00 Editorial

01 Letters to the Editor

02 Campus Update ............................................................................../ Surjya Chutia
13 The Academic World Around
15 Panorama
Personality
25 Self Development and Communication ............................./ Niranjan Sukla
Examination & Education
26 [ºJà šØn¡àt¡ tå¡[³* Ò’¤ šà¹à "ài¡àÒüt¡îA¡ ëÅøË¡ -14................ / ÎåÅà”z A¡¹
32 Necessity of ‘Enrichment Programme’......................................../ Ram Naresh Das
Career
35 ëA¡[¹Ú๠ë\¸à[t¡ .................................... / >ã[º³ ë\¸à[t¡ ëÎ>àš[t¡
Science & Tech.
42 Digboi Born Asomiya Scientist ........................../ Kamaruzzaman Ahmed
45 Nutrition and Health ..................................................../ Sangeeta Baruah
48 í\¯ í¤[W¡y -ÿ-ÿ- &[i¡ š™¢àìºàW¡>à ............................./ l¡0 ¹ê¡šàºã KîK
Language & Literature
50 šø`¡àÎå–ƒ¹ã 냯㹠K¿ ‘\Ú”zã’ ................................ / Òì¹–ƒø>à= ¤¹k¡àA塹
55 W¡™¢àšƒ : A¡ìÚA¡[i¡ ">àìºà[W¡t¡ t¡=¸Îèy ...................... / tå¡È๠A¡à[”z >à=
Social Science
60 "àì¤K ¤[\¢t¡ ™å[v¡û¡ [>Ë¡ ëÎ>à>ã¹ìÒ šøìÚà\> ................../ šèo¢à>–ƒ ¤¹ç¡¯à
62 Races in North East India ............................. /Bhudhor Phukan & Dr. Diganta Phukan
65 Christianity and Unity – North East Echoes ................................/ Patricia Mukhim
67 Some Reflections on Indian Philosophy ................................/ Dr. Bandana Puzari
72 WTO and Developing Countries ...................................................../ Anita Baruwa
Students' Column
75 Inclusive Growth : The Role of Corporate India .../ Paplu Borah & Samrat Mukherjee
80 Background Radiation ......................................................................./ Sanjay Saha
81 ³Uºîƒ¹ šå¹[oA¡ºãÚà >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ ................./ ³ì>à¹g> ³¹ào (P¡¹ç¡})
A Special Supplementary on Poetry edited by Dr. Kamalesh Kalita and Kamal Gogoi
attached with this issue of Pragyan.

Editorial Board
Patron : Dr. Bhuban Gogoi
Editor in Chief : Rana K. Changmai
Executive Editor : Sushanta Kar
Editors : Monika Devi, Rashmi Dutta, Mayuri Sharma Baruah, Manashi
Rajkhowa, Monika Das, Nilimjyoti Senapati, Surjya Chutia,
Dr. Kamalesh Kalita
Students’ Repsentative : Pankaj Gohain (Magazine Secretary, TCSU)
Published by : Assam College Teachers’ Associatiom (ACTA) Tinsukia
College Unit, Tinsukia College, Tinsukia 786125
Contact : (Cell) 9954226966, email : Pragyan_tsc50@yahoo.co.in
Web : www.perfspot.com/actapragyan05
Printed at : The Assam Computers (Govt.App ‘A’ category Press)
Parbotia, Tinsukia - 781625, Dial (0374) 2330424
1/ /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
 Surjya Chutia
1 College Foundation Day Observed
T he 52nd foundation day of Tinsukia college
was observed on 1st September, 2008 with
a day long programme. The programme started
with the hoisting of the college flag by
Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal in morning. It was
followed by inauguration of the newly
constructed commerce building by Sri R.P.
Singh, Hon’ble Chairman of the college G.B and
also the local MLA. The inaugural function was
also graced by Sri Rajen Baruah, Chairman
TDA, Sri Sujit Roy, former G.B. President,
Dr. Chandrakanta Sharma, Principal, Womens’
College, Tinsukia and Sri Paim Thi Gohain,
noted journalist, Dibrugarh. The whole
inaugural functions conducted by Sri B.K.
Lohiya, HoD, Commerce Department.
The 1st Mayuri Bora Memorial
Lecture & Award Giving Function was held
on the occasion under the presidentship of Dr.
Bhuban Gogoi, Principal, Tinsukia College. Sri
Paim Thi Gohain, noted freelance writer,
Dibrugarh took part in the lecture session as
the resource person. He delivered a lecture on
the relevant topic ‘Social Groups of Assam —
Their Entity, Source Study and Research.’ The
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
lecture session was followed by an interesting
interaction session. In the same meeting
Mayuri Bora Memorial Award was given to
the best graduate of the college this year. Smt.
Peenaz Iftekar Hussain of BBA, who is not
only the best graduate of the college this year
but also the topper in Dibrugarh University,
BBA final examination, was awarded the
honour. It is mentionable that the Mayuri Bora
Memorial Trust is founded this year (2008)
by her family in memory of Late Mayuri Bora
who was a former student of Tinsukia College.
The trust has decided to offer the ‘Mayuri
Bora Memorial Award’ every year to the best
graduate of Tinsukia College.
It may be mention here that the 6th year
1st issue of Pragyan also was inaugurated by
Sri Gohain in this very programme. A compiled
volume of Pragyan from 1st to 15th Issue was
also handed over to the Principal by Rana K.
Changmai, Editor in Chief, Pragyan for library
collection.
The day long programme ended up with
lighting of earthen lamps in the college campus
in the evening.
/2
 2 Smooth Students’Union Election Conducted on 29th Sept, 08

T he Tinsukia College students union election

was held on 29 Sept., 2008 to constitute
the students body for the session 2008-09. The
10. ” Boys’ Common Room :
Deo Prashad Sarma
11. ” Gymnasium : Prince Tiwari
Election Committee headed by Sri Someswar 12. ” Girls’ Common Room :
Hazarika conducted the whole process of Geetanjali Gogoi
election sincerely and smoothly. The newly 13. ” Magazine : Pankaj Gohain
elected members to the students’ body are : This new body took over charge on 4th
1. President (Ex-officio) : October, 2008 in a general meting presided over
Principal, Dr. Bhuban Gogoi by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal Tinsukia
2. Vice President : Anuj Pratim Boruah College.
3. General Secretary : Lakhya Jyoti Boruah
4. Asst. General Secretary :
Horesh Pradhan
5. Secretary, Outdoor Games:
Suraj Sharma
6. ” Indoor Games : Karuna Kanta Gogoi
7. ” Cultural : Trishna Konwar
8. ” Literary and Debating : Ashok Yadav
9. ” Social Service : Jayantajeet Boruah

3 First Ever Kabi Sanmilan Held at the College Premise

A Kabi Sanmilan namely ‘Sharator Duporia

Kabitar Edin’ was organized by Sri Kamal
Gogoi, Secretary Magazine, TCSU at the
As a part of the Kabi Sanmilan the latest
issue of the college wall magazine ‘Bhaskar’
was officially inaugurated by Sri Dileep Kalita,
Tinsukia College premises on 26 Sept., 2008. HoD, Chemistry Department of the college.
The Kabi Sanmilan was presided over by The issue was edited by the Magazine
Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal Tinsukia College, Secretary, (Kamal Gogoi) TCSU.
Smt. Bontimala Devi, HoD, Assamese
Department. Sri Hari Singh Tomar, HoD, Hindi
Department and Sri Rana K. Changmai, HoD,
English Department, took part as observers and
judged of the Sanmilan. Apart from the 19
students several teachers and non teaching staff
of the college read their own poems. Addressing
the sanmilan Dr. Gogoi said that as the words
of poetry touches heart, similarly through the
powerful words of a poem the society also can
be reformed. He appealed the upcoming poets
and the new generation to bring new
atmosphere in the society through their power
of words.

3/ /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

 4 4th Issue of ‘Asha’ Inaugurated

A
‘ sha’ is a departmental journal of Bengali
Department, Tinsukia College, published
annually as a part of academic excellence of the
to create an atmosphere of literary activities in
the college campus. The inaugural function was
followed by a cultural programme where student
department. The 4th issue of the journal was artists and the principal entertained the gathering
inaugurated by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal, through their performances. The function ended
Tinsukia College in a meeting held on 1st October, with vote of thanks offered by Sri Sushanta Kar,
2008 under the presidentship of Sri Kanak Chanda, Lecturer, Bengali Department.
HoD, Bengali
Department, Smt
Kiron Goswami, Vice
Principal and Smt.
Bantimala Devi, HoD,
Assamese Department
graced the occasion as
the guests of honour. It
is a humble endeavour

The College Community Condemned the

5
Serial Terrorist Attack at the State

T he teachers, students and employees of

Tinsukia College in a meeting held on 1st
November, 2008 expressed deep shock at the sad
departed souls and expressed deep sympathies
to the next kin of the family members of those
killed in the blasts.
killings of more than 80 people in the serial blasts Moreover, all the teachers of Tinsukia
in different places of Assam, including Guwahati, college registered their protest against the
Barpeta, Bongaigaon and Kokrajhar on October incident by wearing black badges on 4th Oct.,
30, 2008. The meeting strongly condemned the 2008 in classrooms.
inhuman and A C TA ,
cowardly act Tinsukia Zone
of spineless organised a silent
terrorists and procession on 4th
mourned the Nov, 2008 in
deaths in this Tinsukia town to
m o s t protest the serial
unfortunate blasts. All the
incident. The college teachers,
meeting also students and
prayed to the non-teaching
almighty for staff under the
eternal peace banner of ACTA,
of the Tinsukia zone

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

/4
took part in the protest rally. After the rally, a
protest meeting was held at Women’s College,
Tinsukia. The meeting demanded stringent
punishment of those guilty in perpetrating the
6 Annual Memorial Lecture Held
T he annual departed teacher’s memorial
lecture of Tinsukia College for this year
was organised by the Tinsukia College
Teachers’ Unit on 20th Nov, 2008. In this
respect a general meeting was held at the
college auditorium where Sri Ratna Gopal
Gogoi, Secy. of the Teachers’ Unit addressed
the invited guests and audience in general and
bid them a warm welcome to the annual event
first. Then Smt. Kiron Goswami, Vice
Principal, Tinsukia College kindled a lamp in
memory of the departed teachers of the college.
It was followed by
floral tribute
offered to the
departed souls by
Sri Mahendranath
Saikia, former
Principal of the
college.
Noted writer
7 The Hindi Department Observed Hindi Month.
T he Hindi Month was observed in Tinsukia
College with a great pomp and vigour. To
mark the occasion, various competitions were
held among the students to create awareness to
the national language and also to popularise
Hindi in society. The competitions included
poem recitation, extempore speech, songs,
dance and written competitions were poem
writing and short story writing, etc.
The closing ceremony and seminar on
‘Kabir, His Time and Present Day World’ was
held on 25th Nov, 2008 at the college
premises under the chairmanship of Sri H.S.
Tomar, HoD, Hindi Department, Tinsukia
5/
heinous crimes and called for an environment of
peace. The meeting made a fervent appeal to all
the quarters concerned for adequate steps so that
such incidents of violence do not recur in future.
and eminent intellectual Prof. Ratan Kr. Kataky
(MBBS, MD, Ph.D) Medicine Dept. Assam
Medical College, Dibrugarh was invited to
deliver this year’s memorial lecture on the topic
‘Paramparagato Bharatiya Chikitsa Paddhati;
Prayug, Bister aru Prasangikata’ The lecture
session was followed by a live and interesting
interaction session. The main lecture session of
the day was presided over by Smt. Kiran
Goswami. The day long programme ended with
vote of thanks offered by Smt. Sangeeta Baruah,
Asst. Secy, Tinsukia College Teacher’s Unit.
College. Sri Raj Rup Singh, Rtd. HoD, Hindi
Dept., Digboi College attended the seminar
session as resource person. The special
seminar session was officially inaugurated by
Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal, Tinsukia
College, Smt. Kiron Goswami, Vice Principal,
Tinsukia College and Dr. Punendu Sekhar
Das, Vice Principal, Tinsukia Commerce
College graced the occasion as the Chief
Guest. Sri B.N. Pandey, HoD, Rtd. Digboi
College; Dr. A.N. Sahay, HoD, Dibru College,
Dibrugarh; Dr. Hare Ram Pathak, HoD,
Digboi Mahila Mahavidyalaya; Dr. Hiralal
Prasad, HoD, Tinsukia Commerce College;
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
Sri Hiralal Verma, HoD, Dept. of Geography,
Tinsukia College were the special guest of
the function.
The winners of various competitions were
8 A Three Member Team From Tinsukia College Attended the
‘Space Talk’ at Shillong
I n response to an invitation from Dr. Rajen
Baruah (Houstan, Texas) the CMD of the
Friends of Assam and Seven Sister (FASS), a
team from Tinsukia College comprising of three
members i.e. Dr. Bulbul Gogoi, lecturer,
Physics, two B.Sc. 3rd year students — Shri
Gyanendra Upadhyaya and Umakanra Baruah
participated the Space Talk programme with
Edward Mike Finke on 1st Dec., 2008 at St.
Anthony College, Shillong. The programme was
organised by FASS and held in the packed
auditorium of the college. Apart from the Staffs
and Students of the college, enthusian students
and scholars from different parts of North East
India took part the unique event.
Here is the detail report of the event as
prepared and mailed to Pragyan by Dr Sayeed
Iftikar Ahmed, FASS
On 1st December, 2008 the students of St.
Anthony’s College had the unique privilege of
having a live interaction with the Astronauts
from the International Space Station (ISS). St.
Anthony’s College had a festive look today with
banners of the event well displayed in the
campus & the
auditorium .
The colourful
Banners ,
displayed
about the
e v e n t
organized by
FASS. The
event was
held in the
p a c k e d
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
also awarded prizes in the meeting. The
ceremony ended with vote of thanks offered
by Sri Ratna Gopal Gogoi, lecturer, Hindi
Dept., Tinsukia College.
auditorium of the college. In addition to the staff
and students of the college, students from the
neighbouring schools had also come to witness
this unique event. Over 700 Students and Staff
and guests were present in the event including
few guests from Assam, a three member team
from far-away Tinsukia College as well. Media
Presence was significant . All the Local Media
both Visual and Print Media persons were
present along with some regional & national
media. Visual Media like DD National,
Shillong; PCN Channel; Khasi Channel
covered the programme. Print Media were
Present like Shillong Times, Meghalaya
Guardian, Sentinel and other Khasi Local
Newspapers besides national media
representatives.
Eleven students of St. Anthony’s College
were selected to interact with the ISS, each
asking one question. The participants had a ten
minute question and answer session with Micke
Finke, the commander of the Expedition 18 at
the ISS.
Prior to this event on 1st December , a
dry run /
rehearsal of
t h e
programme
was done
with Rajen
Barua in
Houston on
Friday, 21st
November
2008.
Based
/6
on the experience of the dry run , all deficiencies
were identified and corrected . We identified that
the sound system needed to improve . We hired
Mr Ba Tony , who brought in the state-of-the-
art Sound System of the Radio Stations used for
their telephonic call in programmes. By 12.30
PM the auditorium was getting full. Fr. Ioannis
Warpakma sbd, the Principal of the college
welcomed everyone & requested me to make a
presentation . Realising we had enough time
before the actual connection, I made a
presentation using my 32 Power Point Slides ,
I prepared for the event depicting with pictures
the ISS with its history particularly highlighting
Expedition 18 and its Commander Mike & the
astronauts who are carrying out many
researches, including some related to health and
environment, at the space station. & issues
related to Combustion Science, Material
Science, experiments on fundamental Physics,
Oxygen manufacture in ISS , growing plants in
ISS. Etc. I gave the details about the family of
Mike & Renita. Since we had time till 1.15 PM,
the presentation kept the large audience
involved. Thereafter, Fr. Ioannis requested
Patricia Mukhim and Bidyananda Borkakti
both on the dais to speak to the audience.
Before the actual connection with ISS took
place with Mike, operators from NASA ground
station established the radio link between ARISS
Volunteers ( Amateur Radio Volunteers) which
was established from Honululu, Hawai (Nancy)
& Brussels in Europe and relayed to Shillong.
Nancy called us & we assisted in conducting
two trial run for the interaction with the
students. Nancy gave us continuous feedback
about the sound level . Accordingly the students
were directed to speak clearly and loudly to be
audible by Mike.
The live interaction began at 1.45 pm
(IST). Fr. Ioannis Warpakma sdb, the Principal
of the college introduced the college and greeted
Mike and his team at ISS. It was then Mike’s
turn and Mike began by greeting the audiences
with ‘Khublei Shibun’ (thank you in Khasi) .
7/
He wished the gathering in Khasi, ‘Khublei’,
the greeting in khasi mother tongue here at
Shillong. Everyone was thrilled !
The participants then asked the questions
given to them one by one and Micke had
interesting answer for each. When asked by the
one of the students whether he could see man-
made objects like the Great Wall of China and
the Pyramids from the space station, he said he
could see both the structures very clearly from
the space station. Asked if he could see the effects
of pollution or climate change, Mike said climate
change was a gradual process but the effects
were indeed visible from space.
“What do you do when one of you gets
sick?” was a question posed by student Eti Roy.
Mike’s reply was, “We try not to get sick. We are
in perfect health. Even if we need some advice,
the doctor is only a phone call away”.
In response to a question on what type of
food they eat and drink while in space, he said
they took Russian and American food from the
refrigerator but his wife had packed some
paneer too. Mike, while responding to another
query, said oxygen was made in the space using
Russian technology.
When asked what he missed most about
the earth while in space, he said, “I miss my
family and my home”.
There was also a question in Assamese
and he answered it rather well to the interest of
all. Mike also sang a few lines on seasonal
greetings in Assamese from the space station.
His ability to speak the language so fluently
amazed all the people who were inside the
auditorium. There was an air of excitement and
expectation as the audience which included
visitors from Assam waited eagerly for the
satellite link-up.
The last part of the session was a Khasi
song from the Music Department of the college.
Mike and his team at ISS had thus the privilege
of hearing a song of Shillong and the unique
chance of having our melody from Shillong in
the outer space. For the first time ever, students
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
of St Anthony’s College sang a popular Khasi
song ‘Ksing Lynti’ as a token of love and
appreciation for astronaut and commander of
International Space Station (ISS) Expedition 18
Mike Fincke. He later said he was deeply
touched by the song and that he would
eventually record the song and play it while in
space.
Mike repeated ‘Khublei Shibun’
enthusiastically after the students sang the song
from here at the college’s auditorium after eleven
students of the college asked the astronaut several
questions relating to space travel.
Mrs. Patricia Mukhim, Editor, Shillong
Times, who is a member of FASS in Shillong
presided over the function. At the end of the
function all participants and the singers were
given Certificates of Participation by the guests.
P.S: In an e-mail to Pragyan Dr. Ahmed also wrote :
Dear Editor, ‘Pragyan’ I met Dr BulBul Gogoi &
the two students. It was very nice to meet them & to
see their enthusiasm. You can publish the report in
‘Pragyan’.
Best of Luck
Dr. Sayed Iftikar Ahmed
Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters (FASS)
siahmed60@hotmail.com;

