Thermodynamics Lecture Series

Pure substances Property tables and Property Diagrams

Applied Sciences Education Research Group (ASERG) Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA email: drjjlanita@hotmail.com http://www5.uitm.edu.my/faculties/fsg/drjj1.html

Quotes

You do not really understand something unless you can explain it to your grandmother. (Albert Einstein)

Introduction

Objectives: 1. State the meaning of pure substances 2. Provide examples of pure and non-pure substances. 3. Read the appropriate property table to determine phase and other properties. 4. Sketch property diagrams with respect to the saturation lines, representing phase and properties of pure substances.

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FIGURE 15 Application Some application areas of thermodynamics

.

1-1

Example: A steam power cycle.

Steam Power Plant

Combustion Products

Steam Turbine

Fuel Air Pump

Mechanical Energy to Generator

Heat Exchanger

Cooling Water

System SystemBoundary Boundary for forThermodynamic Thermodynamic Analysis Analysis

Steam Steam Power Power Plant Plant

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Open system devices FIGURE 117 A control volume may involve fixed, moving, real, and imaginary boundaries.

1-5

Open Open system system devices devices

Heat Exchanger

Throttle

CHAPTER

2
Properties of Pure Substances
Title:

Pure Substances

Pure Pure substances substances

Substance Substancewith withfixed fixedchemical chemicalcomposition composition Can ,,H ,,O Canbe besingle singleelement: element:Such Suchas, as,N N 22 H 22 O 22 Compound: O, H , Compound:Such Suchas asWater, Water,H H 22 O,C C 44 H 10 10, Mixture Mixturesuch suchas asAir, Air, 2-phase O. 2-phasesystem systemsuch suchas asH H 22 O. Responsible Responsiblefor forthe thereceiving receivingand andremoving removingdynamic dynamic energy energy(working (workingfluid) fluid)

Phase Change of Water

P = 100 kPa P = 100 kPa T = 30 C T = 99.6 C T, C

99.6 H2O: C. liquid H2O Sat. liquid

30 2 = f@100 1

, m3/kg

Qin

Qin

Water interacts with thermal energy

kPa

Phase Change of Water

P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C T, C

99.6
Sat. Sat. Vapor Vapor

H2O Sat. liquid

H2O: Sat. Liq.

30 , m3/kg 3 2 = f@100 1

Qin

Qin

Water interacts with thermal energy

kPa

Phase Change of Water

P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C T, C

99.6
Sat. Sat. Vapor Vapor

H2O: Sat. Liq.

H2 O: 2 Sat. Vapor

30 , m3/kg 4 = g@100 2 = f@100 1 3

Qin

Qin

Water interacts with thermal energy

kPa

kPa

Phase Change of Water

P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C P = 100 kPa T = 150 C 150 99.6 H2 O: 2 Sat. Vapor H2 O: 2 Super Vapor 30 , m3/kg 3 4 = g@100 2 = f@100 1 5 T, C

5 = @100 kPa, 150C 3 = [f + x f g]@100 kPa 1 = f@T1

Qin

Qin

Water interacts with thermal energy

kPa

kPa

Phase Change of Water

P = 100 kPa P = 100 kPa T = 30 C T = 99.6 C P = 100 kPa P = 100 kPa T = 99.6 C T = 99.6 C P = 100 kPa T = 150 C

Sat. Sat. Vapor Vapor

H2O: C. liquid

H2O Sat. liquid

H2O: Sat. Liq.

H2 O: 2 Sat. Vapor

H2 O: 2 Super Vapor

Qin

Qin

Qin

Qin

Qin

Water interacts with thermal energy

Phase Change of Water T, C

10

0k Pa

150 99.6 30

5 = @100 kPa, 150C 3 = [f + x f g]@100 kPa 1 = f@T1

, m3/kg
5 4 = g@100 3 2 = f@100 1
kPa

Compressed liquid: Good estimation for properties by taking y = yf@T where y can be either , u, h or s.

kPa

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 2-11 T-v diagram for the heating process of water at constant pressure.

2-1

Phase Change of Water

kP a 10 00

45.8 , m3/kg
f@100 g@100
kPa

10
kPa

99.6

kP

179.9

10 a

0k Pa

T, C

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. T v diagram: Multiple P

FIGURE 2-16 T-v diagram of constant-pressure phase-change processes of a pure substance at various pressures (numerical values are for water).

179.9 99.6 45.8

2-2

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

FIGURE 2-18 T-v diagram of a pure substance.

T v diagram: Multiple P

2-3

T v diagram - Example P, kPa 50

T, C 50 kPa

T, C 70

Psat, kPa

Tsat, C 81.33

, m3/kg

f@70 C

Phase, Y? Compressed Liquid, T < Tsat

81.3 70

=f@70 C = 0.001023

, m3/kg 3.240

T v diagram - Example P, kPa 200 , m3/kg 1.5493

T, C 400 374.1

Phase, Why? Sup. V., >g

Psat, kPa

Tsat, C 120.2

T, C 400

120.23

T- diagram with respect to the saturation lines

20

0k

Pa

f@200 kPa
= 0.001061

, m3/kg

g@200 kPa
= 0.8857

= 1.5493

T v diagram - Example P, kPa 1,000 u, kJ/kg 2,000

T, C

Psat, kPa

Tsat, C 179.9

T, C 179.9 Phase, Why? Wet Mix., uf < u < ug T- diagram with respect to the saturation lines
= [f + x f g]@1,000 kPa

179.9

1,0

00

374.1

kP a

f@1,000 kPa
= 0.001127

, m3/kg

g@1,000 kPa
= 0.19444

Property Table Saturated water Pressure table Pressure P, kPa 10 50 P, MPa 0.100 1.00 10 22.09 99.63 0.001043 1.6940 0.19444 417.36 761.68 2029.6 2088.7 1822.0 1151.4 0 2506.1 2583.6 2544.4 2029.6 179.91 0.001127 Specific internal energy, kJ/kg Tsat, C f, m3/kg g, m3/kg uf, kJ/kg ufg, kJ/kg ug, kJ/kg 45.81 81.33 0.001010 0.001030 14.67 3.240 191.82 340.44 2246.1 2143.4 2437.9 2483.9 Sat. temp. Specific volume, m3/kg

311.06 0.001452 0.018026 1393.04 374.14 0.003155 0.003155