhagwan, 146 Datta, Rajat, 68 Daulat Rao Sindia, 78, 79, 80, 83 De Boigne, Benoit, 778, 79 de-urbanization, 31 Deccan, 2, 1617, 29, 31 Mughal power in, 45 sultanates, 60 decentralization, 32 decolonization, inevitability of, 118 defeated soldiers inclusion in army, 19 made to wear female clothes, 34 defence public sector undertakings (DPSUs), 161 Defence Services Command and Staff College (Dacca), 125 Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), 122 Deimachus, 15 Delhi, Siege of, 978 Delhi Field Force (DFF), 978 Delhi garrison, 96, 98 Delhi Sultanate, 5, 28, 30, 467, 63 army of, 4750, 59, 612, 689 Babur attacks, 52 break up of, 45, 50 Deloche, Jean, 38 Demetrius, 20 demobilization, 118 demonetization, 4, 31 Deng Xiaoping, 127 Deo, Bithal, 76 Deo, Chachar, 46 Deo, Rai Hamir, 47 dervishes, 67 deserters European in Indian princely armies, 83 from French Army, 94 from Russian Army, 110 IndiaPakistan Wars, 124 Indian in World War II, 117 labourers in World War II, 158 rarity of regimental, 93 Sikhs from Indian Army, 129 Devahuti, D., 28 Devapala, 29 devshirme (collection) system, 49

Index see also Bengal Army; Bombay Army; Madras Army; Punjab Frontier Force East Pakistan, 1245 see also Bangladesh ECIOs see Emergency Commissioned Indian Officers education Pakistan Army as agency of, 1256 of soldiers, 102 Egypt, 112, 113, 117 EIC see East India Company elephants care of, 145, 146 Chola Army, 35 Delhi Sultanate, 30, 50, 53 Ghaznavid Army, 41 Gupta Army, 22 Harshas army, 28 importance of, 4 Maurya Army, 18, 1920, 145 Palas, 30 Rajput, 38, 40, 42, 43 Rashtrakutas, 30 and road construction, 145 Sassanids, 23 use in warfare, 12, 13, 14, 15, 29 Embolima, 14 Emergency Commissioned Indian Officers (ECIOs), 116 entrepreneurs, military, 57, 7190 espionage system, Mughal, 146 esprit de corps, 92, 100 ethnic groups, mixing of, 100, 101, 107 Eudemus, 14 Eumenes, 14 Eurasians in Maratha armies, 79 as non-combatants, 148 post-Mutiny recruitment of, 100 European military entrepreneurs, 69, 7190 Euthedemos, 20 factories, 15860, 161, 162 family ties, and recruitment, 93 famines, 65, 153 farriers, 147, 148 Farrokh, Kaveh, 17 Farrukh Siyar, Emperor, 66

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Fateh Khan, 82 Fath Khan Sherwani, 53 Fauj-i-Ain, 84 Fazl, Abul, 52, 53, 61, 63, 67, 147 Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA), 1389 Feristha, 412 Ferozshah, Battle of, 87, 88 feudal warfare, 2743 feudalism, 4, 27, 31, 32 fieldcraft, medieval, 30 Filoze (European military entrepreneur), 79 Firuz Khan, 53 Firuz Shah Tughluq, 48, 50 flintlocks, 71 food and caste taboos, 96 for EIC Indian troops, 95, 96 in Indian Army, 101, 1278 logistics of providing, 143 for non-combatants, 151 foot stirrups, 38 forced labour, 7, 145 Ford, Colonel, 86 forest kingdoms, 22 formations, battle see ORBATs Foulkes, Lieutenant-Colonel, 86 France armies raised by, 56 emergence of regiments in, 92 standing army, 86 struggle against British in south India, 77 World War I, 109 Franco-Prussian War, 102 Frankish Army, 32 French Army African recruits, 111 Franco-Prussian War, 102 late 18th-century, 94, 95 terms of service, 102 under Louis XIV, 146 French East India Company, 76, 77 Frontier Constabulary, 139 Frontier Corps, 139 Frontier Force Regiment, 128 Fuller, Major-General J. F. C., 13 furusiya exercise, 58

238

Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia EIC, 79 European entrepreneurs, 6 evolution of, 71 field guns, 150 Khalsa Army, 85, 88 manufacture of, 158 Maratha, 79 Mughal, 53, 58, 65 Nadir Shahs, 6 Ottoman, 5 Gupta Army, 214 Gupta Empire, 4, 205, 38, 165 Gurdwara, 135 Gurjara-Pratiharas, 29, 33, 36 Gurkha Kingdom, 104 Gurkhas, 6, 7, 83, 84, 100, 104, 107 in 1930s, 112 in police, 105 in postcolonial Indian Army, 129 in World War I, 110 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 92 Habib, Irfan, 17 Haidar Ali, 73, 77, 78 Halaku Khan, 47, 48 Han armies/Empire, 17, 24 Hannibal, 13 Hari Singh, 82 Hari Singh, Maharaja, 122 Harness and Saddlery Factory Kanpur, 160 Harshavardhana (Harsha), 279 hasham, 61 havildars, 1078 Hayter, Tony, 94 hazaris, 75 Hemu, General, 545, 60 herdsmen, 147 hero stones, 36, 37 Herodotus, 13 Hesse-Kassel, Landgrave Maurice of, 57 Hessing, Colonel John, 79 Hetkaris, 74 high altitude warfare, 123, 124, 126 High Altitude Warfare School (HAWS), 124, 126 High Explosive Factory, Kirkee, 161 Hind, 27, 42 Hinduism