9 44th College Week Held Successfully

A s per academic schedule of the Tinsukia

College, the 44th annual college week was
held from 16 to 22 Dec, 2008. The week long
graced the meeting as Chief Guest. Sri Pulak
Chetia, President, Tinsukia district AASU, was
also present as Special Invitee in the function.
programme started on 16th Dec. morning when The winners of various competitions in the
Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal of the College college week were awarded prized in the
formally hoisted the college flag. meeting.
The latest issue of the college wall 29th issue of the Tinsukia College
magazine ‘Bhaskar’ edited by the present Magazine (Session 2006-07), edited by Sri
magazine secretary, TCSU was unveiled by Smt. Bidhan Moran, (Magazine Secy, 2006-07) and
Bontimala Devi, HoD, Assamese Dept. published by TCSU was officially inaugurated
The schedule of the whole College Week in the meeting by Smt.Kiron Goswami, Vice
included almost all Principal, Tinsukia
relevant competitions College.
and related activities that A colourful
prove students’ talent in c u l t u r a l
various field. extravaganza
On the last day, i.e. marked the evening
22nd Dec, 2008 a general of the day, which
meeting was held under was inaugurated by
the presidentship of Dr. Sri Nayan Nilim
Bhuban Gogoi, Principal Baruah, renowned
of the College at the artist of the state. In
College Auditorium. Dr. the cultural
Chandra Kanta Sarma, programme artists
Principal, Women’s from students flock
College Tinsukia, Dr. and invited local
Badal Sen, Principal, artists including
Tinsukia Commerce College, among others, Nayan Nilim entertained the audience.

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

/8
 The Department of Physics is All Set to Organize a National
10
Seminar on Recent Advances in Astronomy & Astrophysics
The year 2009 is going to be observed
globally as the “International Year of
Astronomy”. With a view to joining hands with
the international community in the year long
celebration of the event, the Physics
Department of Tinsukia College is organizing
a national seminar RAAAS – 2009 from 24th
to 26th Nov, 2009. The seminar is expected to
provide a larger impact to the society as it will
provide the researchers as well as the students
of the North-East region with ample
opportunity to interact and share thoughts with
the experts from different fields of science and
technology. Another significant event that is
going to take place during that period (9th July
2009) is the Total Solar Eclipse and it is a lucky
coincidence for us that the umbra of the eclipse
will be passing through Tinsukia district of
Assam. This event provides us with a great
opportunity for scientific observation and
awareness generating programmes for the
masses. The College takes this opportunity and
plans to undertake various programmes
throughout the year and we believe that the
national seminar will be a befitting finale to
the whole event. The scientific programme
includes key note address, invited talks,
contributed papers and interaction of the
students with noted scholars in the field of
Astronomy and Astrophysics. Apart from this,
a special evening session on sky watching will
be organized (with highly sophisticated
Astronomical Telescopes under the guidance
of noted Astronomers) for generating
awareness among the common people.
Major Fields to be covered: 1.
Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2. Spectroscopy
in Astronomy, 3. Astronomy and Environment,
4. Amateur Astronomy, 5. Condensed Matter
physics and Astrophysics, 6. Plasma physics
and Astrophysics.
(The Updater teaches Economics in the College)
9/
Call for Papers : The organizing
committee invites research papers from
participants for presentation in the above
mentioned fields. The contributed papers after
scrutiny by a panel of referees will be published
in a reputed journal. The abstracts/ papers
should be submitted to:
1. Dr. R. Bordoloi, Convener
2. R. Konwar & Dr. B.Gogoi,
Co-Conveners, RAAAS-2009
Cell: 9435133583, 9435136623,
9954670842
E-Mail: rajib_assam01@yahoo.com,
rajib_assam01@hotmail.com,
konwar_rajib@rediffmail.com,
bulgog@gmail.com,
Dead Lines for Abstract submission:
Abstract submission: 24 th August, 2009.
Full Paper Submission: 24th October, 2009.
Registration Fee: Rs. 1000/- for
employed participants of Universities/
Colleges/ Research Establishments/ Industries/
Others. Rs.500/- for student participants.
Deadline for Preliminary Registration:
24th Aug, 2009.
Accommodation : The registered
participants will be provided local hospitality
and accommodation during the seminar. The
participants should be prepared to share rooms
with their colleagues in a double/ triple bedded
room. The accompanying person may also be
accommodated in hotels/ guest houses on
receiving the payments in advance. The
registration fee may be sent by demand draft
in favour of “Convenor, RAAAS-2009”
payable at the Union Bank, Tinsukia Branch
(code No………….)
For detail report please visit: http://
www.perfspot.com/pragyan05. That detail report
and many more about this seminar will be
published in the March, 09 issue of Pragyan.
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
 Campus Update

R anjan Das, a senior lecturer in the

department of Geography of
Tinsukia College and a renowned
ornithologist of the state, has been an
amateur bird watcher for the past 10
years, recently claimed to have spotted
an endangered bird at the Dibru-
Saikhowa National Park, 40 years after
it was last seen at Kaziranga National
Park. He made this declaration at a news
conference on 26th Nov.,08 in Tinsukia
world.” He would now send the photographs and
that he had spotted the lesser white-
other details about the sighting of the bird to
fronted goose in the national park in
conservation experts in different global
Tinsukia district on 24th Nov.,08. Dibru-
organisations, including the Bombay Natural
Saikhowa is a haven for migratory birds
History Society and International Union for
and hosts several species from Siberia
Conservation of Nature.
and European countries during winter.
Das, who is doing research on grassland
He also handed out photographs of
birds in Dibru-Saikhowa, used a Nikon digital
a single lesser white-fronted goose,
camera with telephoto lens to shoot a few stills
which he had spotted amid a gaggle of
of the rare bird. “I could make out that it was
other migratory birds. He said at the
not a very common bird. But I did not realise
conference, “It is a very important
that it was a very rare species. Only after I came
development from the conservation
back and consulted the guide books on birds did
point of view. There are less than 15,000
I realise that this is an important moment,” he
birds of the species left in the
added. He said that the ornithologists have
records of the last sighting of the bird in Assam
on January 17, 1968, by a Englishman named
McKenzie at Kaziranga. After
that there are no records of
the bird in Assam. A native
of Scandinavia and Siberia,
the lesser white fronted
goose travels to the south
every winter when its home
becomes snow-bound and

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

/ 10
food becomes scarce. According to Ranjan Das
this part of the world is not a natural migration
place for the species. A few may have followed
other birds to reach this place.
The story bellow will clarify more on the
route of this endangered bird species:
In July-August 2006 6 Lesser White Photo by S.V. Rupasov
fronted Geese (Anser erythropus) were marked Sites and dates of marking birds
with satellite transmitters North Star on the Collar 3Hput on 30.07.2006. 67 ° 52' cw, 91 ° 57' ε∂
Putorana Plateau. This is a rare Palearctic goose Collar 4Z put on 25.07.2006. 68 ° 10' cw., 92 ° 43' ε∂
species with not yet clearly known migratory Collar 7B put on 24.07.2006. 68 ° 01' cw, 92 ° 25' ε∂
routes. The initiator and main executor of the Collar 5B put on 29.07.2006. 67 ° 55' cw, 92 ° 05' ε∂
project on the Lesser White-fronts migration is Collar 0H put on 24.07.2006. 68 ° 00' cw., 92 ° 23' ε∂
the Goose, Swan and Duck Study Group of Collar 6B put on 02.08.2006. 67 ° 47' cw, 91 ° 52' ε∂
Northern Eurasia. At present the Study Group The references to interactive maps are
and Mining and Smelting Enterprise “Norilsk given below in the same order.
Nikel” together with the State Nature Reserve Interactive schemes of movements
“Putoransky” are working on the project on the The recent update 02.06.2007
studies of migration and conservation of Lesser
White-fronts breeding on the Putorana Plateau.
In 2006, within the frames of this project, the
expedition to the Dyupkun Lake (south-western
Putorana Plateau) was carried out. About 100
Lesser White-front pairs are breeding at this
tectonic lake.
Within the project the method for searching
and capturing goose (Lesser White-fronts) was 3H Red OH Violet
(24/07/06-13/01/07)
worked out and successfully used on the large
tectonic lakes with vast area, up to 100 m depth
and coast line up to several hundreds of
kilometers long. Really, the method for
“searching of a needle in a hay stock” has been
worked out. The team of only 4 people
successfully used this method. In 2006 6 local
breeding Lesser White-fronts were successfully 7B (Lilac) 24/07 - 25/09/06 4Z (green) 25/07 - 31/08/06
captured and marked with satellite transmitters.
Birds were marked since 24.07.2006 to
02.08.2006, during post-breeding moult. All
marked birds were captured from the boat on
the open water area of the lake. The signals of
the transmitters, working over 100 days, have
already revealed the main migratory direction
of birds: from the Putorana Plateau birds fly
5B(Orange) 6B (gray) 02/08-20/08/06
south-westwards (over West Siberian depression 29/07-10/09/06
to Kazakhstan).
11 / /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
 Schematic map of movement
Short information on a state of marked
birds on 01.04.07
At present the satellite telemetry is being
received only from one bird - 3H (references are
above; the other maps are not updated any more
due to absence of movements). After long
staging at the border between Kazakhstan and
Orenburg Province of Russia, the birds 3H and
0H flew over the Caspian Sea to the border
between Iran and Nakhichevan Province of
Azerbaijan, where they still stayed since early
November not far from each other. 0H all the
time was moving along the coasts of the large
water reservoir in northern Iran (since 4.11 untill
the end of December), 01.01.2007 it moved to
southern Iraq to Mesopotamia. Last telemetry
from this bird received on 13.01.07 from densely
populated region of Kut-El-Amara city in Tigr
valley. It is equally possible that it died or
transmitter is out of order.
3H stayed for a long time on the junction
of the border between Azerbaijan, Armenia,
Turkey and Iran, at daytime in the Araks River
valley, at night in the mountains of Iran. Between
30.11 and 03.12 the latter bird flew southward
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
along the border between Syria and Iraq, where
it stayed until the end of January (the Euphrates
River valley). During this period, transmitters
battery must have depleted, as the locations
became rare and low quality. From 19.02 until
16.03 the bird stayed in Naryn-Chai river valley
to the south of Mt.. Karatepe in eastern Iraq,
occasionally moving to nearby mountains. After
20.03 the bird started to move to nesting area.
Location from Caspian Sea (to the south of
Ogurchinsky island) could be a mistake, though
it has a class 0, as the previous location A was
obtained from the same wintering area 2.5 hours
ago (this location was considered to be a
mistaken one). Since March, 27 the bird is
located in Kura river valley in Central Azerbajan.
Other birds:
Birds 4Z and 5B – the transmitters are
likely damaged. Locations are absent since early
September; however there was a location of A
grade of the bird 4Z from the Pura and Taz rivers
watershed on 9 October, but it is likely an error.
The bird 6B died between 19 and 23.08,
but the transmitter works: The locations of high
grades (1-3) are transmitted almost from the
same point at Dyupkun Lake up till now.
The bird 7B also had most likely died, since
the transmitter stopped working in the area with
intensive hunting. However the transmitter
damage is also possible.
© We have presented this story with slite
modification from a project report of GIS-Lab.
Initiator and executor of the project -
Goose, Swan and Duck Study Group of Northern
Eurasia.
The project is supported by Norilsk Nikel
Enterprise. The leader of the project and
expedition is A.A. Romanov (State Nature
Reserve “Putoransky”) with the help of Bird
Ringing Centre of Russia . Participants of the
expedition: S.V. Rupasov, E.A. Zhuravlev,
S.V.Golubev. Telemetry data processing,
mapping, programming, relevant web-support:
GIS-Lab.info, I.N. Pospelov — A Pragyan
Presentation
/ 12
Cotton College, Guwahati
Seminar on Job Opportunities in the Middle East
F riends of Assam & Seven Sisters (FASS)
and Entrepreneurship Development Cell
(EDC) Cotton College successfully organized
a Seminar on “Job Opportunities in the Middle
East” at the Sudmersen Hall of Cotton College
on August 28th, 08. Sri Bikram M. Baruah from
Abu Dhabi, an Assamese NRI and International
Director of FASS for United Arab Emirates
(UAE), during his presentation dwelt on the
present booming sectors & job opportunities in
UAE, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and
Kuwait . He informed the participants that it is
always better to go to the Middle East with a
minimum of 2-3 years experience in the home
country and should go with an ‘Employment
Visa’ after receiving the job contract from the
employer. He said that job openings are not only
for Doctors and Engineers but there are also a
lot of job opportunities in jobs like drivers,
nurses, technicians, welders, masons etc. The
real estate sector is presently booming.
During question-answer session he said that
organizations like FASS, Assam Association of
Dubai (www.assamdubai. org) etc. have come
Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh
SanMilan at Dibrugarh University
O n October 25, vice-chancellor of
Dibrugarh University, K.K. Deka,
inaugurated the meet, titled Inclusive Growth:
The Role of Corporate India. The inaugural
13 /
forward in guiding the interested job seekers to
get jobs in these countries and it is now people
of this region who should come forward. Sri
Baruah said that in UAE 17% is local popula-
tion, 60% South Asians and 23% others; law is
equal for all and relatively open society.
Also present in the Seminar were Sri Sankar
Bora, an International Director of FASS for Saudi
Arabia and FASS member Dr. Basobi Poddar
Borkakoti. The Assamese NRI couple from Saudi
Arabia answered questions specific to Saudi Ara-
bia from the participants. Dr. Basobi, who works
in a hospital in Saudi Arabia, informed the gath-
ering that there are a lot of opportunities for
trained nurses. Sri Sankar Bora mentioned the
names of some of the reputed oil companies
where interested job seekers can apply.
Dr. Satyendra Choudhury, Chief Co-
ordinator of EDC Cotton College said that FASS
and EDC Cotton College would jointly organ-
ise more such seminars in future. FASS
Guwahati Vice-President Sri Jayanta Barman
and Executive member Sri Buljit Buragohain
were present in the seminar. [PEB]
session was followed by Manthan — a panel
discussion. Then there was Agni, a panel for
ignited minds, where students presented papers
on various issues. This was followed by a
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
business quiz, Bizmantra. SanMilan also
featured Rhythm, a music competition, an
alumni meet and a cultural programme, Autumn
Aura. A team of teachers and students from
Tezpur University, Tezpur
The Two Day TechXetra,’08 at Tezpur University
T he two-day TechXetra’08, the first annual
technological festival of Tezpur University
was held on 17th and 18th October, 08. Tech
jargon floated in the air and every corner of the
university housed some technological wonders
starting from robotics to circuit designs to
photography.
The festival was being organised by the
School of Engineering . The aims of the fest were
to explore the frontiers of science and encourage
techno geeks. The two-day event was packed
with defence and science exhibitions, quiz,
photography and literary programmes.
Prof T.V. Ramachandran, a
scientist from the Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore , was
the chief guest at the
programme. He spoke on the
need to expose students to the
technological developments
across the world. S. Ghatak of
Amitabh Shukla
What comes you Credit
What goes you Debit.
The birth is your Opening Stock.
Your ideas are your Assets.
Your views are your Liabilities.
The happiness is your Profit.
The sorrow is your Loss.
Your soul is your Goodwill.
Your heart is your Fixed Asset.
(The contributor works as an Asst. Accountant in the College)
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
Centre of Management Studies (CME) of
Tinsukia College was also present there. The
paper presented by the BBA students of the
college adjudged the best one. [PEB]
Tata Consultancy Services, Calcutta, graced the
occasion as guest of honour. He talked on how
a sound industry-academia relationship can help
build future executives.
A wide range of military gadgets was
displayed and a lecture delivered by Col A.S.
Paul of Gajraj Corps. A coding contest, a
structure design event, advertisement and
photography contests and a computer gaming
competition drew a large number of
participants. There was also an essay and
science fiction writing competition, an electrical
circuit design programme and a mathematical
model making contest. The contests were
followed by a talk by Dipak
Chakravarty, director
(technical),
Numaligarh Refinery
Limited, on the importance of
natural gas as a contributor to energy
demands. [PEB]
Your duties are Outstanding Expenses.
Your friendship is Hidden Adjustment.
Your character is Your Capital.
Your knowledge is Your Investments.
Your patience is your Bank Balance.
Your thinking is your Current Account.
Your behaviour is your Journal Entry.
Bad things you should Always Depreciate.
/ 14
 to their call, will receive the child
name with photos with details
information. He or she can write
letter to them, can talk with them
in the school telephone, and can
send them greetings card and
books through the school library.
The objective of this initiative by
AFNA is to build a bond between
the NRA (Non-resident
Assamese) and their people back
home. In an appeal through the
internet Ankur Bora from Dallas,
Texas wished this good
relationship between the sponsor
and the sponsor child will go for
ever and it will be a great
blessing for the children.
The AFNA is also planning
to include the victims of the recent
Assam Foundation of North America (30/10) bomb blast in Assam.
There are a number of children
(AFNA) Planned to Support Orphans whose parents died or gravely
in Assam injured in this carnage. Many of
them are staying in orphanages

