Calc 2 Lecture Notes

Section 6.2

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Section 6.2: Integration by Parts Big idea: Integration by parts is an integration technique that allows you to integrate the product of two functions (under certain circumstances). Integration by parts is really the product rule in reverse. However, it does not work in every case where the integrand is a product of functions. Big skill: You should be able to identify appropriate choices for u(x) and v(x), apply those choices to the integration by parts formula, and know if and when youve made a bad choice for u(x) and v(x). Proof that the antiderivative of the product function f ( x ) = x sin ( x ) is x cos ( x ) + sin ( x ) d x cos ( x ) + sin ( x ) = 1 cos ( x ) + ( x ) ( sin ( x ) ) + cos ( x ) dx = cos ( x ) + x sin ( x ) + cos ( x ) Thus, x cos ( x ) + sin ( x ) is an antiderivative of x sin ( x ) . i.e., = x sin ( x )

x sin ( x ) dx = x cos ( x ) + sin ( x ) + c

Notice that we can write this result as: x sin ( x ) dx = x cos ( x ) + sin ( x ) cos ( x ) dx = x ( cos ( x ) ) ( cos ( x ) ) dx [ x ] dx x dx So now lets look at re-writing the general product rule in reverse: d du dv u ( x) v ( x) = v + u dx dx dx d du dv u ( x) v ( x) x = vx + u x dx dx dx d u ( x ) v ( x ) = v du + u dv d u ( x ) v ( x ) = vdu + udv udv = d u ( x ) v ( x ) vdu d d

udv = u ( x ) v ( x ) vdu

(This is the integration by parts formula)

(Recall that the differential df of a function f(x) is defined as df = f ( x ) x (p. 243).)

Calc 2 Lecture Notes

Section 6.2

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So, if you have a product of functions, think of one of the functions in terms of its antiderivative. The integral then equals the product of the first function times the antiderivative plus the integral of the product of the derivative of the first function and the antiderivative. Note that the under certain circumstances part of this technique is that you can compute the antiderivative for du v . So, to compute let u ( x ) = x

x sin ( x ) dx

using integration by substitution,

and dv = sin ( x ) dx . To find v(x), we have to evaluate v ( x ) = dv = sin ( x ) dx = cos ( x ) . Also, du ( x ) = 1 du = dx. dx

So: x sin ( x ) dx = u ( x ) v ( x ) du v

= x ( cos ( x ) ) dx ( cos ( x ) ) = x cos ( x ) + cos ( x ) dx = x cos ( x ) + sin ( x ) + c

Practice: 1. Evaluate

xe dx .
x

2. Evaluate

x ln ( x ) dx .

Calc 2 Lecture Notes

3. Evaluate

Section 6.2

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ln ( x ) dx . x

4. Evaluate ln ( x ) dx .

5. Evaluate x cos ( x ) dx either by yourself or with a neighbor. Dont let your instructor tell you the answer until youve had a chance to work it out for yourself!

6. Evaluate

x e dx .
2 x

Calc 2 Lecture Notes

x 7. Evaluate e sin ( x ) dx .

Section 6.2

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8. Derive a power reduction formula for

x e dx .
n x

9. Use the reduction formula to evaluate

x e dx .
4 x

10. Evaluate sin ( ln ( x ) ) dx .

Calc 2 Lecture Notes

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Section 6.2

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x 11. Evaluate e dx . Hint: Use a substitution first.

Evaluating Definite Integrals Using Integration by Parts:

x =b x=a

udv = uv

x =b x=a

x =b

x=a

vdu

Practice: 12. Evaluate

x ln ( x ) dx
5 1