ATOM, ION, AND MOLECULES 8.

1 Saeful KARIM
Table of contents
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1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules 2 A. Atom 3 B. Molecule 4 C. Ion

Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

In ancient times, many scientists are confused with particulate matter. What is the smallest part of the matter? That's the question at the time was a mystery to scientists. Finally, thanks to the intelligence and curiosity of the scientist, the mystery that was slowly answered. The material turned out to contain small particles, the constituent can be atoms, ions, and molecules. How describe the elements of the periodic system of elements present in nature? What is the difference between atoms, ions, and molecules? You will know after studying this chapter. As you have learned in class VII, the material includes pure substances and mixtures. Two or more pure substances can be mixed among one another to form a mix without losing their character. Thus, the components contained in a mixture can be separated from each other again using physical means, such as filtration, distillation, crystallization, sublimation, and chromatography. In contrast to the mixture, pure substance can not be separated into simpler materials by using physical means. Pure substances can be further classified into elements and compounds. The compound is a combination of two or more elements that are formed through chemical reactions. Thus, the combined result is a new substance. As already discussed in class VII, any substance containing the smallest particles that make up the substance. For example, the sugar granules are visible to our eyes is not the smallest particles of sugar sand. The smallest particle of sugar we can not directly observe the eyes of even the most advanced microscope. So, what kind of shape is the smallest particle of a substance? Until now, the science experts no one has to know. However, they have been working to develop a variety of models of the form of the smallest particle of a substance based on the data they collect. Each different substances containing the smallest particles of different compositions as well. For example, metallic iron particles prepared by different smallest smallest particles that make up the calcium. As another example, the water containing the smallest particles that are different from the smallest particles that make up table salt. So many kinds of the smallest particles that exist in nature in accordance with a variety of substances that exist in nature. To facilitate the study, experts have grouped the smallest particles that make up a wide range of substances into three categories, namely atoms, molecules, and ions. Do you know the difference between them?

A. Atom

The existence of the smallest particles that make up matter, first proposed by two Greek philosophers, Leucippus and Democritus ie about 450 years before Christ. Both men state that all matter is composed by particles are very tiny and can not be divided again called atoms. Atom comes from the Greek, which atomos (a meaning not and Tomos mean split). It has been mentioned earlier that until now there has been no man who could see the smallest particle of a substance directly or with the aid of the most sophisticated microscopes. Thus, the atoms form nobody ever knew. Based on a variety of phenomena, John Dalton (1766-1844) who was a chemistry teacher from England, in 1808 filed the idea of the smallest particles that make up the material. The essence of the idea of the atom John Dalton, namely: a. Each element consists of the smallest particles can yangtak divided again, called atoms. b. All atoms of the same element have the same size and mass. Atoms of different elements have different masses (please see Figure 7.1.a). Thus, many different kinds of atoms equal to the number of elements. c. Atoms can not be tampered with. Atoms can not be destroyed or created through a chemical reaction. d. Through a chemical reaction, the atoms of the reactants will have a new arrangement will be mutually bonded to each other with a certain ratio or number (please see Figure 7.1.b).

Thought of the atom above Dalton is known as Dalton's atomic models. With Dalton thought the atom, it can be said that the various (thousands even millions) of substances that exist in nature actually comes from the smallest particles of elements (atoms) which are relatively very few (see the number of elements contained in the periodic system element). In the images contained in these books are often chemically different atoms of the elements are given different colors. For example, the color of the carbon atoms are colored black while the oxygen atoms are colored red, as shown in Figure 7.2.Staining is not the color of the atom itself. Staining different just to show that the atom came from different unsuryang. It should be remembered that the atoms in a single state alone or do not have certain properties, such as color, shape, density, electrical conductivity, boiling point, melting point, and so on. New properties that arise when atoms combine to form a large number of atoms set in certain ways, for example, are graphite and diamond. Both of these substances have different properties, diamond is very hard and transparent, while graphite is soft, black, and not transparent. Both of these substances have different properties, but both formed by atoms of the same element, but in ways different bind. Atom in question here is a carbon atom. If they burned the

two substances would produce the same substance, namely carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In general, it can be said that the way the atoms are bonded in determining the nature of the substances formed. In graphite, shown in Figure 7.3, the carbon atoms form separate layers. In each

layer, the carbon atom has three atoms adjacent (neighboring). While the diamond, the atoms are arranged more meetings, one carbon atom is surrounded by four carbon atoms.

Metal elements such as sodium, calcium, copper, gold, and iron in its free state or bound with other elements, composed of the smallest particles of matter belonging to the group of atoms. So, a piece composed by ferrous iron atoms that have a particular structure or pattern (see Figure 7.4). Do you remember the discussion in class VII, the differences antarpartikel arrangement in the form of solid, liquid, and gas?