A ssam Foundation of North America (AFNA)- a non-profit

organization, has been supporting (and planning to
support ) a number of educational institutions and orphanages
and they may not be able to
continue with their education
without help from public.
for the underprivileged children in Assam . These include AFNA is registered under
Parijat Academy and Snehalaya at Guwahati , Asha Darshan section 501(c)(3) of the IRS
in Tamulpur , Prajnalaya at Jorhat and Rural Volunteer Force code with Tax I.D: 61-0994468
at Dhemaji . AFNA in collaboration with these institutions and contribution made by any
has recently started a program ‘Sponsor a Child’. With this individual will be exempted
program, an individual can sponsor the educational cost of a from tax.
child, who without the sponsorship may not be able to complete ©http://www.assamfoundation.net/
his/her education. Their initial plan is to sponsor Rs 2,000 to html,AnkurBora
(ankur_bora2000@yahoo.com)
Rs 5,000 per child per year. Any one, who will show interest

FulMarxx Filmed Eentertainment Co. is Flourishing

H is real life story sounds more like a reel

life one. He came to Ahmedabad in 2001
to complete a degree in plastics engineering
from LD College. But his first life dragged him
to Los Angeles in 2005 for a film-making
course. He however quit mid-way and get back
to Delhi, struggling for work. The course ,
there, would have taken five years and he
couldn’t afford to go there for that much time.
His father’s insistence led him to clear CAT

15 / /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

and enrol himself for MBA in 2006. But he
quit again. It might seem at this point that he
was a quitter but this time he had heard his inner
voice and wanted to get into film making.
That’s when he decided to join Mudra Institute
of Communications Ahmedabad (MICA)
where he got his first taste of film life.
The real story started here about a year
back. Shiladitya Bora, a the 26-year-old lad
from Jorhat, Assam and a PGP student of the
MICA started ‘FulMarxx’ with a few friends.
What started as a venture to organise the short
film festival today has multiple verticals - they
make short firms, organise the festival, have
an entertainment and movie marketing arm the short films festival idea was incubated. But
called FulMarxx 360 Degrees and a production the funding was still a major issue.
house too called FulMarxx Motion Pictures. His search took him to Tina Ambani, first
Last May, his ‘New Model’ integrated filmed lady of the Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani
entertainment company FulMarxx organised a group and one-time leading actress of Bollywood
short film festival called FulMarxx Shorts Fest, films. She gave him a cheque of Rs 10,000/-
which received 189 entries from 18 countries within minutes. FulMarxx, which had started
in 16 languages. Now, His first film ‘ZINDAGI with just Rs 2,200 has grown into Rs 80 lakhs
24 Frames Per Second’ is expected to hit already and the team expects to touch a turnover
theatres August next year. of Rs 4 crore by next year. If everything goes
At MICA, his urge to make it big led him well then they may go for an IPO by 2013. His
to experimenting with a number of opportunities, next venture is a Bengali film Antaheen. His aim
from clicking pictures to making business plans is to give Bollywood’s leading production houses
to delivering projects for various institutions. a run for their money soon.
The MICA Entrepreneurship Development © The Economics Times, Buljit Buragohain
(buluassam@yahoo.co.in), Tapash Talukdar, ET Bureau
Centre came to his rescue and it was here that

IM Members not Your Typical Terror Recruits

T he background and upbringing of members

of Indian Mujahideen (IM), which is
suspected of carrying out blasts across the
to have friendships with the opposite sex. This

country, are becoming a cause for concern

as they do not fit the stereotype of people
who can be brain-washed into committing
acts of terror.
They have not been educated in
madrassas, are qualified to get good jobs and
earn a decent living, are well-informed, wear
jeans and other Western clothes, have
profiles on networking sites and are believed