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Gabienne, Battle of, 14 Gaikwad, Appaji, 76, 80 Ganda Singh, 82 Gandaris (Sophytes), 12, 15 Gandhara, 16 Gandhi, Indira, 134 Gandhi, M. K., 1, 116 Gandhi, Sanjay, 134 Ganga (Kalinga) armies, 34 Ganga River Valley, 11 Gardi, Ibrahim Khan, 76 Garhwalis, 104, 109, 112 garrison duty, boredom of, 94 garrison reserve, 103 gazis, 68 Gergovia, Siege of, 18 German Army, 102 Ghaznavids/Ghaznavid Army, 38, 39, 40, 43, 143 Ghazni, 40 Ghiyas-ud-din Mahmud, Sultan, 62 Ghorids/Ghorid Army, 38, 39, 41, 43, 143 Ghorpares family, 74 ghulams, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54 Ghuzak, Battle of, 40 Girivraja, 11 Goddard, Colonel, 151 Gohad, Rana of, 78, 79 Golden Temple, Amritsar, 135 golundazs (gunners), 91 Gommans, Jos J. L., 51 Gordon, Stewart, 74 Goths, 42 Govind, Gopalrao, 756 Govind Rai, 41, 42 Govind Singh, Guru, 81 gramanis, 10 gramikas, 11 Greeks, 1215, 18, 19, 20 Grewal, J. S., 56 Grey, Jeffrey, 93 Group of Forty, 47 group loyalty, 92 guerrilla campaigns, 133, 140, 146 Guhilas, 36 Gujarat, Mughal conquest of, 53 gunpowder technology, 58, 59, 69, 85 guns

Index post-Manu era, 4 used to motivate troops, 7 Hindustanis, 84, 104, 105 Hira Singh, Raja, 85, 87 Hitopadesa, 3 Hizbul Mujahidin, 134 Holkar Dynasty, 76, 79, 80, 96, 148 Honigberger, Martin, 85 horses care of, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149 in EIC armies, 95 evolution of horse technology, 43 Harshas army, 28 horse dealers, 145, 147 Mauryan Empire/Army, 18, 19, 1445 Mughal branding of, 57 shooting from, 67 Turkish, 38 household troops, Baburs, 52, 54 Hoysala Army/Kingdom, 31, 33, 145 Hsiung-nu, 24 Huainan Kingdom, 17 Hughes, General R., 155 Humayun, Emperor, 3, 45, 534, 55, 59, 63, 64 Huns, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 43 Hunter, W. W., 85 hunting, as military training, 58 huzurat, 75 Hydapses, Battle of, 4, 12, 13, 18 Hyderabad, Nizam of, 7980

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Ibrahim Lodhi, Sultan, 523 ICOs see Indian Commissioned Officers Iftikharuddin, Mian, 121 Ikhwans, 136 Iltutmish (Altamash), Sultan, 46, 47, 48 Imperial Cavalry, 83 Imperial Service Force (ISF), 11314 Imperial Service Troops (IST), 91, 105, 110 India defence budget, 1234, 126, 1278 demographic resources, 17, 61, 68, 105, 11415, 118, 163 historical sources, 34, 46 independence, 1, 121 insurgency and COIN, 1337 partition, 121

problems of ancient history in, 3 Quit India movement, 116, 118 study of military history in, 12 India Office Collection, 4 IndiaPakistan Wars 1965 and 1971, 1246, 127, 138 First (19478), 1212 Indian Air Force (IAF), 123, 124, 126, 128 women in, 12930 Indian Army, 91 in 1857, 96 in 1865 and 1877, 101 in 1901, 107 in 1914, 108 in 1922, 112 in 1945, 117 in 1947, 118 in 1950s and 1960s, 123 in 19759, 126 in 2004, 126 budget, 1234, 126, 1278 Gurkha contingent, 104 inter-war years, 11213 long-service volunteers, 102, 108, 117, 118 officer shortages, 131, 164 post-Mutiny, 99108 postcolonial, 67, 12132, 164 regimental system, 7, 107, 128, 132, 165 regional composition of, 111 reorganization (1859), 99 reserve, 103, 107, 108 social and regional profile, 12831 transformation into volunteer national army, 67 voluntary recruitment, 128 World War I, 10911, 164 World War II, 11317, 164 Indian Commissioned Officers (ICOs), 116 Indian Corps, 109 Indian Expeditionary Force D, 110 Indian Military Academy (IMA), 122, 130 Indian Mutiny see Uprising of 1857 Indian National Congress, 1, 116 Indian Navy, 123, 126, 128 non-combatants in, 161 women in, 130 Indian Ordnance Department, 154

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Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia infantry-artillery paradigm of war, 89 insurgent armies, 13341, 152 intelligence agents, 149 Invaliding Board, 103 Ipsus, Battle of, 15, 18 iqtadars, 489, 50, 68 Iraq, 113 Irish in British Army, 93, 1067, 111, 117 Catholics not wanted in Bombay artillery, 92 in EIC forces, 94 irregular regiments, 93 Irvine, William, 51 Islam forcible conversions to, 5 fundamentalist, 1389 Ghorids establish Islamic empire in India, 41 and motivation of troops, 7 Islamic invasions, 27 jagirs see land grants Jahan Khan, 77 Jahandar Shah, Emperor, 66 Jahangir, Emperor, 45, 57, 58 Jai Singh, 82, 146 Jaichandra, Raja, 41, 42 Jaina generals, 34 Jaipala (Sahi ruler), 40 Jalal-ud-din, Sultan, 47, 49 Jalandhar, 27 Jammu, 122, 134 Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front ( JKLF), 134 Janissaries, 49, 86 Jankoji Sindia, 76 Jassa Singh, 82 Jaswant Rao Holkar, 79, 80, 96, 148 Jaswant Rao Pawar, 76 Jats, 108, 114, 129 javanmardi concept, 67 Jawahir Singh, Sirdar, 85, 87 jawans (infantry), 91 Jayanaka, 36 Jeffery, Keith, 117 jemadars, 97, 107 jezails, 6