In addition to metals, there are also non-metallic elements are in a state freely (in the absence of bound with other elements) is made up of atoms. For example, elements of the group of noble gases helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn). Find information about the elements that you know are in a state of freely made up of atoms. To make it easier to learn about the properties of elements and compounds, chemists unsurunsur construct a periodic system of elements. Periodic System element is a table that lists all the elements that are known or unknown. In the periodic table of elements, listed 118 kinds of elements that have been identified by experts existence. These elements are in a free state or its compounds in nature even elements that only exist in the laboratory alone. Each column in the periodic system of elements termed groups. In each group there is only one class of agents. In one group, the elements are organized in accordance with the increase in mass numbers. Main group elements given additional symbol A in the back of their group number, eg IA, IIA, IIIA, and so on (please see Figure 7.5).

Some of the main group gets special mention. The elements contained in the first main group (IA), such as lithium (Li) and sodium (Na) is called the alkali metal group unsurunsur (hydrogen is not a

metal that does not include alkali metals). The second main group (IIA), such as beryllium (Be) and magnesium (Mg) unsurunsur called alkaline earth metals. The elements contained in the seven main groups (VIIA), such as fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl) group elements called halogens. The elements contained in the eight main groups (VIIIA), such as helium (He) and neon (Ne) group elements called noble gases. Each line begins with the elements of the periodic table alkali metal and ends with the noble gas elements. The elements that constitute the nature of the group will be rediscovered periodically atoms in each row. Therefore, the line in the periodic system of elements are called periods. The first period consists of only two kinds of elements, hydrogen and helium. Different ways of writing classes that use Roman letters, numbers written in the period of the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. In a periodic system of elements, each element is written in the form of the element symbol along with the identity of owned elements, in the form of atomic number and mass number.

B. Molecule
Many of the smallest particle of a substance in nature are not atoms, but a combination of two or more atoms of element, either from the same or different elements. Combination of two or more atoms from the same or different elements are called molecules. If the atoms are of the same element the molecule is called molecular elements. If a molecule is composed of two or more atoms of different elements is called molecular compounds. Unlike metallic element smallest particles composed of atoms, the smallest particles of nonmetal elements can be either atoms or molecules. The elements of the noble gas group (VIIIA) is composed of the smallest particles of the atom. The halogen group elements (VIIA) elements are composed of molecules. To solidify your understanding of the difference between the molecular elements and molecular compounds, we take the example of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas (see Figure 7.6). From the figure it is seen that the oxygen gas molecule composed of two atoms of the same element, the oxygen atom oxygen molecules, including molecules that element (formula O2), whereas molecules of carbon dioxide gas including molecular compound because it is composed of atoms of different elements , ie one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms (CO2 formula). Another example of molecular elements are molecules formed by atoms of the element hydrogen. Two atoms of the element hydrogen form diatomic

molecules of elements (composed by two atoms) with the chemical formula H2. In addition to halogen group elements, oxygen elements, and the element hydrogen, nitrogen is also composed of diatomic molecules with molecular formula N2. Aside from being able to form diatomic molecules, some nonmetallic elements are also able to form a polyatomic molecule (a molecule composed of three elements buahatau more atoms). For example, ozone (O3) is a molecule composed of three oxygen atoms of the element. The elemental sulfur is able to form molecules composed of eight atoms of sulfur (S8). Examples of substances that constitute the smallest particle is a water molecule compounds. The usual water we drink contains the smallest particles called molecules of water. Molecule

Water is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of the element oxygen element (formula H2O). Because water molecules are composed of atoms of different elements including the water molecule molecule compounds. Water molecules can be produced from a reaction between hydrogen molecules and molecular elements of the element oxygen.

In Figure 7.7, shows that the element hydrogen molecules react with molecular oxygen to form molecular compounds the element of water. Each element of the oxygen molecules will react with hydrogen to form two molecules elements compounds 2 molecules of water. If one molecule of molecular oxygen requires two elements of hydrogen to react perfectly to form two molecules of water compounds the 2 molecules of oxygen element requires 4 molecules of the element hydrogen to react perfectly to form four molecules of water. This reaction can be seen that the chemical reaction there is no loss of atoms. The number of H and O atoms on the right equal to the number of H and O atoms on the left. The difference, ie each atom that binds to the left of the atom of the same element, while on the right are bonded to atoms of other elements to form molecules compounds. The number of atoms in a reaction resulting in the phenomenon will remain the Law of Conservation of Mass (mass

quantities of substances that react with mass amounts of substances the reaction) can be understood. In addition to the substances mentioned above, there are many substances around us are the smallest particles in the form of molecules. Examples are white sugar (C12H22O11) is a mixture of substances used to make coffee. Another example is carbon monoxide (CO) and ethanol (C2H5OH).Carbon monoxide is a gas that can poison our blood causing death. As ethanol is a substance that can be used for various purposes, such as sterilization, mixed liquor, and fuel. All substances are made up of the smallest particles of matter called molecules.