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

/ 16
is in total contrast to the picture painted by
investigation agencies of mostly poor, orthodox
Muslim youths educated in madrassas being
drawn to terror groups.
Most of the suspects belong to the Sunni
sect and some IM members had been educated
at good institutes and had respectable jobs.
M K Dhar, former joint director,
Intelligence Bureau, says, “It seems a new
group of well-educated Muslim youths has been
drawn towards terror. It is a serious concern that
members of IM are not products of madrassas
but seemingly normal youths. No madrassa-
educated youth has been found being involved
at any stage of the blasts that were allegedly
planned and executed by IM. These are
historical mistakes that will only make the
Muslims suffer in the long run.”
Former IB joint director M K Dhar believes
IM members are seemingly normal youths
.Maulana Qasmi says not all Muslims are innocent
but investigations should be ‘more transparent’.
Maulana Burhanuddin Qasmi, who
studied in Deoband and is director of Mumbai-
based institute Markazul Ma’arif Education and
Research Centre, says, “If people like Atif ( one
of those killed in Delhi encounter), who are
considered to be a part of the mainstream unlike
madrassa-educated students, are involved in
Byatikrom : An Academic & Career Oriented
Bengali Magazine Started its Journey.
P ublishing industry in Assam is
flourishing day by day. The state
publishes daily papers & periodicals
in such a quantity that probably it
can be now a day acclaimed as
‘Neighbour’s Envy Ours Pride!’
‘Byatikrom’- a Bengali academic
and career oriented monthly
magazine is a new feather to the
state’s cap. Sri Pradyut
Bardoloi, the minister of power
17 /
terrorism, then the signs are bad.
“The government and political machinery
must get to the root of this trend and find ways
to wean them away from such activities.”
Moreover, prominent members of the
community feel that though the ‘convent-
educated’ IM members claim to be espousing
the Muslim cause, they appear to be in the dark
about important historical facts. They point to
one of the e-mails sent to media houses by the
IM in which they claim to be following in the
footsteps of Maulvi Ismail and Sayed Ahmad
Barelwi. “Maulvi Ismail and Sayed Ahmad
Barelwi were ulemas (clerics) who fought
against the British and inspired a large number
of Muslims. “Their names can’t be invoked by
anyone taking the lives of innocents. Their role
and struggle was different,” says Qasmi.
Perhaps, not all Muslims are innocent but
Qasmi insists the investigation agencies must
be ‘more transparent’ and prove their claims.
“The Delhi encounter and the arrests of
Muslim youths have not been as transparent as
we would have liked to be. “A lot of questions,
such as who is the mastermind and how are the
bombings taking place, remain unanswered,” he
says. (This piece was written by Danish Khan)
©,Mumbai Mirror, Maulana Burhanuddin Qasmi
(markazulmaarif@yahoogroups.com)
and industry inaugurated the
magazine on 18th October, 08 in
a function held at Land Mark
Hotel , Guwahati. He was being
accompanied by Sri Manash
Choudhuri, the education minister
of Meghalaya and many more
dignitaries from NE India and
beyond.
A Vicky Communication &
Associates venture, ‘Byatikrom’ is the
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
only and probably first of its kind in Bengali in
Assam. Assam has a century old history of
Bengali publications. A good number of dailies
and weeklies get published from two valleys
of the state. But ‘Byatikrom’ probably the first
commercial periodical got published from
Researchers Identify Mechanisms of Memory
S cientists at the University of Bristol have
taken a major step forward in understand-
ing how memory works, by identifying cellu-
lar and molecular mechanisms that may pro-
vide a key to understanding processes of rec-
ognition memory. Our ability to remember the
objects, places and people within our environ-
ment is vital for everyday life, though the im-
portance of this is only fully appreciated when
recognition memory begins to fail, as in Alzhe-
imer’s disease.
Scientists led by Zafar Bashir, Professor
of Cellular Neuroscience, have achieved the
breakthrough by successfully preventing visual
recognition memory in rats by blocking certain
mechanisms that control the way that nerve cells
in the brain communicate.” This is a major step
forward in our understanding of recognition
memory. We have been able to show that key
processes controlling synoptic communication
are also vital in learning and memory,” said
Bashir.
It is crucial that one possesses the ability
to recognise elements in the surrounding envi-
ronment such as faces or places, as well as the
ability to learn about that environment, for a
normal functioning in the world. Bashir tested
a particular hypothesis behind memory mecha-
nism, which says that changes at the special-
ised junctions (synopses) between nerve cells
in the brain hold the secrets to learning and
memory. The change in the strength of com-
munication between synopses is called synop-
tic plasticity and, it is believed, the mechanisms
of synoptic plasticity may be important for
learning and memory.
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
Brahmaputra Valley. The Saumen Bharotia
edited magazine though primarily planned for
the college and university goers, the content,
get up & the editorial excellence will surely be
able to attract the common folk from any age
and gender. [PEB]
“Nerve cells in the perirhinal cortex of
the brain are known to be vital for visual rec-
ognition memory. Using a combination of bio-
logical techniques and behavioural testing, we
examined whether the mechanisms involved in
synoptic plasticity are also vital for visual rec-
ognition memory,” said Dr Sarah Griffiths, lead
author on the paper. Through their experiments,
they successfully identified a key molecular
mechanism that controls synoptic plasticity in
the perirhinal cortex. Later, they showed that
blocking the same molecular mechanism that
controls synoptic plasticity also prevented
visual recognition memory in rats. This indi-
cated that such memory relies on specific mo-
lecular processes in the brain.
Bashir added: “The next step is to try to
understand the processes that enable visual
memories to be held in our brains for such long
periods of time, and why these mechanisms be-
gin to break down in old age. The research is
published online in Neuron. (©ANI)
/ 18
 Financial Crisis: Greatest Threat to International Security
Reported Oxford Research Group
U nless global responses are made to the
current economic crisis, the most serious
threat to international security will be the
impoverishment of hundreds of millions of
people, leading to radical and violent social
movements that will be met with force, resulting
in still greater conflict.
Oxford Research Group’s 2008
International Security Report, ‘The Tipping
Point?’— authored by Professor Paul Rogers,
released recently, points to some improvements
in security in Iraq in the past year as well as the
potential for major changes in US policy in
South West Asia with an incoming Obama
administration. It also finds that the recent
deterioration in East-West relations may not
last, but concludes that it is the global financial
crisis that is the most dangerous current threat
to international security.
Paul Rogers is Professor of Peace Studies
at the University of Bradford and Global
Security Consultant to Oxford Research Group.
Professor Rogers has worked in the field of
international security, arms control and political
violence for over 30 years. He lectures at
universities and defence colleges in several
countries and has written or edited 26 books,
including Global Security and the War on
Terror: Elite Power and the Illusion of Control
(Routledge, 2008) and Why We’re Losing
the War on Terror (Polity,
2008). Oxford
Research Group (ORG)
is an independent non-
governmental
organisation which
seeks to bring about
positive change on
issues of national and
international security.
Established in 1982, it
19 /
is now considered to be one of the UK’s leading
global security think tanks. ORG is a registered
charity and uses a combination of innovative
publications, expert round tables, residential,
consultations, and engagement with opinion
formers and government to develop and
promote sustainable global security strategies.
(see www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk )
According to Prof. Paul Rogers all the
indications are that the response to the crisis of
the most powerful states will be to concentrate
on the immediate problems affecting their
economies. “Instead, the opportunity should be
taken to introduce fundamental economic
reforms which reverse the wealth-poverty
divisions that have got so much worse in the
past three decades” according to the author.
Trade reform aimed at improving the
economies of third world states, coupled with
debt cancellation and substantial aid for
sustainable development are all required as a
matter of urgency if we are to avoid a much
more divided global system in which the
majority of the world’s population is
marginalised, and increasingly resentful and
bitter. The report also points to the likely effects
of climate change, especially on poorer
communities, with this likely to exacerbate the
socio-economic divisions. “We are facing the
deepest economic crisis for two generations”,
says Rogers, “we can
either respond as a
global community or
as a narrow group of
rich and powerful
countries. The
choice we make in
the next few months
will do much to
decide whether the
world becomes
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
more or less peaceful over the next ten years.”
The report examines international security
trends in relation to Iraq, Afghanistan/Pakistan,
the al-Qaida movement, East-West relations after
the Russian intervention in Georgian, and the
probable security impact of the international
economic downturn. This analysis is in the
context of the US Presidential Election result.
While the security situation in Iraq has improved,
there remain major problems, many of them
centering on the Status of Forces Agreement. An
increased pace of US withdrawals combined with
greater US regional engagement could be
positive trends in the coming year.
In relation to Afghanistan, Pakistan and
the al-Qaida movement, the Obama
administration may actually reinforce US
military commitments in Afghanistan. This is
likely to lead to an intensified war, but the
attitude of allied states, including Britain,
Canada and the Netherlands, may prompt a
significant reassessment of US aims and
A Look at the Six Winners of the 2008 Nobel Prizes
1. Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine
gone to French researchers Francoise
Barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for
their discovery of human
immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, in
1983. They shared the award with
Germany’s Harald
zur Hausen,
who was
honoured
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
Paul Krugman
postures. The deterioration in East-West
relations in the wake of the Georgian
intervention is reversible – Russian economic
problems, European caution and a new US
administration may all combine to aid this.
The global economic downturn is the
biggest single threat to security across the world.
On present trends many hundreds of millions of
people among the poorest communities across
the world will suffer most. This is likely to lead
to the rise of radical and violent social
movements, which will be controlled by force,
further increasing the violence. The intensifying
Naxalite rebellion in India and the substantial
problems of social unrest in China are early
indicators. Responding to the crisis in a manner
which places emphasis on improving
emancipation and reversing the widening of the
global socio-economic divide is the most
important task for the next twelve months.
© p.f.rogers@bradford.ac.uk
& www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk
for finding human papilloma viruses
that cause cervical cancer, the second
most common cancer among women.
2. Nobel Prize in physics gone to Japan’s
Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide and
American Yo i c h i r o
Nambu for theoretical
advances that help explain
t h e behaviour of the
smallest
particles
of matter.
/ 20
 3. Nobel Prize in chemistry gone to Osamu
Shimomura, a Japanese citizen who works
in the United States, and Americans Martin
Chalfie and Roger Tsien for discovering
and developing green fluorescent protein,
or GFP, that has helped researchers watch
the tiniest details of life within cells and
living creatures.
4. Nobel Prize in literature gone to France’s
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clezio for works
characterized by “poetic adventure and
sensual ecstasy” and focused on the
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21 /
environment, especially the desert.
5. Nobel Peace Prize to Former Finnish
President Martti Ahtisaari for his
efforts, on several continents and over
more than three decades, to resolve
international conflicts.
6. The Nobel Memorial Prize in
Economic Sciences to American Paul
Krugman for his analysis of how
economies of scale affects trade
patterns and where economic activity
takes place.[PEB]
ѬàÛ¡¹ ¤Ò> A¡[¹¤ šà[¹ìá¡ú l¡üš[\ šå¯àìt¡, ët¡à³à¹
'[>t¡³, ³> A¡[¹ìºà t¡ãJà .... Kãt¡ìA¡Òü[i¡ìÚ ëÅøàt¡à¹
ÒꡃÚA¡ ÎÒì\Òü Wå¡Òü íKìá¡ú "[N—K®¡¢à [ÎÒòt¡, A¡}ìKà
&}ìKàºà "à[óø¡A¡àt¡ ... "à[ƒ Kãt¡ìA¡Òü[i¡ šè¤¢ìt¡ γì¤t¡
Kãt¡ [ÒW¡àìš Ç¡[>[áìºà -ÿ-ÿ- &A¡A¡ A¡–k¡ì¹ &[t¡Úà* "à³àA¡
[ÅÒò[¹t¡ "à¹ç¡ ³> "àZáÄ A¡[¹ìá ™[ƒ* Îå¹ Î}ì™à\>àt¡
A¡Úà¹, Òà[³} "à[ƒ¹ ¤¸¯Òàì¹ì¹ "à¹ç¡ "[‹A¡ "àA¡È¢oãÚ
A¡¹à¹ =º "à[ạú
ëA¡¯º ¤¸¯Îà[ÚA¡ ƒõ[Ê¡ì¹ >îº šø=³ š[¹ì¤Å>ìt¡
Î}Nøà³ ºN—t¡¹ Kãt¡Î³èÒ \>³åJã ƒõ[Ê¡ì¹ [>¤¢à[W¡t¡ A¡[¹
"àuºã> ®¡àì¯ [Îì¤à¹A¡ š[¹ì¤Å>àì¹ Kà[ÚA¡àÒü ³à>¯
Òꡃڹ [W¡¹”z> "àÅà-"àA¡àTà, šøà[œ¡-"šøà[œ¡, ѬìƒÅ-
Ѭ\à[t¡¹ šø[t¡ "Aõ¡[y³ ëšø³ "à¹ç¡ ®¡àºìšà¯àì¹ \>t¡à¹
ëW¡t¡>àA¡ "àìºà[Øl¡t¡ A¡[¹ \àNøt¡ A¡[¹¤îº ÎàÒ[ÎA¡ šøìW¡Ê¡à
Òàt¡t¡ íºìá¡ú &ì> Î; "à¹ç¡ ¤[ºË¡ šøìW¡Ê¡àÒü ¤t¢¡³à>¹
\[i¡º Î[Þê¡Û¡ot¡
‹åÎ[¹t¡ ή¡¸t¡à¹
[¤¤t¢ ¡ >t¡ -ÿ-
l¡üv¡¹o¹ šøt¡¸ìÚà
\–µàÒüìá¡ú
">>¸ "¹ç¡o஡
šø l ¡àAô ¡ W¡>îº
‹>¸¤àƒ¡ú
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
 XOBDO Need More Volunteers on NE Languages
(XOBDO : An Online Dictionary of the Languages of the North-East)
(An email Letter from XOBDO to PRAGYAN : Dear Sir, I want to inform you that I am in the publicity team
of XOBDO (Online Dictionary of the Languages of the North-East http://xobdo.net/). Xobdo is the brainchild of
Bikram M Baruah. He is the co-ordinator of XOBDO.He is a petroleum engineer now based in Abu Dhabi.Some of
the active members of XOBDO are Biraj Kumar Kakati,PriyankooSharma ,Partha P Sarmah,Anjal Borah,Rupkamal
Talukdar,Prasanta Borah,Anjali Sonowal, Neelotpal Deka,Prasenjit Khanikar,Ranjita Pegu,Swapnita Kakati,Rubul
Mout,Archana Rajbongshi,Rituraj Saikia,Rajib Kumar Dutta,Buljit Buragohain etc. We need more volunteers on NE
languages [Khasi ,Dimasa,Bodo, Karbi, Nagamese, Garo, Ao, Mizo (Lushai) ,Mishing, Tanii (Apatani) ,Monpa, Tai,
Meitei-lon, Bishnupriya, Chakma, Kok-Borok, Kuki etc.
Till today (19.10.2008) following are the no of words in the Online Dictionary: English: 10841, Assamese:
18064 ,Karbi :642,Khasi :370, Bodo :325,Dimasa :282, Bishnupriya :152, Mising :148 Nagamese :138, Garo :115,
Tai :78,Ao :68, Mizo(Lushai) :68, Apatani :19, Monpa :18,Meitei-lon :6, Chakma :0,Hmar :0,Kok-Borok :0
Xobdo was born 10March 2006. This web-site was inaugurated on 14 th April 2006. Thank You,
Buljit Buragohain Publicity Team, www.xobdo.net)

Xobdo is Yours

X obdo (www.xobdo.net) is your dictionary.

You can add words, challenge them and
thus decide its destiny. Just initiate a discussion
or post your view point on any of the ACTIVE
discussions about the correctness of the
spellings and their meanings. At the end of the
discussion, your view point will be taken into
considerations to update the dictionary entries.
1.Vision : (a) To demolish the man-made
language barrier and thereby fuel mutual
understanding and cooperation among the
people of the entire North-East India.
(b) To bring the North-East languages [Khasi,
Dimasa, Bodo, Karbi, Nagamese, Garo, Ao,
Mizo (Lushai), Mishing, Tanii (Apatani),
Monpa, Tai, Meitei-lon, Bishnupriya, Chakma,
Kok-Borok, Kuki etc.] to the fore-front of the
Information Technology age.
2.Mission : Cooperate constructively with all
possible quarters to build multilingual
dictionaries and other linguistic resources to
strive to materialize the visions.
3. General Policy (for Online Dictionary):
(a) Xobdo attempts to capture the languages as
they are used (i.e. spoken, written and
understood) today in their original forms. It
does not attempt to enforce or express its own
viewpoint about any spelling or semantics to
be right or wrong.
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
b) Therefore, Xobdo does not want to follow any
specific dictionary or any glossary/word-list
published by any authority or entity; neither it
accepts opinions of any expert. Rather, it considers
the present-day meaning to be the standard as it is
evidenced in ‘contemporary use’ i.e.
i) Appear in renowned newspapers,
magazines or the writings of well known
authors and journalists.
ii) Extensively used (spoken or written) in
special fields or areas like judicial courts,
govt. offices, religious institutes,
traditional functions etc.
c) Xobdo also attempts to record the languages
as they were used in the past.
d) Xobdo is not in the business of inventing or
coining new words. Any word proposed to be
added in Xobdo must have ‘contemporary use’
as explained above. In case of a new word coined
recently, Xobdo will not add it unless it appears
in at least one renowned newspaper or magazine.
e) Anybody can become member and contribute
words to the dictionary. He/she can also
challenge the spellings or meanings entered.
Through discussions with other members of
Xobdo a consensus decision has to be taken
within a reasonable time frame and the entry
has to be updated accordingly.
/ 22
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‘>tå¡> [W¡”zà’ >à³¹ ³àìÒA¡ãÚà "àìºàW¡>ãJ>¹ δšàƒA¡ >¤ã>
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ÒüÚ๠l¡üš[¹* [\ºàJ>¹ [l¡K ³[>A¡à ëÅ>ìW¡à¯à, ‡ãìš>
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23 /
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tò¡àt¡ã ®¡à>å ®è¡Èo ƒàÎ, γ칖ƒø ƒàÎìA¡ "à[ƒ A¡[¹ šøàÚ
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š¹à ">åË¡à>ìi¡àt¡ ¤[”z šøaº> A¡[¹[Ạ[t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚà
³Òà[¤ƒ¸àºÚ šøàv¡û¡> "‹¸Û¡ l¡0 ÎåìJ> W¡yû¡¤v¢¡ãìÚ¡ú
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šø¤ão A¡[¤¹ A¡[¤t¡à šàk¡¹ ºKìt¡ ëÎï¹®¡ ¤¹à, A¡à[³>ã
A塳๠ëKàÒòàÒü, Òü[–ƒ¹à ëKàÒòàÒü "à[ƒ ¤×\> A¡q¡ [Å¿ãìÚ
Kãt¡ š[¹ì¤Å> A¡[¹ ëÅøàt¡à¹ ³¹³ ¤åi¡ºà¹ ºKìt¡ ">åË¡à>[i¡
l¡ü³àº A¡[¹ tå¡[º[ạú
[t¡[>Wå¡A¡ãÚà ³Òà[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ šø¯v¡û¡à ÎåÅà”z A¡ì¹
"àì¤[KA¡ ®¡àì¯ íA¡ìÚ ëšºàÒü[Ạ‘‘ë³à¹ &Òü ">åË¡à>ìi¡à
Òü³àì>Òü ®¡àº ºà[Kìá ë™, ™à¤îº l¡ü[k¡* šå>¹ ¤[Ò š[¹ìáà,
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
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ëÒ¹àÒü íK[áìºà Ŧ¹ ³à\t¡¡ú "à[Ò¤ Jå[\* ë™> ³>ìi¡àì¯ \à[t¡-‹³¢-¤o¢-®¡àÈà [>[¤¢ìÅìÈ &ìA¡ºìK ¤à[Þê¡ ¹à[J¤ Jå[\ìá¡ú
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ëši¡à[¹ ë³[º *ºàÒü "à[Ò[Ạ¹Î¹ [>\¹à- A¡[¤¹ W¡e¡ºt¡àt¡ A¡[¹ šå>¹ Q¹³åJã íÒ[áìºòà [Î[ƒ>à¡ú
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/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

/ 24
 Niranjan Shukla

C ommunication skills are essential to

each & every person in their day to
day life. The success in any business,
friends, relatives, neighbour & even the
members of our family, people judge us by the
way we communicate. In the words of Peter
profession a service is largely dependent Drucker, the great management thiker,
on our ability to communicate. If we ‘‘Colleges teach one thing that is perhaps the
communicate well we advance is career most-valuable for the future employee to know.
& with every advancement is the career. But very few students bother to learn it. This
We need still better communication skills one basic skill is the ability to organise and
improvs our chances for success every express the ideas in writing and speaking. As
walk of life. soon as you move our step from the bottom,
Communication skills are your effectiveness depends on your ability to
especially essential to those who work read others through spoken on written words.
i s organisation. What And the further away you job in from manual
we write & how work. the larger the organisatiom of which you
we speak, are an employee, the more important it will be
especially the that you know how to convey your thoughts in
language we use writing a speaking. In the very large
determine organisation........ this ability to express oneself
the impact is perhaps the most important of all the skills a
of our person can possess’’.
personality Role of Communication Skills in the
on our advancement of career an self development :
colleagues, a) Getting the job you want
superious b) Good perfomance in employment
interview
c) Boosting the chances of promotion
d) Develops leaderships skills.
e) Enhances our life skills.
Thus, is this era of globalisation, every
establishment demands effective
communication skills on the past of the
(Contd on 34)

