Astro nomy calculations

// Indian Astronomy calculations // Thanks to Toke Lindegaard Knudsen for the information. // Much of this is based on his Ph.D dissertation, "The Siddhantasundara of // Jnanaraja: A Critical Edition of Select Chapters with English Translation // and Commentary", Brown University, 2008. // // // // // // // // Some references are made to _Calendrical Calculations_ by Reingold and Dershowitz. See also: http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20008275_17.pdf WARNING: The above is fundamentally flawed in that it states that Julian day begins at midnight, when it actually begins at noon. This creates errors in *all* calculations in the paper.

// And a paper by Reingold and Dershowitz: // http://emr.cs.iit.edu/~reingold/hindu-paper.pdf use sun.frink // // // // // // // // There is some discrepancy in sources concerning the size of a sidereal year. Calendrical Calculations gives 1,577,917,500 civil days in a kalpa (see 9.3) (equivalent Frink definition is saurayear := 1_577_917_500/4_320_000 days ) while Knudsen's dissertation (table 3.1, p. 102) gives 1,577,917,828 civil days.

// The modern value, using the best-known size of a sidereal year gives // 1,577,907,477 civil days. (In Frink notation // "4320000 siderealyear -> days" ) // // It's unclear which to use for high-accuracy // calculations. kalpa := 4_320_000_000 siderealyears mahayuga := 1/1000 kalpa saurayear := siderealyear // A mahayuga is divided into 4 unequal yugas. krtayuga := 4/10 mahayuga tretayuga := 3/10 mahayuga dvaparayuga := 2/10 mahayuga kaliyuga := 1/10 mahayuga At present, we are in a Kaliyuga, which began 4,567*432,000 = 1,972,944,000 side real years after the beginning of the Kalpa. The time of the beginning of the present Kaliyuga is 6 a.m. on February 18, 3102 BCE (Julian) in Lanka (this corresponds to local sunrise in Lanka, which is a m

ythological city said to be located at the intersection of the terrestrial equat or and the prime meridian of the Indian tradition, which goes through the city o f Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh). UjjainLongitude = DMS[75, 46, 6] East // This is the time correction that has to be *added* to Ujjain time to get UTC. (Note that it is a negative number.) UTC is found by subtracting (5 hours + 3 min + 4.4 seconds) from Ujjain local time. Alternately, it is the time that has to be *subtracted* from UTC to get Ujjain time. (Note that it's a negative num ber, so to get Ujjain local time, add (5 hours + 3 min + 4.4 seconds) to UTC. Ujjain MeanTimeCorrection = Ujjain Longitude * (day/circle) IndianMoonRotation := kalpa / 57_753_300_000 IndianMoonApogee := kalpa / 488_105_858 IndianMoonNode := kalpa / 232_311_168 // Converts a number which may be in the form 7;12,13 into Devanagari digits. numberToDevanagari[str] := { str =~ %s/[,;]/\u0964/g str =~ %s/([0-9])/char[char[$1]-char["0"]+ 0x0966]/eg return str } // Converts a Devanagari number to the form popularized by Otto Neugebauer, // for example, 14;23,12,14 DevanagariToNeugebauer[str] := { r = new array first = true for c = chars[str] { if (c >= 0x0966 and c <= 0x096f) c = c - 0x0966 + char["0"] if (c == 0x0964) { if (first) c = char[";"] else c = char[","] first = false } r.push[c] } return char[r] } // Parses a Devanagari number as an integer part in base 10, then an arbitrary // number of parts in base 60 separated by the DEVANAGARI DANDA character parseDevanagariFraction[str] := { parts = split["\u0964", str] // Break on danda character len = length[parts] s = parseDevanagariInteger[parts@0] base = 1

for i = 1 to len-1 { base = base * 60 s = s + parseDevanagariInteger[parts@i]/base } return s } // Parses an integer either as Devanagari characters or Arabic numerals. parseDevanagariInteger[str] := { zero = char["0"] nine = char["9"] s = 0 for c=chars[str] { if (c >= 0x0966 and c <= 0x096f) c = c - 0x0966 else if (c >= zero and c <= nine) c = c - zero else return "Invalid character in $str" s = s*10 + c } return s } // Converts a floating-point number to the sexagesimal form popularized by // Otto Neugebauer, such as 14;12,13 sexagesimal[n, fracDigits=6] := { n = round[n, 60^-fracDigits] int = trunc[n] // Integer part frac = n - int str = "$int" d = 0 while ((d < fracDigits) and (frac != 0)) { if (d < fracDigits-1) part = trunc[frac * 60] else part = round[frac * 60] frac = frac*60 - part if (d==0) str = str + ";" else str = str + "," str = str + part d=d+1 }

return str } // Rata Die from Calendrical Calculations. // This should be corrected for timezone, although the RD // more of a toy calculation which assumes that every day // and omits any consideration of timezone or time of day // oversimplifications which makes it less than useful in rd[date] := ((date - # 0001-01-03 00:00 UTC #) / day) + 1

calculations are is reckoned at noon which are the real world.

// Calculate the ahargana based on offset from Julian day. This should // be corrected based on the time of day at which the ahargana began (e.g. // midnight or 6 AM) and for the longitude in which the beginning of the // ahargana was said to begin. ahargana[date] := (JD[date] - JD[# BC 3102-02-18 06:00 Ujjain #]) / day