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Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), 137 Indian princes failure against EICs professional armies, 6 troops, 91 Indian soldiers demobilization, 118 length of service, 103, 108 monetary incentives, 1056, 118 motivation, 1089, 11819, 163 necessary for maintaining British Empire, 91, 99100 numbers 18591900, 105 numbers in 1865, 101 proposed posting in other colonies, 100 service outside India, 153 three times cheaper than British, 99 indigenous manpower, for logistical duties, 143 Indo-Bactrian Greek Kingdom, 20 Indus, Battle of, 18 Indus Civilization, 910, 14, 143 infantry Abbasid, 29 Bengal Army, 945, 98 Bombay Army, 98, 101 British Army, 96 Delhi Sultanate, 46 early modern Europe, 72 firearms-equipped, 6 Ghaznavid Army, 39 Gupta Army, 22 Gurkhas as, 84 Harshas army, 28 Hoysala Army, 33 Indian Army, 96, 101, 105, 111, 113, 124 Khalsa Army, 83, 84, 85, 88 Madras Army, 98, 154 Maratha, 61, 745, 76, 78, 79, 80 Maurya Army, 17, 18, 28 medieval Western European, 33 Mughal Army, 61, 65 Ottoman, 54 Portuguese, 61 Rajput, 38, 401, 42 Seunas, 33 Sher Shahs, 54 Infantry School, Mhow, 122

Index Jha, D. N., 31 Jha, Vivekanand, 17 Jhanda Singh, 82 Jhangi (chief ), 146 Jhelum Canal Colony, 108 jihad/jihadis, 7, 68, 134 Jindan, Rani, 88 Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, 123 jirgas, 139 Jouher, 54 Junior Commissioned Officers ( JCOs), 121, 122, 124, 131 Justinian, Emperor, 42 Kabul, 16, 40, 54 Kabul Field Force, 154, 155 Kadambari, 34 Kaiquabad, Sultan, 47 Kakatiyas, 31 Kalinga/Kalinga Army, 15, 16, 17 Kalsia family, 82 Kamal-ud-Din, Mir, 58 Kamandaka, 3, 29, 30, 145 Kamran, Mirza, 54 Kanauj, 27, 29, 41 Kanauj, Battle of, 54, 59 Kandahar, 54 Kandalur, Battle of, 32 Kanhiyas, 82 Kanishka, 20 Kanvas, 20 Kapur Singh, 82 Karan Rai, ruler of Gujerat, 47 Kardla, Battle of, 79 Kargil Operation, 128 Karnal, Battle of, 5, 6 Karuna, Colonel (Vinayagamurthy Muralitharan), 137 Kashmir, 27, 82, 121, 122, 124, 126, 133, 134 Kathasaritsagara, 3 katuka, 28 Kaup, Dr Ignaz, 106 Kaur, Mahtab, 82 Kaur, Rani Chand, 82 Kaur, Sada, 82 Kautilya (Chanakya), 3, 14, 15, 19, 30, 144

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KCIOs see Kings Commissioned Indian Officers Keegan, John, 923, 108 Kekaya region, 12 Kennedy, Richard S., 32 khalisa (crown land), 65, 66 Khalistani militants, 134, 141 Khalji Dynasty, 47, 49 Khalsa Army civil-military relations, 86 as king maker, 86 motivation, 88 size and cost, 856 strength in 1845, 85 Khalsa Kingdom, 6, 73, 818, 89 Khan, Colonel Akbar, 121 Khan, Liaquat Ali, 123 Khan, Mohammad Ayub, 122 Khan, Sardar M. Ibrahim, 121 Khanwa, Battle of, 53, 58, 68 Kharak Singh, 82, 86, 87 Kharavela, 20 Khusrau Shah, 52 Khwaja, Abdul Hadi, 58 Khwaja, Abdul Haji, 57 Khwaja Abdul Majid, 58 Khwaja Abdullah, 57 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 138 Kings Commissioned Indian Officers (KCIOs), 116, 118, 131 kings (rajan) and rise of standing armies, 4 transformation of tribal chieftains into, 4 Kirti Lehar, 117 Kishenji (Mallojula Koteshwar Rao), 136 Kitchener, Field Marshal Horatio Herbert, 132, 154 KitchenerCurzon dispute, 132 knights, medieval European, 33, 39 Kolff, Dirk, 12, 51, 68 Koli chiefs, 601 Konkan, 73 Kosala, 11 Krishna III, King, 33 Krora Singh, 82 kshatradharma, 163 Kshatriyas, 10, 14, 19, 21, 24, 36, 378, 163 Kudalasangamam, Battle of, 35

242

Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia Louis XIV, King of France, 72, 146 Low, Major-General C. B., 100 LTTE see Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Lumsden, Major-General P. S., 101 Lynn, John A., 56, 149 Lysimachus, 15 Macedonians, 13, 15 MacMunn, George, 112 Madhav Rao I, Peshwa, 77 Madras Army, 91, 95, 97, 98, 105, 150, 1534 composition of Indian Infantry in 1858, 98, 99 Madras Army Native Infantry, 78 Madras Cavalry, 95, 149 Madras Infantry, 154 Madras Presidency, 1034 madrasas, 133 Magadha, 1112, 13, 18, 20 Magnesia, Battle of, 18 Magyars, 39 mahabaladhrikata, 28 Mahabharata, 10 Mahadji Sindia, 77, 78 mahajanapadas, 1112 Maharashtra, 20 mahasamantas, 28 Mahendra, King, 21 Mahmud of Ghazni, 40, 41 Mahmud Khan, 53 Mahmud, Sultan, 83 mahouts, 4, 145, 146 Malaya, 113, 147 Malhar Rao Holkar, 76 Malwa, Battle of, 46 mamluk system, 5, 45, 4650, 68 Manekshaw, Field-Marshal S. M., 107, 131 Manipur, 136, 137 mansabdari system, 5, 45, 46, 558, 61, 645, 667, 68, 69 Manusmriti, 10 Manzikert, Battle of, 43 Maobadis, 7 Maoists, 1367, 140 Maratha Confederacy, 6, 8, 60, 7381, 86, 89 military personnel, 77