25 / /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

Œ˜±1 ¤˝◊√ õ∂¬ıg1 ¸5˜ [7] ’Ò…±˚˛1 ’±1yøÌ1¬
ά◊¬Û˙œ¯∏«Ú±˜ ’±øÂ√˘ – ë¤øÓ¬˚˛± øfl¡Â≈√ ’√1fl¡±¬1œ fl¡Ô±ºí
Œ¸˝◊√ ’√1fl¡±1œ fl¡Ô±À¬ı±À1˝◊√ ˝◊√˚˛±1 ’±·1 SÀ˚˛±√˙ [13]
’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬ Œ˙¯∏ fl¡ø1ÀÂ√± øfl¡c ë√1fl¡±1œí fl¡Ô±À1˝◊√ º ˜˝◊√ øfl¡
ø˘ø‡øÂ√À˘±“ ’±Àflà ¤¬ı±1 Œ‰¬±ª± ˚±›fl¡ – ì ’±˜±1 fl¡Ô±1
Œ¬Û±Ú¬ÛøȬ˚˛± ’Ô« ˝√√í˘ ’±˜±1 ¸À¬Û±ÚÀ¬ı±1 ‡≈¬À√√¬ı˝◊√ √ Ê√1n∏1œº
. . .’±˜±1 ø˚˜±Ú ¬ ø¬ı˙±˘ ¸À¬Û±Ú , ø¸˜±Ú ¬ ø¬ı˙±˘ ’±1n∏
ø¬ıø‰¬S ˘é …À¬ı±1  , ø˚˜±Ú¬ ø¬ıø‰¬S ˘é¬… ø¸˜±Ú¬ ø¬ıø‰¬S
Δ√ÚøμÚ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ’±1n∏ ø¸˜±ÀÚ˝◊√ ¬ ø¬ı˙±˘ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıø‰¬S
fl¡±˜1 ¬Ûø1˜±Ì  , Ó¬ÀÓ¬±øÒfl¡ ø¬ıø‰¬S ’±˜±1 Ó¬Ô… Ó¬Ô±
ø‰¬˝√√ê1 ¸—¢∂˝√º S꘱i§À˚˛ ¬Û1ªÓ¬π fl¡±˜√ ’±1n∏ ˆ¬±ªÚ±1
˜±ÀÊ√ø√ ø˚À¬ı±À1 ¸˜‘X fl¡ø1 ˚±¬ı ’±˜±1 :±Ú1 ˆ¬±G±1 ,
ά◊ißÓ¬ fl¡ø1 ˚±¬ı ’±˜±1 fl¡˜« Œfl¡Ã˙˘ º ’±˜±fl¡ ˆ¬±˘ Â√±S
Œ˝±ª±1 ¬Û1± 1‡±¬ı Œfl¡±ÀÚ ∑ . . . ø¬ı˙±˘ ø¬ı˙±˘ ¸À¬Û±Ú Ø
Ó¬±1 ø¬ÛÂ√1 fl¡±˜À¬ı±1 ¤ÀÚ˝◊√ ˝í¬ı , Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± õ∂ª±À˝√√ fl¡À1±∏ª±˝◊√
˘í¬ı º . . . ’±˜±1 ˝√í¬ı˝◊√ ˝í¬ı ØØØ î
˚ø√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ı±˝◊√ Œ¸±ÀÒ Œ˚ √œ‚˘œ˚˛± õ∂¬ıgÀȬ±1
ø¬ı·Ó¬ ŒÓ¬1Ȭ± ’Ò…±˚˛1 ¸±1 fl¡Ô±ÀÚ±¬ øfl¡ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±
Œ˜±1 ά◊M√ 1 ¬˝√√í¬ı ›¬Û11 ¤˝◊√ ά◊X‘øÓ¬ÀȬ± º ¬˚ø√
Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ı±˝◊√ fl¡Ô±ÀȬ±¡ ¤È¬± ˜±S ¬ı±fl¡…À1 õ∂fl¡±˙
fl¡¬ø1¬ıÕ˘
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¬˚ø√ ¡¤È¬± ˜±S ˙sÕ˘ ¸±˜ø1¬ı ˘·± ˝√√˚˛ , ŒÓ¬ÀôL Œ¸˝◊√ ˙s ˝í¬ı ,
ë ¸À¬Û±ÚØ í
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¤˝◊√ ë¸À¬Û±Úí ˙sÀȬ±1 ¬Û1± º ø‰¬˝√√ê±˚˛fl¡ [Signifier] ø˝√‰¬±À¬Û
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fl¡À1±ª±˚˛ ø¸ ’±˜±fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø‰¬˝√√ꬱø˚˛Ó¬1 [Signified ]
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˝√√˚˛ º ëŒ˜Ò±í ˝√í˘ ¸À¬Û±Ú Œ√‡±1 ¬Ûø1̱˜ , ëŒ˜Ò±í ’Ú… Œfl¡±ÀÚ±
¬ıd ¬ı± ‚Ȭڱ1 fl¡±1Ì Ú˝√√˚˛ º ¸˝√√¬Û±Í¬œ¸fl¡˘1 ˜±ÊÓ¬ Œ˜Ò±1 ø˚
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¤Àfl¡ Ú˝√√˚˛ º ë¸À¬Û±Úí1 ¬ı…±ø5 ’±1n∏ ·ˆ¬œ1Ó¬± Œ¬ıÀ˘· Œ¬ıÀ˘· º
¤Ê√Ú Â√±S, ø˚ Œfl¡ª˘ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±¬ÛÀÒ… ¬Û±Â√ ˜±fl«¡ ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1
’±1n∏ ¤Ê√Ú Â√±S ø˚Ê√ÀÚ Œ|Ìœ1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ õ∂Ô˜ ˝√í¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1
ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡ ≈√À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ¤Àfl¡±Ê√Ú √ ø˙éfl¡1 ¤Àfl¡È¬±√√ ¬ıMê‘√Ó¬±
qøÚ¬ı ’Ô¬ı± ¤Àfl¡√‡Ú øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ¤øȬ ¬Û‘ᬱ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ı ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1
˜ÀÚ±À˚±·1 ˜±S± ¤Àfl¡ Ú˝í¬ı , ’±1n∏ ¬ı≈Ê√±1 ˜±S±› ¤Àfl¡
Ú˝√√í¬ı º ’±Ú øfl¡, Ú≈¬ı≈Ê√±¬1 ¬ı±À¬ı ˜Ú1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ø˚À¬ı±1 õ∂ùü1
ά◊æ√ª Œ˝√√±ª± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Ó¬±1 ¬Ûø1˜±À̱ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Â√±SøȬ1¬ Œé SÓ¬
Œ¬ıøÂ√ ˝√√í¬ı º Ó¬±1 fl¡±1Ì, ’±1n∏ Œ¬ıøÂ√Õfl¡ Ê√Ú± , ’±1n∏ Œ¬ıøÂ√Õfl¡
¬ı≈Ê√±ÀȬ± ŒÓ¬›“1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬›“1 ’±¢∂˝√ Œ¬ıøÂ√ º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√
ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Â√±SÊ√ÀÚ øÚÊ√1 ˝◊√øf˚˛À¬ı±1fl¡ ’ø√√Òfl¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ’±1n∏ ¸øSê˚˛
fl¡ø1 1±ø‡¬ı º ˝◊√˚˛±1 ’Ô« øÚÊ1 ¸À¬Û±Úfl¡ ¸•ú≈‡Ó¬ ΔÔ ŒÓ›“ fl¡1±
fl¡±˜1 ¬Ûø1˜±Ì Œ¬ıøÂ√ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıø‰¬S ˝√√í¬ı º ŒÓ¬›“ Œfl¡¬ª˘ ¬ıÊ√±11
õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬¬ ŒÚ±È¬ ¬ÛøϬˇ ¬Û1œé ±Ó¬ ¬ı˝√√±1 ¸±˝√√¸ Úfl¡ø1¬ı¬ º
ø¸ø√Ú± ’±˜±1 ¬ı±—˘±1 ¤Ê√Ú¡ Â√±S˝◊√ flv¡±‰¬Õ˘
¬ ŒÚ±È¬ ¬ı˝œ√√ Δ˘ ’±ø˝√√øÂ√˘ º ŒÓ¬›“ fl¡íÀ˘ , ˜”˘ ¬Û±Í¬…
øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û‡Ú ¬ıÊ√±1Ó¬ ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ Ú±˝◊√ , ’±1n∏ ¬ŒÛ±ª± ·íÀ˘›
ŒÓ¬›“1 øfl¡Ú±1 ¸±Ò… Ú±˝◊√ º ˜˝◊√ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ¡ ŒÚ±È¬ ¬ı˝œ√√‡Ú1
¤È¬± ’Ò…±˚˛ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ıÕ˘ ø√À˘±“√ º ø˚˜±Úø‡øÚ ¡ ’—˙
ŒÓ¬›“ ¬ÛøϬˇÀ˘ Œ¸˝◊√ ¸fl¡À˘±ø‡øÚ ŒÓ¬›“ ˝√√+√˚˛e˜
fl¡¬ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸˜Ô« ˝√√í˘ ŒÚ Ú±˝◊√ ¸≈øÒÀ˘±“ ∑ ά◊M√1 ’±øÂ√˘,
Ú¤û±Ô«fl¡ º ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬Û±Â√1 Œ˜±1 õ∂ùü ’±øÂ√˘ , ¤˝◊√ Ú≈¬ı≈Ê√±
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fl¡ø1 ˘í¬ı º ˝◊√˚˛±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ˜˝◊√ ŒÓ¬›“ ¬ÛϬˇ± ’—˙ÀȬ±1 Û1± Œfl¡˝◊√Ȭ±˜±Ú
ø¬ıø26√iß ˙s, ¬ı±fl¡… ˜≈À‡À1 Δfl¡¬ ˚±› √’±1n∏ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘
fl¡›“ º ŒÓ¬›“ ’±Ò±Ó¬Õfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¬ı±Ú±Ú ˆ≈¬˘ fl¡À1º ˜˝◊√ ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±
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ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ ˘·Ó¬ Δ˘ Δ· Œ¸˝◊√ øÚø«√©Ü ø¬ı¯∏˚˛1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ õ∂±¸øefl¡ ’Ú…
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ŒÚ Ú±˝◊√ Œ¸˚˛± ’Ú… õ∂¸e, ’±¬Û±Ó¬Ó¬– Ô±fl¡fl¡ º
˘í1±Ê√Ú1 ¸˜¸…± ¤˝◊√ÀȬ± √Ú˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ıÊ√±1Ó¬ ˜”˘ ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û‡Ú
Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛ ŒÚ ŒÚ˚±˚˛ ¬ı± Œ¬Û±ª± ·íÀ˘› Ó¬±1 ˜”˘… Œ¬ıøÂ√ ˝√√˚˛ ŒÚ
Ú˝√√˚˛º ˚ø√› ŒÓ¬›“ õ∂fl¡±À˙… Œ¸˝◊√ ’Ê≈√¬˝√√±ÀÓ¬˝◊√ Œ√‡≈ª±À˘º ŒÓ¬›“1
’±‰¬˘ ¸˜¸…± ˝√√í˘√ Œ˚ ŒÓ¬›“ Œfl¡ª˘ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1 ›¬Û1ÀÓ¬ øÚˆ«¬1 fl¡ø1
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ŒÓ¬›“ √ fl¡ø1¬ı ØØ ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± ˜ÀÚ±¬ı‘øM√√ ÚÔfl¡± ˝√√íÀ˘ ŒÓ¬›“ øÚÊ√1 ø‰¬Ú±øfl¡
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√ ¬ ı± ø˙é¬fl¡¸fl¡˘fl¡ ¸≈ ø ÒÀ˘À˝“ √ À Ó¬Ú ¤˝◊ √ ø¬ı¯∏ ˚ ˛ 1 õ∂±¸øefl¡
[reference] ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÀ¬ı±1 fl¡íÓ¬ ’±1n∏ Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ˜”˘… ø√¬ı± ø¬ıÚ±˜”˘…Ó¬
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[reference] øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÀ¬ı±11 ¸g±Ú Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±À·, Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡
¢∂Lö±·±1 ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±À·, Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ √1fl¡±1œ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ø¬ı‰¬±ø1
Ó¬±1¬Û1± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1 ˝◊√Ó¬…±ø√ ’±1n∏ ’ÀÚfl¡
õ∂ùü º ¤˝◊√ ¬ı≈øXÀ¬ı±1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ¬ı±˝◊√ ŒÓ¬›“fl¡ Δfl¡ ø√¬ı ˘í·± Ú˝√√í˘À˝“√ÀÓ¬Ú,
Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± õ∂¬ı±˝1 ¬Û1± Œ¸˚˛± ¤ÀÚ˝◊√ ά◊æ√±ø¸Ó¬ ˝√í˘À˝√√“ÀÓ¬Úº
¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√ ŒÓ¬›“ ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¡ø1À˘À˝√√ÀÓ¬“Ú Œ˚ ˆ¬±˘ Â√±S Œ˝√±ª±1
¬ı±À¬ı ¬ıÊ√±11 ¸ô¶œ˚˛± øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û Œ¬Û±ª±Ó¬Õfl¡¡ &1n∏Q¬Û”Ì« fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± ˝√√í˘
¬ıg≈Q fl¡ø1¬ı Ê√Ú±, ø˙é fl¡1 ˘·Ó¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¸˝√√Ê√ fl¡1±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ fl¡Ô±
Œfl¡±ª±1 ¸±˝√√¸ Œ·±ÀȬ±ª±, ’Ò…˚˛Ú-’Ò…±¬ı¸±˚˛1 õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ÛÔ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1
ά◊ø˘›ª±º ŒÓ¬›“ Ê√±øÚÀ˘À˝√√ÀÓ¬Ú ŒÓ¬›“1 ø˚˜±Ú ø¬ı˙±˘ ¸À¬Û±Ú, ø¸˜±Ú
ø¬ı˙±˘ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıø‰¬S ¸fl¡À˘± ˘é¬… ø˚˜±Ú ¬ ø¬ıø‰¬S ˘é… ø¸˜±Ú ø¬ıø‰¬S
Δ√ÚøμÚ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ’±1n∏ ø¸˜±ÀÚ˝◊√ ø¬ı˙±˘ ’±1n∏ ø¬ıø‰¬S ŒÓ¬›“1 ¬˝√√±Ó¬1
fl¡±˜1 ¬Ûø1˜±Ìº
Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡±˜À¬ı±1 øfl¡ øfl¡ ¬˝√í¬ı Œ¸˚˛± øÚø√«©Ü fl¡ø1 Δfl¡ ø√¬ı
ŒÚ±ª±À1±º ˚ø√› øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡±˜1 fl¡Ô± fl¡í¬ı ¬Û1± ˚±˚˛√º Ó¬±1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬¬
õ∂Ô˜ÀȬ±Àª˝◊√ √ ˝√í˘ ¤˝◊√ ˜±S ø˘ø‡ ’˝√√± fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± –
1] ¬ıg≈Q fl¡ø1¬ı Ê√±øÚ¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º ¬ıg≈ ¬ıϬˇ±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º ¬ıg≈1
ά◊¬Ûø1› ’øˆ¬ˆ¬±¬ıfl¡1 ˘·Ó¬, ø˙é fl¡1 ˘·Ó¬, ¢∂Lö±·±ø1fl¡1 ˘·Ó¬
¸•Ûfl«¡ ¸≈¶ö ’±1n∏ ¸˝√√Ê√ fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÚÓ¬ øÚÊ√1 ‰≈¬¬ı≈1œ,
‰¬˝1 ¬ı± ˜˝√√±ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛1 ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±˜Ó¬ ’—˙ ˘í¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı º
¤˝◊√ À¬ı±1 ŒÓ¬›“ fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı, øfl¡˚˛ÀÚ± ŒÓ¬›“1 ‰¬±ø1›fl¡±¯∏1