C. Ion
At the beginning of the 19th century, Dalton reveals that the smallest particles of matter are atoms. In the mid-19th century, a lot of research showing that many substances are not composed by atoms but by the so-called partikelpartikel charged ions. The particle size is about the size of atoms and molecules. Example: people already know that the molten salt and the salt solution in water can conduct electricity. In the event, an electrical charge to flow in a different way than in the metal. In metals, the electrical charge carried by electrons. Conversely, in a molten salt or a salt solution in water, the electrical charge carried by the ions (positive and negative ions). Thus, the smallest particles of matter not only in the form of atoms and molecules, but can also form ion. Electron charge is the smallest amount of charge is called the elementary charge (e). Ion charge is a one-time or multiple times the elementary charge. Therefore, the ion charge number is only written with one or multiple of the charge. Metals form positively charged ions (cations). Ions most nonmetallic elements form a negatively charged ion (anion). The atoms in neutral containing positive and negative charges of the same amount. Atoms turn into ions when receiving or releasing electrons (see Figure 7.8). Is an ion-charged one or more times of the elementary charge can be estimated from the location of the corresponding elements in the periodic system of elements? Alkali metal ions (IA) always form positively charged ions one, such as lithium ion (Li +), sodium ions (Na +) and potassium ions (K +). Ions of alkaline earth metals (IIA) has two positive charges, such as calcium ions (Ca2 +) and magnesium (Mg 2 +).

As with ions of metals, ions of nonmetal elements can be estimated based on the location of the load these elements in the periodic system of elements. The ions of the halogen group elements (VIIa) is always negatively charged one, the fluoride ion (F-), chloride ions (Cl-), bromide ion (Br-), and iodide

ions (I-). The ions of the VIA group, such as oxygen to form two negatively charged ions, oxide (O2-) or sulfur which also form two negatively charged ions, sulfide (S2-). Of elements of group VA, people familiar with the elements nitrogen capable of forming three negatively charged ions, nitride (N3). The elements of group VIIIA noble gases do not form ions. In addition to the ions derived from the element atoms (monatomic), there are also ions derived from the combination of two or more atoms of different elements (polyatomic). For example, sulfate ions negatively charged two (SO4 2 -) ions nitrate negatively charged one (NO 3 -), acetate ions negatively charged one (CH3COO-), ammonium ions are positively charged one (NH4 +) and hydroxyl ions are negatively charged one (OH). Substances that are composed of ions have a neutral electrical charge. It is caused by a number of positive and negative charges are equal. Example: sodium chloride (NaCl) is composed of a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chlorine ions in the ratio 1: 1, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is composed of a positively charged magnesium ions two and two negatively charged chlorine ions in the comparison of the amount of magnesium ions and the amount of chlorine ions is 1: 2. Thus, the amount of positive charge from the magnesium ions equal to the amount of negative charge from the chlorine ions. In aluminum chloride (AlCl3), a positively charged aluminum ion three neutralized by three negatively charged chlorine ion one. Between positive ions and negative construct a salt mutual attraction to one another to form a crystal lattice. Crystal lattice is various types, depending on the range of proportions of positive and negative ions that bind. Here is described a model of the crystal lattice of the compound salt or sodium chloride (NaCl).

In Figure 7.9 shows that the sodium ion is surrounded by six chlorine ions. Conversely, a chlorine ion is surrounded by six sodium ions. Regularity is owned by each ion of sodium and chlorine ions.Thus, the two reactions do not form molecules but form a crystal lattice. Each ion remains in place. This could explain why the solid salt can not conduct electricity, while the discharge can conduct electric current. When sodium chloride (NaCl) is dissolved in water the NaCl crystal lattice will decompose to form sodium ions and chlorine ions. Both of these ions will interact with water molecules, as shown in Figure 7.10. Charged ions have opposite electrical attraction force is strong. Chemical bonding that occurs because the force of electric attraction is called an ionic bond. Compounds are formed due to ionic bonds are called ionic compounds. The existence of strong gravity could explain why garamgaram or ionic compounds generally have high melting and boiling points are high, much higher than substances composed of molecules. After studying ion, did you understand it? Do the following exercises to test your understanding.