Kumaragupta, Emperor, 21 Kumaun, 112 Kundu, Apurba, 116 Kushanas, 20, 23 Kut, Siege of, 109 labour forced, 145 local free, 147 military service as, 3 Mughal pool of military, 61, 68 skilled, 1589 labour companies, 8 Lahore Arsenal, 85 Lake, Lord, 80, 81 Lal Paltan, 95 Lal Singh, 88 land grants, 2, 4, 5, 31, 48, 53, 55, 56, 57, 61, 62, 645, 66, 69, 74, 75, 78, 83, 84, 85, 108, 118, 161 land tax, 16, 63 Langmore, Major, 153 lascars, 92, 100, 149, 150 Lashkar-i-Toiba (LET), 134 Lawrence, John, Viceroy, 100 Lech, Battle of, 39, 40 levies annual Russian, 94 medieval era, 32, 34, 43 Mughal Empire, 5960 for policing, 1045 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 1378, 140, 141 Licchavis of Vaisali, 11 linguistic problems, 100, 152 linked battalion scheme, 103 Liu An, 17 Liu Bi, 17 Lockhart, General Rob, 114 Lodhi Dynasty, 45, 49, 52, 53, 62 logistics ancient period, 1435 British period, 14860 importance of, 143 medieval period, 1457 personnel in charge of, 7 postcolonial, 1601 long service, logic behind, 94

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Index Marathas, 3, 46, 61, 64, 65, 66, 69, 73, 115, 148, 149 rise of, 74, 75 marching in step, 72 Marine Battalion, Bombay Army, 98, 99 maritime power, Cholas, 32 Marri tribesmen, 140 martial arts, 34 Martial Race theory, 6, 7, 1034, 112, 11415, 119 and shaping of postcolonial armies, 119 martyrdom, 67, 68, 163 Marxism/Marxist historians, 1, 51 Massageto-Chorasmian peoples, 23 matchlocks, 71 maula (hereditary troops), 19, 21, 34, 43 Maurice of Orange, Prince, 57 Maurya Army, 4, 1720, 21, 22, 33, 43, 1445 Maurya Empire, 4, 1417, 21, 24, 165 bureaucracy, 16, 18 Mawalis, 74, 75 Mazaga, 14 medical aid, 143, 144, 1489, 152, 156, 162 medieval period, 2743 evolution to modern warfare, 71 non-combatants, 1457, 161 Megasthenes, 15, 16, 19, 144 Menander, 20 mercenaries, 4 Abyssinian, 60 Arab, 29, 79 Brahmin, 54 Delhi Sultanate, 48, 49, 50 European, 6, 69, 73 Gupta Army, 212 Hindu, 36 Marathas, 74 Mauryan Army, 19 motivation of, 367 Mughal Army, 589, 69 Ottoman, 52, 58, 69 Pala Army, 34 Pauravas, 12 Persian, 69 professional, 589, 69 Rajput, 53 rebellions among, 35

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replacement by regimental soldiering, 71 Rohilla, 79 Seleucid, 17 Sri Lankan, 35 see also mansabdari system merchants and supplies on campaign, 144, 1456 Tamil, 35 Merovingian Dynasty, 32 Mesopotamia, 109, 110, 112 Mihirabhoja, 29 military administration ancient period, 11 British period, 108 evolution of modern, 72 medieval, 301, 35 postcolonial, 126, 160, 162 Military College of Engineering (near Peshawar), 126 Military College, Jhelum, 126 Military Department, 153, 154 military institutions 17th-century European, 57 British period, 105 early medieval, 334, 43 lack of indigenous, 90 postcolonial, 122, 124, 125, 130, 1601 military labour see labour military revolution(s)/evolution, 6, 712, 89, 164 miners, 100, 105, 111, 112, 113, 144 Mir Qasim, 60, 78 Mirak Husain, 58 misls, 82 missiles, 161 mitrabala, 19 modern warfare, transition to, 71 Mohammad Abdullah, Sheikh, 121 Molesworth, Lieutenant-General G. N., 11415 monetization, 5, 6, 64, 69 Mongols in Baburs army, 52 domination of Central Asia and Afghanistan, 5 invasions, 24, 47, 49 monsoon failure, 65 Moosvi, Shireen, 64

244

Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia Delhi garrison, 96 Khalsa Army, 85 Naval Mutiny (1946), 158 Sikhs in Indian Army, 129 White Mutiny (1859), 91 Myanmar Naga insurgency, 136 see also Burma Mysore, 8, 73, 77 Nadir Shah, 5, 66, 76 nadus, 32 Naga Federal Army (NFA), 136 Naga Federal Government (NGF), 1356 Nagas of Mathura, 20 Nagas/Nagaland, 1356 Nagda-Ahar lineage, 36 naiks, 107, 108 najib battalions, 84 Najib Khan, 76 namak halali, 37, 109, 1634 Nanda Army/Empire, 1314, 15, 17 Napoleonic army, 83, 95 Nassau brothers, 72 National Archives of India, 4 National Conference, 121 National Defence Academy (NDA), 130 National Defence College (NDC), 125 National Service Labour Tribunals, 159 nationalism, 76, 116, 118 Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), 136, 137 native commandants, 93, 107 nattars, 32 Naval Base Labour Camp, 158 Nawaz Sharif, Mian Muhammad, 122 Naxalites, 136 nayakam, 35 Nazar Muhammad, ruler of Balkh, 56 NCOs in French Army, 94 Indian, 91, 108, 114, 124, 131 pensions, 1056 in police, 104, 105 Need, Lieutenant-Colonel, 148 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 6, 123, 134, 161 neo-Muslims, 4950 Nepal, 2, 7, 27