˜±Ú≈˝√À¬ı±À1˝◊√ √ŒÓ¬›“1 õ∂À˚˛±¬Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¸˜ô¶ Ó¬Ô…1 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ά◊»¸ º
¤˝◊√ À¬ı±1fl¡ ¬ı±√ ø√ ŒÓ¬›“ ø˘‡±¬ÛϬˇ±1 1±Ê√…‡ÚÓ¬ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡ø1¬ı√√
ŒÚ±ª±À1º
2 ] ø˚ ˆ¬±¯∏± ˜±Ò…˜Ó¬ ¤Ê√Ú Â√±S ¬ı± Â√±SœÀ˚˛ ø˘‡± ¬ÛϬˇ±
fl¡À1 Œ¸˝◊√ ˆ¬±¯∏± ˜±Ò…˜1 Ú”…ÚÓ¬˜ ¤‡Ú ˝√√íÀ˘› ¬ı±Ó¬ø1 fl¡±fl¡Ó¬ ¬ı±
¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ ÛS-¬ÛøSfl¡± øÚ˚˛˜œ˚˛±Õfl¡ ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ’±1n∏ Œ¸˝◊√ ˜±Ò…˜1
Ú”…ÚÓ¬˜ ¤øȬ ”√1√˙«Ú1 Œ‰¬ÀÚ˘ øÚ˚˛˜œ˚˛±Õfl¡ Œ‰¬±ª±1 ’ˆ¬…±¸ ·øϬˇ
Ó≈¬ø˘¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ’Ô«ÚœøÓ1 Â√±S˝◊√ ˚ø√ ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıù´1 ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡
¸—fl¡È¬1 ¶§1+¬Û ¬ı≈øʬıÕ˘ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬1 ŒÓ¬ÀôL ŒÓ›“1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“1
¬Û±Í¬… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛À¬ı±1 √¸˝√√Ê ŒÚ±À˝√√±ª±1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± fl¡±1ÀÌ˝◊√ Ú±˝◊√ º ˜Ú
fl¡ø1¬ı ˘·œ˚˛± Œ˚, øÚÊ√1 ˜±Ó‘ˆ¬√±¯∏± ˝√√íÀ˘› Œ¸˝◊√ ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ ’±˜±1
√‡˘ ŒÚ¬ı±ÀϬˇ ˚ø√ ’±ø˜ Œ¸˝◊√ ˆ¬±¯∏± Œ¬ıøÂ√Õfl¡ qÚ±, ¬ÛϬˇ±, Œ¬fl¡±ª±
’±1n∏ ø˘‡±1 ’ˆ¬…±¸ Úfl¡À1±º Œfl¡ª˘ Ó¬±1 ¬ı±À¬ı˝◊√ √ ’±ø˜ ¸—¬ı±√¬ÛS,
”√1√˙«Ú, ’Ú±Ó¬±“11 ’±|˚˛ ˘í¬ı ˘±À·º
3] ¬Û±Í¬…Sê˜1 ¬ı±ø˝√√11 øfl¡c ¸•Ûfl«¡˚≈Mê√ ¬ ’±1n∏ õ∂±¸øefl¡
’Ú…±Ú… øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û-ÛS±ø√ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ı˝◊√ ˘±ø·¬ı º Ò1± ˝√√›fl¡ ¸±ø˝√Ó¬…1
¬Û±Í¬…Sê˜Ó¬ øÓ¬øÚȱ¬ ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ ‰≈¬øȬ·ä ’±ÀÂ√ , ŒÓ¬ÀÚ ˝√√íÀ˘ ø¬ıù´
¸±ø˝Ó¬…Ó¬ ‰≈¬øȬ·ä1 Ê√ij ’±1n∏ ø¬ıfl¡±˙1 ˝◊√ øÓ¬¬ı‘M√ Ê√±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ’±¬1n∏
øÚø«√©Ü ˆ¬±¯∏±ÀȬ±1 ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…ÀÓ¬± ‰≈¬øȬ·ä1¬Î¬◊»¬ÛøM√√, ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ’±1n∏
¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§1+¬Û Ê√Ú±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ά◊¬Û˚≈Mê√ ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ¢∂Lö ¬ÛϬˇ±1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú,
Ú˝√√íÀ˘ ¬Û±Í¬…Sê˜1 ·äÀ¬ı±1Ó¬ ¬ˆ¬±˘Õfl¡ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡1± ŒÚ˚±˚˛ º
4] Œ˜±1 ˜ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡ª˘ ø¬ı:±ÀÚ˝◊√ Ú˝√√˚,˛ ¸±ø˝Ó¬…1 ¬Û±Í¬…Sê˜À1±
¤øȬ õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¡ ’—˙ Ôfl¡±ÀȬ± ’±ª˙…fl¡º ·ä1 Œ|ÌœÀfl¡±Í¬±Ó¬ ·ä
ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ¬’±1n∏ fl¡í¬ıÕ˘ ø˙Àfl¡±ª± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º Âμ1 ¬Û±Í¬ ¬ÛϬˇ≈›ª±1
’±·ÀÓ¬ Â√±S-Â√±Sœ¸fl¡˘fl¡ fl¡ø¬ıÓ¬± ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ø√˚˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º ·±Ú
ø˙øfl¡¬ıÕ˘ Õ· ’±ø˜ Ê√±ÀÚ± ˆ¬±¯∏Ì qøÚ &øÂ√ ’±À˝√√±“ ∑ Ó¬±Ó¬ ·±Ú1
Ó¬±øQfl¡ ø√˙ÀȬ±1 :±Ú ’±˝√√1Ì1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¡ ø√˙ ’Ô«±» ·±Ú1
’Ú≈˙œ˘Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ˘·± ˝√√˚˛ º ø¬ıÀ√˙1 ¬ıU ά◊ißÓ¬ ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛Ó¬
¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¤ÀÚ√À1˝◊√ √ ¬ÛÀϬˇ±ª± ˝√√˚˛º ’±ø˜ ¤øÓ¬˚˛±› :±Úfl¡ fl¡˜«1
¬Û1± ø¬ıø26√iß fl¡ø1 Œ‰¬±ª±1 ˆ¬±1Ó¬œ˚˛ √˙«Ú1 w±ôL ø˙é ±1 ¬Û1± ›˘±˝◊√
’±ø˝√√¬ı ¬Û1± Ú±˝◊√º ¬Û1± Ú±˝◊√ ¬ı≈ø˘À˚˛˝◊√ √ ¤ÀÚ Î¬◊æ√Ȭ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬… ¬ÛÀϬˇ±“ ’±1n∏
¬ÛϬˇ≈ª±›“º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ¬Û±Í¬…Sê˜Ó¬ ŒÚÔ±øfl¡À˘› ¤ÀÚ øfl¡Â≈√ õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¡
ø√˙ ¬ı±øÂ√ Δ˘ Â√±S˝◊√ ¡øÚÊ√Àfl¡ ¬ı…ô¶ fl¡ø1 1‡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ˚±ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±fl¡1
˜±Úø¸fl¡ ά◊»fl¡¯∏« ¸±ÒÚ ˝√√˚˛º
5] ’±ø˜ øÚø(Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√ ø˘‡±1 ’ˆ¬…±¸ ·øϬˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± √1fl¡±1º
fl¡±1Ì Œ˙¯Ó¬ Δ· øfl¡c ’±ø˜¡ ø˘ø‡À˝√√ ¬Û1œé¬±√√ ø√¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı, ˜≈‡¶ö
ø¬ı√…±1 ¬Û1œé¬± Ú˝√√˚Ø ’±ø˜ ¸˜¢∂ ¬ıÂ1 ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡1±1 ’ˆ¬…±¸ fl¡À1±
’±1n∏ ¬ıÂ√11 Œ˙¯Ó¬ Δ· ¬ı˝√√œÓ¬ ø˘ø‡ ¬Û1œé¬± ø›“ √ØØ ¤ÀÚ√À1 ’±ø˜
’±˜±1 fl¡±˜1 ‰¬ø1S1 ˜±Ê√Ó¬ ¤fl¡ ’æ”√Ó¬ ø¬ı¸eøÓ¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡À1±º
¬Ûø1̱˜Ó¬ ¬ıUÀfl¡˝◊√Ȭ± ˙”Ì…º ˙”Ì…1 Œ¸±“Ù¬±À˘ ˚ø√›¬ı± ≈√˝√◊-¤È¬± ’Ú…
¸—‡…± ¬ıÀ˝√√ ¬ı±›“Ù¬±À˘ Œfl¡¬ª˘√√ ˙”Ì…À˝√√ ¬ıÀ˝√º õ∂¬ıg1 6ᬠ’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬ ¤˝◊√
ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø¬ıô¶Ó‘ ¬ ø˘ø‡øÂÀ√˘±º ά±„√1Õfl¡ ¤‡Ú Œ¬Û±à±1 ¬ıÚ±˝◊√ ¬ÛϬˇ±1
ŒÈ¬¬ı≈˘1 fl¡±¯∏Ó¬ ø˘ø‡ ¬Ô¬ıÕ˘ ¬Û1±˜˙« ’±·¬ıϬˇ±˝◊√øÂ√À˘± –
¤øÓ¬˚˛±À1 ¬Û1± ¬ÛϬˇ±-qÚ± Œ˙¯∏
’±1n ø˘‡±-¬ÛϬˇ± ’±1y //
˜ÚÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ1ÀÚ ∑ ’±ø˜ ë˙±ôḺí, ëÓ¬M√√í ’±ø√ ˙sÀ¬ı±1 ˝√√±Ê√±1¬ı±1
¬ÛøϬˇ ˚±À¬ı± ¬Û±À1± , øfl¡c ’±ø˜ ˜ÀÚ±À˚±· ø√ ŒÚ‰¬±¬ı ¬Û±À1± Œ¬˚
¤˝◊√À¬ı±11 ¬ı±Ú±Ú ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± – 븱b√LÚ±í , ëÓ¬Q í º ¤ÀÚ√À1
’±1n∏ ’Ê√¶⁄ fl¡±1ÌÓ¬ ’±˜±1 ø˘‡±, ø¬ıÀ˙¯Õfl¡, ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘‡±1
ά◊ À V˙…fl¡ ’±·Ó¬ Δ˘ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¬ÛøϬˇ ¬ ıÕ˘ Δfl¡øÂ√ À ˘±º ’±ø˜
˝◊√ øf˚˛À¬ı±1fl¡ ø˚˜±ÀÚ Œ¬ıø ¸øSê˚˛ fl¡ø1 ˚±˜ Ó¬Ô… Ó¬Ô±
ø‰¬˝√√êÀ¬ı±1fl¡ [Sign] Œ¸˝◊√ À¬ı±11 ¸øͬfl¡ ¶§1+¬ÛÀÓ¬ ø¸˜±ÀÚ Œ¬ıøÂ√
¸—¢∂˝√ fl¡¬ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1˜º Œ¸À˚˛À˝√√, √ ’±ø˜ ¤È¬± ¬Û±Í¬ Ú”…ÚÓ¬˜ ¬Û“±‰¬¬ı±1
¬ÛϬˇ±1 ’±1n∏ ø˘‡±1 ¬ ¤fl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬1 fl¡Ô± ø˘ø‡øÂ√À˘±º 6ᬠ’Ò…±˚˛1
Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡Ô±À¬ı±11 ¸fl¡À˘±ø‡øÚ ¤øÓ¬˚˛± ’±1n∏ ¬Û≈Ú1n2‰¬±1∏Ì Úfl¡À1±º
˜±ÀÔ± ˜ÚÓ¬ À¬Û˘±˝◊√ ø√¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1± Œ˚, ˜˝◊√ ø˘ø‡øÂ√À˘±,
’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ Ó≈ø˜ ¤È¬± ø¬ı¯˚˛1 ¬Û≈1̱ õ∂ùüÀ¬ı±1 ¸—¢∂˝√√ fl¡ø1
Œ¸˝◊√ À¬ı±11 ¤‡Ú Ó¬±ø˘fl¡± õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡ø1 ’±1n∏ ˜ÚÀÓ¬ 1±ø‡ √
¬Û±Í¬…¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û‡Ú √ ¤¬ı±1 ¬¬ÛøϬˇ Œ¬ÛÀ˘±ª±º õ∂Ô˜¬ı±1 ¤ÀÚ˝◊√ ¬ÛϬˇ±º
øÚø«√©Ü ¤øȬ õ∂ùü1 [’±È¬±˝◊√ Ó¬Õfl¡ Ê√øȬ˘ õ∂ùüÀ1 ’±1y ˝√√í¬ı] ά◊M1
ø¬ı‰¬±ø1¬ıÕ˘ Δ· Œ¸˝◊√ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û‡Ú ’±1n∏ õ∂±¸øefl¡ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û-
’±À˘±‰¬ÚœÀ¬ı±1 ’±Àfl¡Ã ¬ÛϬˇ± º Œ¸˚˛± ˝√√ë¬ı ¡ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬ º Œ¸˝◊√
¬õ∂ùüÀ¬ı±11 ά◊M√ 1 ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ Δ· ˝√√í¬ı Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬ º ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ø˘‡±
¸fl¡À˘± ά◊M√11 ˆ≈¬˘À¬ı±1 qX fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ Δ· ˝√√í¬ı ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ۱ͬº
fl¡È¬±fl¡øȬ fl¡ø1¬Œ˘ÀÓ¬1± Δ˝ Œ˚±ª± ά◊M√1 ¬ıø˝√‡Ú ¬Ûø126√iß fl¡ø1 ¸Ê√±˝◊√
’±Àfl¡Ã ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ Δ· ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û=˜ ¬Û±Í¬ º Ó¬±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1
¬Û1œé ±Õ˘Àfl¡ ’øÚø«√©Ü¬ı±1 Ó≈¬ø˜ ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ı ’±1n∏ ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û±1±º ¤øÓ¬˚˛±
¤˝◊√ ëø˘‡±í ’±1n∏ ¬ëÛϬˇ±í ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ≈√Ȭ±fl¡ ≈√Ȭ± √ˆ¬±·Ó¬ ˆ¬·±˝◊√ ˘í˜º
ø˘ø‡˜, Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ¤˝◊√ ëø˘‡±í ’±1n∏ ¬ëÛϬˇ±í 1 Ê√øȬ˘ fl¡±˜À√Ȭ±fl¡ ¸˝√√Ê√
fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1º ¤ÀÚ√À1 ’±ø˜ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡ø1˜ ’±˜±¬1 ¤˝◊√ √œ‚«
õ∂¬ıg1 Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ Ó¬Ô± Œ˙¯∏ ¬Û¬ı«Ó¬¬ º
Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1¬ı ˘í·± ˝√√˚˛ øÚÊ1 ŒÚ±È¬ –
’øÓ¬ ¸—øé5 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ŒÚ±È¬ –
’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ ¤˝◊√ ’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬ ø˚À¬ı±1 fl¡Ô± ¤˝◊√ ¬Û˚«ôL ø˘‡± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√
Ó¬±1 ¬Û1± ø˚À¬ı±1 ˙s Ó¬Ó¬±ø˘Àfl¡ ˜ÚÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ1 Œ¸˝◊√ À¬ı±11 øfl¡Â≈√
˙s ’±1n∏ ¬ı±fl¡… √¸—¢∂˝√ fl¡1± ˚±›fl¡ – √1fl¡±1œ fl¡Ô±, ¸À¬Û±Ú, Œ˜Ò±,
ë¸À¬Û±Úí1 ¬ı…±ø5 ’±1n∏ ·ˆ¬œ1Ó¬± ¤Àfl¡ Ú˝√√˚˛, ’±¢∂˝√ , õ∂À˚˛±¬Ê√Ú,
ø˙øfl¡ Œ¬Û˘±¬ı, fl¡±˜1 Δ¬ıø‰¬S…, ¬ı±—˘±1 Â√±S, ¬ıÊ√±1Ó¬, ŒÚ±È¬,
ÛøϬˇ¬ıÕ˘, ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘, ¬ı±Ú±Ú √ˆ≈¬˘, ˘±ˆ¬ øfl , ˘±˝◊√ À¬¬ıË1œ fl¡±Î«¬, ŒÓ¬›“
Œfl¡ª˘ øfl Ó¬±¬Û1 ›¬Û1ÀÓ¬ øÚˆ«¬1 fl¡ø1 Û±1 ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1, fl¡±˜1