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moral welfare, 94, 102 Morris, Major C. J., 112 mortars, 71 Mountain Division, 8th, 136 Mountbatten, Lord Louis, 123 Mouton, Colonel Franois Henri, 878 Mudki, Battle of, 88 Mughal Army composition of, 689 culture and combat motivation, 668 defeat at Karnal, 5 early, 515 evolution of, 46 historical works on, 51 mansabdari system, 558 non-combatants, 1467 officer corps, 3 regional levies, 5960 technical skill and foreign mercenaries, 589 Mughal Empire administrative institutions become dysfunctional, 46 agrarian crisis, 46, 645, 66, 73 decline of, 5, 66, 73, 81, 164 Delhi Sultanate replaced by, 45 economy, 46, 51, 635, 66 historical sources, 46 and Marathas, 74 Muhammad bin Tughluq, Sultan, 47, 612 Muhammad Ghori, Sultan, 41, 42, 46, 48 Muhammad Shah, Sultan, 50 Muin-ud-din, 58 Mukteshwar, Antaji, 76 mullahs, 138 munitions industry, 1589 Musharraf, Pervez, 122, 134 musicians, 144, 145 muskets, 71 Muslim Conference, 121 Muslim League, 121, 123 Muslim troops Bombay Army, 98 Madras Army, 95 see also Punjabi Muslims Mustafa (Ottoman mercenary), 58 mutinies 1857, 6, 96, 978, 99, 100

Index EIC invasion of, 104 insurgency and COIN, 133, 140 recruitment in, 104, 112, 140 Nepal Peoples Liberation Army (NPLA), 140 Niazi, Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah, 125 Nitiprakasika, 36 Nitisara (Kamandaka), 3, 29, 30, 35, 145 nitisastras, 35 Nizam-ul-Mulk, 7980 nomadic warfare, 24 nomads invasion by Central Asian, 4, 24 Rajput expansion at expense of pastoral, 36 non-combatants, 78, 14362 ancient period, 1435 British period, 14860 medieval period, 1457 postcolonial militaries, 1601 recruitment by province 191418, 157 Non-Commissioned Officers see NCOs non-martial races, 7, 1034, 114, 115 non-state armies, 141, 165 see also insurgent armies; private armies North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA), 124 North East India, insurgency and COIN, 1356 North-West Frontier, 16, 72, 98, 103, 109 insurgency and COIN, 1389 nurses, 156

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pacification duties, 1045 Pakistan, 2 insurgency and COIN, 133, 134, 135, 13840 military rule in, 1223 recruitment in, 7 see also IndiaPakistan Wars Pakistan Army, 1213, 1246 COIN campaigns, 139, 140 composition in 2000, 127 and education, 1256 organization of, 121 and political sphere, 123, 132 regimental system, 128, 132, 165 social and regional profile, 12830 Pakistan Military Academy (PMA), 125, 126, 130 Pakistan Navy, 126 Pakistani Rangers, 140 Pala Army/Empire, 29, 30, 34, 145 Palestine, 112

murder of, 86 officers, professional Indian emergence in World War II, 90 postcolonial shortages of, 131, 164 OHanlon, R., 67 Olivares, Count-Duke of, 57 Omar Shaikh, 51 Operation Blue Star, 129, 135 Operation Enduring Freedom, 139 Operation Green Hunt, 137 Operation Meghdoot, 126 opium, use of, 98 ORBATs ancient and early medieval, 30 Pauravas, 13 ordnance departments, 1534 ordnance factories, 15860, 161, 162 ORs Indian, 93, 131 unbridgeable gap between officers and, 94 Ostrogoths, 42 Otto I the Great, 40 Ottoman Army, 49, 58 Ottoman court, 52 Ottonians, 39

Ochterlony, Major-General David, 104 officer cadre opened to Indians, 11516, 118 professionalization of, 72, 90 officers, British background of, 97 increase in numbers, 107 in Indian Army, 91, 99, 132 number in 1857, 96 in regular and irregular regiments, 93 and World War I Indian troops, 10910 officers, European in Bombay Army, 92 desertion of, 8990 jealousy of, 87

246

Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia for rebel sepoys, 98 for VCOs and NCOs, 106 for wounded, 105 Peoples Liberation Army see PLA Peoples Liberation Guerrilla Army (PLGA), 136, 137 Peoples War Group (PWG), 136 periyanadus, 32 Perron, Pierre Cullien, 78, 79, 81 Persia, 112 Persian sources, 3 Persians, 46, 54, 58, 66 in Mughal service, 54, 56, 68 Pervez, Prince, 59 Peshawar, 82 Peshawar, Battle of, 40 peshwa, 75 phalanx, 13 Pharsalus, Battle of, 18 Phizo, 1356 Picq, Ardant du, 92 pikemen, 71 Piluji, 76 Pinch, William, 67 Pioneer companies, 149 Piron, 80 Pithor Rai, 42 PLA (Peoples Liberation Army), 127, 132 plunder Chola state, 32 Ghaznavid, 41 Maratha Army, 75 Maurya Empire, 17 and mercenaries, 54 as motivation for military service, 164 in Mughal service, 59, 63 tribal chiefs and, 52 Poland, 89 police, semi-military, 1045 polo, 58 Polyperchon, 15 Pompey the Great, 18 Poona Horse, 34th, 109 population Bangladesh, 125 China, 127 European, 61 German (1871), 102 India, 61, 105, 11415, 163

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Pallava Dynasty, 20, 21 Panchantantra, 367 panchayats, 93 Pandyas, 32 Panipat First Battle of (1526), 5, 523, 58, 63 Second Battle of (1556), 55 Third Battle of (1761), 77, 86, 89 Pant, G. N., 9 parallels, 71 Parthasarathi, Prasannan, 63 Parthians, 20, 22, 23 Partition, 121 Pasand Khan, Shah, 77 Pataliputra (Pataligrama), 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 27 Pathan Regiment, 128 Pathans, 7, 75, 82, 95, 98, 104, 108, 110, 114, 129, 139 pati, 28 Paurava/Puru (Poros), 1213, 14 payment Delhi Sultanate, 612 EIC, 69, 95 of European officers, 84 Indian Army reserve, 103 of Indian soldiers, 105 Khalsa Army, 84, 85, 867 Maratha Army, 75, 78 Maurya Army, 19 of medieval armies, 31 of mercenaries, 35, 50 Mughal Army, 59, 626, 69 of non-combatants, 146, 147, 148, 149, 1501, 152 police, 1045 of Rajput troops, 62 see also land grants peasant levies, 32 peasant uprisings, 72 Peel, Lord, 99 Peel Commiittee, 99 Peithon, Satrap of Sind, 14 pensions for British soldiers, 102 for EIC Indian troops, 96 for Indian soldiers, 103, 1056 in Pakistan Army, 130 in postcolonial Indian Army, 130