˜±Ê√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬›“ ˜±ÀÔ± ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡¬1±1 fl¡±˜À√Ȭ±Àª √ fl¡ø1¬ı ø¬ı‰¬±À1ØØ ¬ıg≈,
ø˙é fl¡, ¢∂Lö±·±ø1fl¡, ¬ı≈øXÀ¬ı±1, ά◊æ√±ø¸Ó¬, ˝√√±Ó1 fl¡±˜√, øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡±˜√,
1. ¬ıg≈Q, 2. ¬ı±Ó¬ø1 fl¡±fl¡Ó¬, 3. õ∂±¸øefl¡ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û√√, 4. ¬õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¡
5. ¤øÓ¬˚˛±À1 ¬Û1± ¬ÛϬˇ±-qÚ± Œ˙¯∏ ’±1n∏ ø˘‡±-¬ÛϬˇ± ’±1y ØØ
¬Û“±‰¬¬ı±1 ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ¬ÛXøÓ¬ º
Œ˜±1 ˜ÚÕ˘¬ ’˝√√± ¬ÛÂ√¬μ1 Œfl¡˝◊√Ȭ±˜±Ú ˙s ’±1n∏ ¬ı±fl¡…
Ó≈¬ø˘ ø√À“√±º ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¡ ŒÓ›“1 øÚÊ√± ¬ÛÂ√¬μ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ› Ó≈¬ø˘ ˘í¬ı ¬Û±À1º
’±ø˜ øÚø(Ó¬ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√ ˙s ’±1n∏ ¬ı±fl¡…À¬ı±1 ¬ÛøϬˇÀ˚˛˝◊√ ˝◊√øÓ¬¬Û”À¬ı« ø˘‡±
fl¡Ô±À¬ı±1 ’±Àfl¡Ã ¬Û±Í¬fl¡1 ˜ÚÕ˘ ’±ø˝√√ Δ·ÀÂ√º ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª±˝◊√ √˝√˚˛ ,  ’±˜±1
Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± õ∂¬ı±À˝ √¤ÀÚ√À1 fl¡À1±ª±˝◊√ ˘˚˛˛ º ˙sÀ¬ı±À1 Œ¬ıÀ˘· Œ¬ıÀ˘·Õfl¡
¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ1 ¬ı¬U øfl¡¬ı± øfl¡ø¬ıÀ˚˛ ¬ı≈Ê√±¬ı ¬Û±À1º Ó¬±1 ’ÚôL ’Ô« ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º
˜˝◊√ Œ˚ÀÚÕfl¡ ø˘ø‡øÂÀ√˘± – ‘A B C D = ¬Û≈ø˘Â√1 ·±Î¬ˇœíº øfl¡c
˙sÀ¬ı±1fl¡ ¤È¬±¬1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ¤È¬±Õfl¡ ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ˜˝◊√ ˝◊√˚˛±1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬
¤È¬± Ú”…ÚÓ¬˜ ˙‘∫˘± ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1ÀÂ√±¬º Œ¸˝◊√ ˙‘∫˘±˝◊√ ¬Û±Í¬fl¡1 ˜ÚÓ¬
õ∂¬ıgÓ¬ ø˘‡±1 √À1 ¸fl¡À˘± ˙sfl¡ ¶ú1Ì fl¡À1±ª±˝◊√ øÚø√À˘› ø˚ø‡øÚ
fl¡À1±ª±˝◊√ ø√¬ı Œ¸˚˛± Œ˜±1 ¤˝◊√ ø˘‡±ÀȬ±1 ›‰¬1± ›‰¬ø1 øfl¡¬ı± ¤È¬±
˝√√í¬ı, Œ¬ıÀ˘· ¤Àfl¡± Ú˝√√˚˛º Œ¸˝◊√ ˙‘∫˘±¬ ˚ø√ ¤È¬± ø‰¬˝√√ê±˚˛fl¡
[Signifier] ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬ÀôL Œ˜±1 ¤˝◊√ 1‰¬Ú±øȬÀfl¡˝◊√ ø‰˝√√ê±ø˚˛Ó¬ [Sig-
nified] ø˝‰¬±À¬Û √ ά◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ fl¡1±ÀȬ±Àª˝◊√ Œ˜±1 ά◊ÀV˙…º ’Ú… ¤Àfl¡±
Ú˝√√˚˛º ’±˙± fl¡ø1À“√± ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¡ Œ˜±1 ˝◊√ øeÓ¬ÀȬ± ¬ı≈øÊ√ ¬Û±˝◊√ ÀÂ√ º
˜≈‡¶öø¬ı√…±ø¬ı˙±1√ Â√±S-Â√±SœÀ˚˛ ¬ı≈øÊ√ Δ·ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ˜˝◊√ ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡˜
|˜Ó¬ Œ¬ıøÂ√Õfl¡ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±1 ά◊¬Û±˚˛1 ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ flí¬ıÕ˘ Δ· ’±ÀÂ√± º
ø˚Àfl¡±ÀÚ± øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û√√ ¬ı± õ∂¬ıg ¬ı± ·äfl¡ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±1 ¤˝◊ÀȬ±Àª˝◊√
√ ’±È¬±˝◊√ Ó¬Õfl¡ ¬õ∂Ô˜ ’±1n∏ ¸˝√√Ê√ ¬ÛÔ º ¤ÀÚ ŒÚ±ÀȬ˝◊√ ’±˜±1 õ∂Ô˜
ŒÚ±È¬º Œ|øÌÀfl¡±Í¬±Ó¬ ø˙éÀfl¡ ø√˚˛± ¬ıMê‘√Ó¬±1 ŒÚ±È¬› ¤ÀÚ√À1˝◊√
1‡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º ’±ø˜ ¤ÀÚ√À1˝◊√ √˜ÚÀÓ¬ 1±À‡±º ø‰¬ÀÚ˜± ‰¬±À˘› ’±ø˜
’Ú… õ∂fl¡±À1 ø‰¬ÀÚ˜±‡Úfl¡ ˜ÚÓ¬ ŒÚ1±À‡±º fl¡±À1±¬ı±fl¡ fl¡í¬ıÕ˘
˝√√íÀ˘› ’±ø˜ ø‰¬ÀÚ˜±‡Ú1 ¸•Û”Ì« ·äÀȬ± fl¡í¬ı ¬Û±À1± Ê√±ÀÚ± ∑
ŒÚ±ª±À1±º ’±ø˜ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1±À‡± ø‰¬ÀÚ˜±‡Ú1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ±√ ‰¬ø1S1
˜≈‡, øfl¡Â≈√ ‚Ȭڱ, øfl¡Â≈√ ·±Ú1 ¬Û—øMê√ ’±1n∏ Œ˜±È¬±˜≈øȬ Œ˚ÀÚ√À1
·äÀȬ± ’±&ª±˝◊√ Δ·øÂ√˘, ˝√√ ø˜øÚȬӬ fl¡í¬ı ¬Û1±Õfl¡ Œ¸˝◊√ ¬ ·ä1
¸±1¸—Àé ¬Û º ’±˜±1 ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ˝◊√ ˚˛±Ó¬Õfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂÕfl¡ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±1
˝◊√ 26±√ ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º Ó¬±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ’±ø˜ Œ˚˝◊√ À˚˛˝◊√ Úfl¡À1“± øfl¡˚˛, ˜ÚÓ¬
1‡±1 ¤˝◊√ ¸—øé5 ’±1n∏ ¸±¬ı«Ê√Úœfl¡ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ¬ÛÔÀȬ±1 ’ø¬ı˝√√ÀÚ
Œ¸˚˛± ’¸y¬ıº ¶ú‘øÓ¬Ó¬ ˝◊√˚˛±Ó¬Õfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂ√ Òø1 1±ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ¬˝√í√À˘ ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬±
ø‰¬ÀÚ˜±‡Ú ’±ø˜ ’±1n∏ Œfl¡˝◊√¬ı±1˜±Ú ¬‰¬±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ¬Û≈Ú1 Ú±‰¬±À˘›
≈√˝◊√ ¤È¬± ‘√˙∏… ¬’Ô¬ı± ·±Ú1 ¬Û—øMê√ ’±˜±1 ˜ÚÓ¬ øͬÀfl¡˝◊√ Ô±øfl¡¬ı º
Œ√‡± ˚±¬ı ˆ¬øª¯∏…ÀÓ¬ Œ¸˝◊√À¬ı±1 fl¡í1¬ı±Ó¬ fl¡±ÚÕ˘ ¬’±ø˝√√À˘ ¬ı± ‰¬fl≈¡Ó¬
¬Ûø1À˘ ’±˜±1 õ∂±˚˛ ¬¸•Û”Ì« ø‰¬ÀÚ˜±‡Ú1 fl¡Ô± ˜ÚÓ¬ ¬Ûø1 Δ·ÀÂ√º
Œ˜±1 ’Ú≈˜±Ú ’±øÊ√1 ¬Û1± ˝È¬± √¬ıÂ√1 ¬Û±ÂÓ¬ ˝√√˚À˛ Ó¬± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Û±Í¬fl¡À1
Œ˜±1 ¤˝◊√ ø˘‡±ÀȬ±1 ¸•Ûfl«¡Ó¬ õ∂±˚˛ ¤Àfl¡±Àª√˝◊√ ˜ÚÓ¬ ŒÚÔ±øfl¡¬ı, øfl¡c
fl¡±À1±¬ı±1 ˆ¬±˘ ˘±ø·À˘ ŒÓ¬›“ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1±ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1¬ı ¬Û±À1, ë
¸À¬Û±Úí, ë¬Û=˜ ¬Û±Í¬í ’Ô¬ı± ø˚À˚˛ ŒÚ±È¬ ¬ÛÀϬˇ ëŒÓ¬›“ Œfl¡ª˘ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û1
›¬Û1ÀÓ¬ øÚˆ«¬1 fl¡ø1 ¬Û±1 ¬Û±¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1Ø fl¡±˜1 ˜±Ê√ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬›“ ˜±ÀÔ±
˜≈‡¶ö fl¡¬1±1 fl¡±˜À√Ȭ±Àª √fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1ØØí ¤ÀÚ ≈√˝◊√ -√¤È¬± ¬ ˙s
¬ı± ¬ı±fl¡…º ŒÓ¬›“ Œ¸˝◊√À¬ı±1 ˜ÚÓ¬ 1ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1¬ı ’±1n∏ ˜ÚÓ¬
¬1±ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ŒÓ¬›“ ¸˜Ô«› ˝√√í¬ıº ø¬ÛÀÂ√, ŒÓ¬›“ ø˘‡fl¡1 Ú±˜ÀȬ±Àfl¡ ¬Û±˝√√ø1
¬˚±¬ı ¬Û±À1º¬˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±1 ¤˝◊√ ø¬ı√…±ÀȬ±1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ ø¬ıù´±¸ 1‡±ÀȬ± ’±˜±1
¬ÛÀé ‡≈À¬ı˝◊√ √1fl¡±1œ˛º
¤ÀÚ√À1 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ø˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±
Â√±S1 ˘·Ó¬ Ôfl¡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Œ√‡±Ó¬ øÚÀ‰¬˝◊√ ¸±˜±Ú… øfl¡c ‡≈À¬ı˝◊√
õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¤‡Ú ¬ı˝√√œº ø˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û √¬ı± ’Ò…±˚˛ ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬
˘À· ˘À· ŒÓ¬›“1 ˜ÚÕ˘ ¬’˝√√± ˙s-¬ı±fl¡…À¬ı±1 ŒÓ¬›“ ¬ı˝√√œ‡ÚÓ¬
ø˘ø‡ ˘í¬ı º ø˚ ˜ÚÕ˘ ’±À˝√√ Ó¬±Àfl¡ √ ø˘ø‡¬ıº ˝◊√ ˚˛±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ‡≈¬ı ¤È¬±
ˆ¬íª±1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Ú±˝◊√º ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¬˝í√√À˘ ˝◊√˚˛±Ó¬ Œ˚±· ø¬ıÀ˚˛±·
fl¡1± ˚±¬ı ¬Û±À1, øfl¡c Œ¸˝◊√ ø¬ıÀ˚˛±·Ó¬ ˜Ú fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı ˚±ÀÓ¬
õ∂Ò±Ú õ∂Ò±Ú ˙sÀ¬ı±1 √¬ı±√ ¬Ûø1 Ú±˚±˚˛ º ’Ô¬ı± Œ˚±·1 ŒéSÀÓ¬±
‰¬±¬ı ˘±ø·¬ı, ¬ı±øϬˇ ¬ı±øϬˇ Δ· Œ¸˝◊√ ÀȬ± ¬Û”Ì« ¤fl¡ ¶§Ó¬La ø¬ıª1ÌÒ˜π
õ∂¬ıgÕ˘¬ 1+¬Û±ôLø1Ó¬ ¬Δ˝√√ Ú¬ÛÀ1º õ∂Ô˜ ’±1n∏ øZÓ¬œ¬˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬
¤‡Ú ¸•Û”Ì« øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û √¬ÛϬˇ±1 ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ’±Àfl¡Ã Œ˚øÓ¬˚˛± ¤È¬±
’Ò…±˚˛1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¬ıdfl¡ Ô”˘˜”˘√ˆ¬±À¬ı ˜ÚÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˘±ª±1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¬˝√√˚˛
ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±› ¤˝◊√ Ò1Ì1 õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ŒÚ±È¬ ˆ¬±˘Õfl¡ ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ˝√√˚˛√ º
ø¬ıª1ÌÒ˜π ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ŒÚ±È¬ –
 Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¬¤Ê√Ú Â√±S ¬ı± Â√±SœÀ˚˛ ø˚ ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1
fl¡ø1¬ı Œ¸˚˛± ’±˜±1 Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ ø¬ıª1ÌÒ˜π ŒÚ±È¬ º ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘
Δ· ¤˝◊√ fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ Œ˚ ¤È¬± õ∂ùü1
ά◊M1Ó¬ ¤È¬± ŒÚ±È¬ ˚ø√ √˝√ ¬ı±1˜±Ú ø˘‡± ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û› õ∂Ô˜ ’±1n∏
√˙˜ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ŒÚ±ÀȬ˝◊√ ¸•Û”Ì« qX ’±1n∏ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±ôL Œ˝±ª±1 ¸y±ªÚ±
fl¡˜√º ˝◊√ ˝í√˘ qXÓ¬±1 ø¬ÛÀÚ fl¡1± ¤fl¡ ’ÚôL ¬˚±S±º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ 눬±˘Õfl¡
ø˘ø‡¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1±, qXÕfl¡ ø˘ø‡¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1±Øí ¤ÀÚ ø‰¬ôL±À1
’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ ˜Ú Œ¬ı˚˛± fl¡¬1±1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± fl¡±1Ì√√ Ú±˝◊√ º ø˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ Œ˙¯∏Ó¬
Δ· Û1œé ±1 ¬ı˝√√œÓ¬ ø˘ø‡¬ı˝◊√ ˘±ø·¬ıº ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘
ø˚˜±Úø‡øÚ |˜ ø¬ı ˘í·± ˝√√˚˛ ø¸˜±Úø‡øÚ ˚ø√ ø˘‡±1 ¬ı±À¬ı fl¡1±
˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬ÀôL Œ¸˚˛± ˜ÚÀÓ¬± Ô±øfl¡¬ı ’±1n∏ √Û1œé ±1 ¬ı˝√√œÓ¬ ø˘ø‡¬ı
¬Û1±1 é˜Ó¬±› ¬ıU ’ˆ¬…±¸1 Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¬Ûø1¬Û$¡¡ Δ˝ ά◊øͬ¬ı ó- ¤ÀÚ√À1
ˆ¬±ø¬ı øÚÊ√fl¡ õ∂dÓ¬ fl¡ø1À˘ ˆ¬˚˛, ˙—fl¡±, ≈√¬ı«˘Ó¬± ’±“Ó¬ø1 ˜ÚÕ˘
ά◊»¸±˝√√ ’±ø˝√√¬ı, Œ˚±·±Rfl¡ ø‰¬ôL±› ¬ı±øϬˇ¬ı º
ø¬ıª1ÌÒ˜π ŒÚ±È¬ ø˚˜±ÀÚ ¬¸1n∏ ¬¬ı± ¬Î¬±„√√1 ˝√›fl¡ Œ¸˝◊√ À¬ı±1