Index Khalsa Kingdom, 86 Ottoman Empire, 61 Pakistan, 124, 127 South Asia youth bulge, 133 Portuguese, 61, 91, 92 post-Gupta period, 279, 145 postal relay stations, 146 postcolonial militaries, 12132 non-combatants, 1601 postmodernism, 1 Prabhakaran, Vellupillai, 137, 138 Prasenjit, 11 Pratap, Raja of Ujjain, 57 prati bhata, 28 Pritchard, C.B., 101 Prithviraj Chauhan, 41, 42 Prithvirajvijayamahakavya ( Jayanaka), 36, 37 private armies, 7, 133 of large landed proprietors, 27, 31 non-Islamic, 7 in Roman West Europe, 34 see also insurgent armies professionalization, 72 promotions, EIC armies, 97 prostitutes, 144, 1556 proto-Austroloid people, 11 Prussian Army, 86 regimental system, 92 short service system, 102 Pulakesin II, 27 Punic War, Second, 15 punishment see discipline and punishment Punjab, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 39, 49, 54, 63, 81, 82, 86, 115, 129, 139 Sikh insurgency, 1345 Punjab Frontier Force/Punjab Irregular Force (PFF/PIF), 91, 95, 96 Punjab Infantry Regiment, 19th, 1501 Punjabi Muslims, 7, 84, 98, 104, 105, 108, 110, 112, 114, 129 Purbiyas, 6, 84, 95, 118 Purugupta, 21 Pushyabatis, 27 Pushyamitra Sunga, 18 pyrotechny, 59 Qasim, Muhammad Bin, 29, 39 Quit India movement, 116 Qutlugh Khwaja, 47

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racial inferiority theory, 51 Raghuji Bhonsle, 80 Raghunath Rao, 76 Raghuvamsam, 22 Rai Pithaura, 41 Rajadhiraja, King, 33 Rajagriha, 11 rajanyas, 10 rajaputras, 4, 36, 37 Rajaraja I, 32, 33 Rajasthan, 29, 33, 36 Rajendra I, King, 32 Rajendra II, King, 35 Rajputana, 35 Rajputs coalition, 40, 42 companies in Bombay Army, 91 culture and combat, 358, 667, 68 and Delhi Sultanate, 49 in Indian Army, 109, 110, 114 in Khalsa Army, 84 land grants to, 4 and Maratha Confederacy, 60 and Mughals, 53, 54, 56, 5960, 667, 68 non-combatants, 145 origin of term, 36, 37 payment of troops, 62 recruitment to EIC armies, 60, 95 rise of, 27, 31, 356, 74 subdued by Akbar, 45 versus Turks, 3843 Ramal, Chief of, 29 Ramanyana, 68 Ramnagar, Battle of, 88 Rana Sangha Singh, 53 ranabhandargaradhikarana, 143 Randaulah Khan, General, 74 Ranjit Singh, Maharaja, 823, 84, 85, 86, 88 Rashtrakutas, 29, 30, 31, 33 Ravi Varman Tiruvadi, King, 32 Rawar, Battle of, 29 Raymond (European military entrepreneur), 79 recruiting parties, 93

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Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia Rosen, Stephen Peter, 1, 51, 131 royal armies, medieval era, 345, 43 Royal Artillery, 92, 106 Royal Bhutan Army, 136 Royal Indian Air Force, 118, 159 Royal Indian Army Service Corps, 117 Royal Indian Navy (RIN), 117, 118, 159 Royal Nepal Army (RNA), 140 Rudrasimha III, 21 Rufus, Curtius, 14, 18 Rumi Khan, 59 Rumi, M. K., 59 Rumi, Muhammad bin Hasan, 59 rural recruits, preference for, 106, 113, 115, 164 Russia, and North-West Frontier, 103, 107 Russian Army, 86 19th-century recruitment, 94 World War I, 110 Rusta-Hazara tribe, 52 sabbatthaka, 11 Sadho Singh, 82 Safavid Dynasty, 54, 57, 58, 63 Saffarid Dynasty, 40 Safi, Shah, 58 Sahi Army/Kingdom, 3940 sahids, 68 Saivaites, 67 Sakas, 20, 21, 22, 35 Salabat Khan, 56 salais, 34 samanta system, 27, 28, 31, 36 Sambre (Reinhardt, Walther), 789 Samnite Wars, 16 Samru, Begum, 78, 79, 83 Samudragupta, 201, 24, 27 Sangala, 14 Sangam Age, 144 Sapper and Miner School, Bangalore, 105 sappers, 100, 105, 111, 112, 113, 144 Sar-i-Pul, Battle of, 512 saranjams, 64 sarnobats, 75 Sasanka, King of Gauda, 27 Sassanid Empire, 21, 22, 23, 39 Sastri, A. Nilakanta, 18 Satakarni, Gautampitra, 20 Satavahana Empire, 20

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recruitment Delhi Sultanate, 4850, 59 early modern European, 92 Harshas army, 28 mamluk system, 45, 4650, 68 mansabdari system, 5, 45, 46, 558, 61, 645, 667, 68, 69 Maratha Army, 78 Mauryan Empire, 19 medieval era, 34 mini-systems, 601 Mughal Empire, 5960, 61 of non-combatants, 2, 78 Ottoman, 49 patterns of, 2 policy, 1 post-Roman Western Europe, 32 postcolonial Indian Army, 131 regimental system of, 91119 World War I, 110 World War II, 11316 see also levies; mercenaries Red Army, 113, 117 regimental system, 90, 91119, 163 in EIC era (17001859), 6, 69, 919 naming and numbering, 92 in post-1857 Mutiny era, 99108 in postcolonial era, 7, 121, 128, 132 traditions, 7, 923 in World War I and II eras, 10818 regional armies, amalgamation of, 105 regional levies, Mughal Empire, 5960 reserve Indian, 103, 107 Western Europe, 102 Revolutionary Government of Nagaland (RGN), 136 Revolutionary Peoples Front of Manipur, 137 Richards, John F., 51, 62, 63 road construction, 7, 145, 147, 157 Roberts, Field-Marshal Lord Frederick, 7, 102, 1034 Rohillas, 6, 75, 76, 79 Roman Army, 1718, 19, 72 legionary system, 92 Roman Catholics, Irish, 92 Romans, 13, 15, 16, 23, 312 Rose, General Hugh, 100

Index Saudi Arabia, 127 savers (cavers) units, 34 Saxe-Weimar, Bernhard of, 71 Scheduled Tribes, 135 Scipio, 13 scorched earth policy, 146 scutage, 32 scythe chariots, 11, 143 Scythians, 20, 22 Sea Tigers, 137 secretariats, military, 72 Seleucid Empire, 15, 17, 18, 23, 24 Seleucos Nicator, 1415, 18, 41 Seljuqs, 39, 42, 50 sena nayaka mahamattas, 11 sepoys (infantry), 91, 107 pensions, 105 promotions, 97 recruitment, 93, 95 salaries and conditions, 956 servants, 143, 151, 154 service compulsory, 113, 119 terms of, 2, 102, 103 Seunas, 33, 34 Shah Jahan, Emperor, 45, 56, 57, 58, 65, 69, 146 Shahjehanpur Clothing Factory, 159, 160 Shahji Bhonsle, 74 Shaibani Khan, 52 Shang Dynasty/armies, 10, 1213 Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan), 45, 534, 59, 60, 62, 67, 69, 75 Sher Singh, Maharaja, 85, 867, 88 Shivadev, Vithal, 76 Shivaji Bhonsle, 61, 75 shock troops, 34 short service scheme, 94, 102 Showers, General, 152 Shuja, Awadh, 76 shutarnals (camel swivel guns), 6 Siachen Glacier, 126 siege warfare, 59, 71 signal service, 111, 113 Sikander Lodhi, 62, 146 Sikander Suri, 54 Sikhs, 3, 6, 7, 75, 81, 84, 95, 98, 100, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112, 114, 118 insurgency in Punjab, 1345

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in postcolonial Indian Army, 129 see also Khalsa Kingdom silk route, 4 Sind, 12, 18, 22, 28, 49, 50, 59, 114, 129, 154 Arabs in, 29, 33, 40 Sind Campaign, Second, 50 Singapore, 113 Singh, Baghel, 82 Singh, Major-General Shahbeg, 135 Sinhala Only Act, 137 sirdars, 73, 75, 76, 82, 85, 87, 89 infighting between, 6, 76 Sirhind, Fort of, 41 Sirhindi, Yahiya Bin Ahmad Bin Abdullah, 42, 612 Sirmoor Battalion, 104 Skandagupta, 21, 24 slave soldiers, 60 see also mamluk system slavery, Maurya Empire, 16 Smith, Major-General Harry, 88 Smith, Mr (magistrate), 1523 Sobraon, Battle of, 87 Somme, Battle of the, 109 Sophytes, 15 sovereignty, parcellization of, 31 Soviet Army, 117, 118 sowars (cavalry), 5, 91, 95, 96, 99, 105, 107, 148 Special Commissioned Officers (SPOs), 131 SPOs see Special Commissioned Officers Sravasti, 11 srenibala, 19 srenis, 4, 21, 165 Sri Ghatotkachagupta, 20 Sri Lanka, 2, 323, 35 insurgency and COIN, 1378 see also Ceylon Sri Lanka Army (SLA), 138 Sri Lanka Navy (SLN), 138 Sri Lankas Armed Force (SLAF), 138 Srivastava, A. K., 17 standing armies Abbasid, 29 Delhi Sultanate, 48 French, 86 Ghaznavid, 39 Gupta Empire, 165

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Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia tandas, 146 Tang Dynasty/Army, 289 tanzims, 133 Tarain Battles of, 5 Second Battle of, 42 Targhi, 47 taulqama charge, 5, 52 taxation, 4 Delhi Sultanate, 612 Maurya Empire, 16 Mughal Empire, 56, 63 Nanda Empire, 14 of neo-Muslims, 50 scutage, 32 Taxila, 14 Technical Recruiting Organization, 159 technology of warfare, 2 Mughal Army, 589 Ottoman, 59 training, 159 Tej Singh, 88 Telingas/Telugas, 98, 112 tercio, 92 terrorism, 133, 140 thakurs, 4, 98, 145 Thaneshwar, 27 Thapliyal, U. P., 10, 27 Thirty Years War, 71 timariots (sipahi), 49 Timur, Amir, 5, 45, 50, 51, 53 Timurids, 45 tin men, 151 tindals, 150, 155 Tipu Sultan, 73 topasses, 91, 92, 161 Toramana, 24 total war, 15 trade and commerce Delhi Sultanate, 62 discouraged by post-Manu Hinduism, 4 Gupta Empire, 21 Maurya Empire, 16 Mughal Empire, 63 post-Gupta decline in, 27 training 17th-century European armies, 57 average period for recruits, 107

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Maratha, 75 Mauryan Empire, 19, 33, 165 Mughal Empire, 61, 165 Prussian, 86 rise of, 4 Russian, 86 Seleucid, 17 Western European, 72 state building, 1, 4 state sovereignty, breakdown of, 4, 27 Stein, Burton, 2 Stevenson, Colonel, 80 stirrups, 38, 43 Strachan, Hew, 107 stretcher bearers, 144, 149, 154, 155 Streusand, Douglas, 51, 56, 64, 65 Stuart, General, 80 subadar-majors, 93, 104 subadars, 56, 96, 97, 104, 107 Sufis, 67, 68 Sui Army, 28, 145 suicide bombers, 134 suicide squads, 34 suicides, Indian Army, 133 Sukranitisara, 3, 7, 301, 36, 37 SULFA, 136 Sumerians, 13 Sunga Empire, 18, 20 Supervisor Training Scheme, 159 Supplementary Committee, 99 Supply and Transport Corps School, 160 Surasena, 11 surgeons, 152 Suri Dynasty, 54 Swedish Army 18th-century, 89 regimental system, 92 sweepers, 145, 147, 148, 154 swords Indus Civilization, 9 Rajput, 5, 38 Sikh tulwars, 85 syces, 8 Tajiks, 52 Takkolam, Battle of, 33 Taliban, 139 Tamil New Tigers, 137 Tamils, 35, 98, 112, 1378

Index by European entrepreneurs for Indian rulers, 73 Delhi Sultanate, 578 early modern Europe, 72 failure of indigenous powers to set up academies, 90 Maoists, 137 Maurya Army, 1920, 33 medieval era, 334 Mughal Army, 57, 58 postcolonial era, 122, 1256, 130 for sappers and miners, 105 technical, 159 treasure, carrying of, 30 tribal chieftains, 4, 32, 62, 68 tribal confederacies, 4 tribal disorders, 72 tribal militias, 2, 4, 10, 52, 53 tribute Chola state, 32 Mughal Empire, 53 tripolar struggle, 2932 Trivedi, C. M., 114 tropical diseases, 117 trumpeters, 145, 148 Tsin, 13 Tulaki, Zia-ud-din, 41 tulwars, 85 Turanis, 55, 56, 67, 68 Turks ascendancy of, 42 Rajputs versus, 3843 see also Delhi Sultanate; Ottoman Empire; Seljuqs Tweedale, Marquis of, 99

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post-World War II, 117 sponsor jihad against USSR, 139 Vietnam, 128 World War I, 108 uparikas, 28 Uprising of 1857, 6, 96, 978, 99, 100 urban populace negative attitude to recruitment of, 95, 106, 113, 163 as recruits in World War I, 110 Uzbeks, 54, 55 Vajji, 11 valanadus, 32 Vankoji, 74 vardhaki, 144 varnas, 1 vassals, 31, 32 Vasudeva, 20 VCOs importance of role, 107 Indian, 91, 93, 97, 107, 108, 114 pensions, 1056 in police, 104, 105 promotion to commissioned ranks, 116 Vedas, 3 Vedic Age, 1011, 33, 143 Vegetius, 19 venereal disease, 155, 156 Venetian Republic, 57 Ventura, Jean-Baptiste, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87 veterinary surgeons, 1445, 148 Viceroys Commissioned Officers see VCOs Victoria Cross, 109 Videhas, 11 Vietnam War, 128 Vijayabahu, 33, 35 village ties, and recruitment, 92, 93 vishti, 145 Vishwas Rao, 76 volley firing technique, 72 volunteer national army, 67 vulluvams, 35 vyuhas, 30

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udankuttam, 34 Udayin, 12 Ugrasena, 13 Uighur tribesmen, 28 Ulugh Khan, 47 umedwars, 93 Unarpur Fort, Siege of, 59 uniform see armour and uniform United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), 136 United Public Service Commission (UPSC) of India, 130 United States

Waihind, Battle of, 40 Wali (brother of Khusrau Shah), 52 Wali Khan, Shah, 77 Wallenstein, Count Albrecht von, 57, 71, 78

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Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia White Mutiny (1859), 91 Whittaker, Dick, 31 Wilson, Lieutenant-Colonel W. J., 150 Wink, Andre, 35, 38, 51 wives, with regiment, 153 Wolseley, Garnet, 102 women camp followers, 1556 in Indian armed forces, 12930, 132, 165 in private/insurgent armies, 7, 1367, 140 World War I, 6, 10811 non-combatants, 157, 158 World War II, 6, 11317 emergence of professional commissioned Indian officer corps, 90 non-combatants, 15760, 162 recruitment of Indian gunners, 100 written operational command, 72 Wu Army/Kingdom, 12, 17 Wu Ling, 24 Xerxes, 12 Xiong-nu, 24

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Zafar Khan, 47 Zama, Battle of, 13 zamindars, 56, 61, 68 Zia-ul-Haq, General, 7, 129, 134, 135 zig-zag trenches, 71

ward orderlies, 156, 157 warlords, biographies of medieval, 46 Warring Kingdoms, 24 warrior communities, social construction of, 2 warrior ethos Hindu, 36 Marathas, 74 Rajput, 36, 74 wastage, among British troops, 94 water carriers see bhistis water supply and caste taboos, 96 destruction of, 146 Wavell, Field Marshal Archibald, 116 Waziristan, North and South, 139 weapons early modern, 71 Gupta Army, 23 Gurkha, 104 Huns, 223 Indus Civilization, 9 Khalsa Army, 85 Magadha, 1112 manufacture and supply, 144, 145 Maratha, 74, 79 Maurya Army, 19 medieval European knights, 39 Mughal, 53, 58, 65, 69 no arms gap between indigenous powers and EIC, 89 Rajput, 5, 38 Scythian, 22 Turks, 5, 38 Vedic Age, 1011 Western European, 71 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 80, 94, 102 Western Chou, 10 Western Europe higher level of militarization in, 86, 89, 164 post-Roman, 312 short service mass conscript forces, 102 Western Ghats, 73 White, General George S., 104, 105, 107, 155, 156 White Huns (Hephalites), 21, 23

Yadava, B. N. S., 31 Yadava (Seuna) Army, 34 Yadava Bhillama, 33 Yadava family, 11, 33 Yaqub (Saffarid ruler), 3940 Yar Muhammad Khan, Ustad, 59 Yaudheyas, 20, 21 Yavanas, 22 Young, Lieutenant Frederick, 104 Younger Paurava, 12, 13 youth bulge, 133 Ypres, First Battle of, 109 Yuan Chwang, 28 yuddhacharya (teachers of military science), 10 Yueh-chi, 20 Yunus Khan, 52