’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¤Àfl¡± ¤Àfl¡±È¬± õ∂¬ıgº õ∂¬ıg Œfl¡ÀÚÕfl¡ ø˘ø‡¬ı ˘±À·
Œ¸˚˛± ’±˜±1 ¬ı…±fl¡1Ì1 øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÓ¬ ø˙Àfl¡±ª± √˝√ ˚˛º øfl¡c ’±ø˜¬ Ó¬±fl¡
‡≈¬ı√√ fl¡˜ &¬1n∏Q ø√›“√ º ‡≈¬ı ¸1n∏¬ŒÚ±È¬ ˝√í√À˘› Ó¬±1 ¤È¬± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì
(Analysis] ’—˙ Ô±øfl¡¬ı˝◊√ º ø¬ıÀ˙¯Õfl¡ ∏ø˚À¬ı±1Ó¬ ¸—:± ’Ô¬ı±
Ó¬±»¬Û˚« Ê√±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬1± ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Õfl¡› ά±„√√1 ŒÚ±È¬ ˝√√í¬ı ˘·±
˝√√íÀ˘¡ ¤È¬± ¸—Àù≠¯∏Ì [Synthesis] ’—˙› Ô±øfl¡¬ıº Œ˚ÀÚ Ò1±,
√ õ∂ùü fl¡1± ˝√√í˘ ¤ÀÚ√À1 – ë¬ıÊ√±1 ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ fl¡œ ∑ Ó¬±1 Œfl¡˝◊√Ȭ±˜±Ú¬
Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…1 ¬Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡1±ºí Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Õfl¡› ά±„√√1 ˝√√íÀ˘ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À1
’±1yøÌÓ¬ ¤È¬±¡ ¬Û±Ó¬øÚ ’—˙ ’±1n∏ Œ˙¯∏Ó¬ ¤È¬± ά◊¬Û¸—˝√√±1 ’—˙
Ô±øfl¡¬ı√√º õ∂ùü ’±1n∏ ø¬ı¯˚˛ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ¤˝◊√ ¸fl¡À˘± ’—˙À1 øfl¡Â≈√
ά◊¬Ûø¬ıˆ¬±· Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Õfl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì ’±1n∏ ¸—Àù≠¯∏Ì
’—˙1 º Œ¸˝◊√À¬ı±1fl¡ ά◊¬Û˙œ¯∏«Ú±˜ (Sub-Headline) ø Œ¬ıÀ˘À·
Œ¬ıÀ˘À· ø‰¬ø˝√√êÓ¬ fl¡1±À1± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º
ø¬ÛÀÂ√, Ó¬±ÀÓ¬±Õfl¡ ’±·ÀÓ¬ ’±˜±1 ¬ı≈Ê√± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤ÀÚÒ1Ì1
õ∂ùü øfl¡˚˛ fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛ ’±1n∏ ά◊M√ 11 ‰¬ø1S Œ˝√√ÀÚ±√√ øfl¡˚˛ ¤ÀÚÒ1Ì1
˝√√˚˛∑¬¬ıUÓ¬1 √Ò±1̱, ¤È¬± øÚø«√©Ü ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±˜±1 :±Ú1 ¬Ûø1˜±Ì
¬ı≈Ê√±1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤˝◊√ Ò1Ì1 õ∂ùü fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛º ¤ÀÚ Ò±1̱ ’±‰¬˘ÀÓ¬
’±—ø˙fl¡ˆ¬±Àª ¸Ó¬… º ¤˝◊√ Ò1Ì1 õ∂ùü fl¡1±1 ¤fl¡ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ά◊ÀV˙…
˝√√í˘ ¬Û±øÔ«¬ª Ê√œ¬ıÚÓ¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ά◊¬Û˘t :±Ú1 &1n∏Q Ó≈¬ø˜ øfl¡˜±Ú
¬Ûø1˜±ÀÌ ¬ı≈øÊ√ ¬Û±˝◊√ Â√± Œ¸˝◊√ ÀȬ±› ¬Û1œé¬Àfl¡ Ê√±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬±À1º ø˚
Œfl¡±ÀÚ± :±ÀÚ˝◊√ ’Ô«˝√ œÚ ˚ø√ Ó≈¬ø˜ Œ¸˚˛± ’±Ú1 ˘·Ó¬ ˆ¬±· fl¡ø1¬ı
ŒÚ±ª±1±º ·øÓ¬Àfl¡, ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ά◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ±1 &À̱ ¬Û1œøé¬Ó¬ ˝í¬ı º
¤È¬± õ∂ùü1 ά◊M√1 ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡¬1±1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ¤˝◊√ øÓ¬øÚȬ± fl¡Ô± ’ªÀ˙…˝◊√
˜ÚÀÓ¬ 1‡± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ óó [1] ŒÓ¬±˜±1 :±Ú, [2] ά◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ±1 鬘Ӭ±
’±1n∏ [3] :±Ú1 õ∂±À˚˛±ø·fl¡ &1n∏Qº ¤˝◊√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˝◊√ —¬1±Êœ √ 1‰¬Ú±
[essay]ø˘‡±1 ‘√©Ü±ôL ø√ ¤È¬± Ò±1̱ ø˚˛±1 Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡ø1ÀÂ√±º
Ò1± ˚±›fl¡, 1‰¬Ú±1 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ëSocial Concern on Exces-
sive Violence on Television.í ¬ıU ¸±Ò±1Ì Â√±S1 ¤ÀÚ õ∂ªÌÓ¬±
’±ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ø‰¬ôL± fl¡1±1 ˛¬Ûø1|˜ Úfl¡ø1 ˙œ¯∏«Ú±˜
’Ô¬ı± õ∂ùü1 fl¡Ô±1 ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬ √ά◊M√11 ë¬Û±Ó¬øÚí ’—˙ ’±1y fl¡À1º
Œ˚ÀÚ Â√±S˝◊√ ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û±À1 – There is excessive
violence on television ’Ô¬ı± There is many arguments
for and against the topic that there is too much vio-
lence on television. ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛øȬӬ ˚ø√›¬ı± ≈˝◊√ ¤øȬ ˙s¬¬ı±
ı±fl¡…±—˙ Œ˚±· fl¡1±1 ¬Ûø1|˜1 ø‰¬Ú ’±ÀÂ√ õ∂Ô˜øȬӬ Œ¸˚˛±›
Ú±˝◊√ º ¬ı≈øÊ√ Œ¬Û±ª± ˚±˚˛, ˝◊√ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±ôL ’˘¸ ˜øô¶©®1 fl¡±˜º Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û›
ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ÀȬ± ά◊ißÓ¬º ø¬ÛÀÂ√ ’±È¬±˝◊√ Ó¬Õfl¡ ˆ¬±˘ ˝√√í¬ı ˚ø√ ¤Ê√Ú
’±Rø¬ıù´±¸œ Â√±S˝◊√ ¤ÀÚ√À1 ’±1y fl¡À1, When I was young,
if I arrived at her house with a new toy, my grand-
mother would say darkly, ì You get to much bought
for you.” She never made it clear though just how
much was ‘too’ much or why she disapproved. The
public opinion on violence on television is rather simi-
lar. ˝◊√ ˚˛±1 ø¬ÛÂ√Ó¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ¬ÛÂ√μ1 fl¡Ô±À¬ı±1 Œ˚±· fl¡ø1 Œ˚±ª± º
˚ø√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ± ¬Ûé -ø¬ı¬Ûé ≈À˚˛±Ù¬±À˘˝◊√ √˜ôL¬ı… fl¡1±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú
Ô±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬ÀôL ¬ı≈øX˜±Ú ø˘‡Àfl¡ øÚÊ1 ˜Ó¬ÀȬ± ø√˚˛±1 ¬ı±À¬ı
Œ˙¯∏¬ı±fl¡…øÈ¬Õ˘Àfl¡ ’À¬Ûé ± fl¡ø1¬ı, ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ fl¡Ô±ÀȬ± ø˘ø‡
øÚÊ1 ’ª¶ö±Ú ≈√¬ı«˘ Úfl¡À1º ’ªÀ˙… øÚÊ√1 ’ª¶ö±Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡
¤È¬± ˝◊√ øeÓ¬ ’±1yÌœ1 ¬Û1±˝◊√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ› Œ·±¬ÛÚ fl¡ø1¬ı ŒÚ±ª±À1 º
ëø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ìí ˆ¬±·ÀȬ±› Ú±Ú±õ∂fl¡±À1 ’±1y ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º
¸˜˚˛ ¸±À¬ÛÀé ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ±1 ›¬Û1Ó¬ Ó≈¬ø˜ øÚÀÊ√˝◊√ øfl¡Â≈√ ’Ú≈¸g±Ú
fl¡ø1 ˘í¬ı ¬Û±1±º ’±1n∏ Ó¬±1 ¬Û1± Œ¬Û±ª± Ó¬Ô…ø√ ¸Ê√±˝◊√ ø˘ø‡¬ı
¬Û1±º Œ˚ÀÚ – During one recent weekday evening the
three channels between them broadcast approximately
eight hours of programmes in which some violence
was shown. This was out of about sixteen hours’ total
viewing time ... ’Ô¬ı± ¬¬ıg≈¸fl¡˘1 ˜≈‡Ó¬ qÚ±, ¬ı±Ó¬ø1fl¡±fl¡Ó¬
’Ô¬ı± ¬øfl¡Ó¬±¬ÛÓ¬ ¬ÛϬˇ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Ûø1ø‰¬Ó¬ ‚Ȭڱ1 ø¬ıª1Ì ø√
¤ÀÚ√À1› ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û1± – Our readers might recall that, it
was in the early part of nineties in a widely-published
and well known suicide case a teenage boy, who
luckily had survived, said that he got the idea to jump
down from a multi-storey building from a TV
programme called ‘Shaktiman’. It was a most popu-
lar children’s series of those days ... Ó≈¬ø˜ ó- ”√¬1√˙«Ú1
Œ‰¬ÀÚ˘À¬ı±1ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ø˝√√—¸± Œ√‡≈›ª± ˝√√˚˛ ó¤˝◊√ ˜Ó¬1 ø¬ı¬Ûé 1
˜ôL¬ı… ø√› ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ±fl¡ ·ˆ¬œ1Õ˘ Õ˘ ˚±¬ı ¬Û±1± º
ø¬ıÀ˙¯Õfl¡ 븗Àù≠¯∏Ì투±·Ó¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ø‰¬ôL±1 Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡Ó¬±
¤ÀÚÒ1ÀÌ› õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±1± – If ‘Shaktiman’ can insti-
gate a teenage boy to jump down from a multi-story
building then so can ‘Hanuman’. Should we resist
them to view Ramayana as well? So, it is possible
that the real problem is elsewhere. ’Ô¬ı± ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û±1± –
As we have told earlier in our investigation we also
found that, out of those sixteen hours’ viewing time
they had broadcasted romantic films and serials for
about nine hours. A good number of Indian parents
have grievances against that as well. If we have to
agree with them than the only way out is to keep TV
off. That we are not going to do in practice... ¤ÀÚ
’±fl¡¯∏«Ìœ˚˛ ˜ôL¬ı…À1 ˚ø√ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 øÚ¬ıgÀȬ± ¸Ê√±¬ı ¬Û±1±, ŒÓ¬ÀôL
ø¸ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 :±Ú1 ¬Ûø¬1‰¬˚˛ ø√˚˛±1 ˘·ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ά◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ±1
ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡ø1¬ı º ’±Ú˝√√±ÀÓ¬√√ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ø‰¬ôL±1 Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡Ó¬±
¸•ÛÀfl«¡› ¬Û±Í¬fl¡ [¤˝◊√ ŒéSÓ¬ ø˙é fl¡] ’±ù´ô¶ ˝√í¬ıº
Œ˙¯∏±—˙Ó¬, ’Ô±«» ëά◊¬Û¸—˝√√±1í ’—˙Ó¬ ’±Àfl¡Ã Ó¬≈≈ø˜¡
¸—Àé¬À¬Û ¬Ûé - ø¬ı Ûé¬1 ˜Ó¬À¬ı±11 ά◊X‘øÓ¬ ø√ øÚÊ1 ˜Ó¬ÀȬ±
¶Û©Ü fl¡ø1¬ı ˘±ø·¬ıº ¸±˜1øÚÕ˘ ’±ø˝√√ ¤ÀÚfl≈¡ª± ˆ¬±¬ı ˝√√í¬ı ŒÚ˘±À·
Œ˚ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’˝◊√ Ú ¤Àfl¡± ˆ¬±øª ŒÚ¬Û±˝◊√ ˝√√ͬ±» Δ1 Δ·Â√±º Œ¬ıøÂ1 ˆ¬±·
Â√±S˝◊√ ŒÓ¬ÀÚfl≈¡ª± √fl¡À1º Ó¬≈ø˜ Δ1 ·íÀ˘ Ú˝√√í¬ı, Œ˙¯∏ fl¡ø1¬ı
˘±ø·¬ıº ¤ÀÚ√À1 ø˘ø‡¬ı ¬Û±1± – “Now, having looked at
some of the arguments, my own conclusion is that
yes, there is excessive violence on television and those
people are quite right to be concerned about it ; but if
the only way to change this is by imposing censor-
ship, I would rather accept the risks and leave the
freedom of broadcasting untouched.”
ø¬ÛÀÂ√, ¤ÀÚfl≈ ª± ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ Œ˚±ª±1 ’±·ÀÓ¬ ó
ó¤Ê√Ú Â√±S1 ¬Û1± øfl¡ Ê√±øÚ¬ıÕ˘ ø¬ı‰¬1± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√, ’Ô«±» õ∂ùüÀȬ± ŒÚ±
øfl¡ó Œ¸˝◊√ fl¡Ô±ÀȬ±1 õ∂øÓ¬ Â√±SÊ√Ú ›‰¬1Ó¬ ¶Û©Ü Œ˝±ª± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ º
˜≈‡¶ö ø¬ı√…±Ó¬ ¬Û±1√˙π Â√±S-Â√±Sœ1 Œ¬ıøÂ1ˆ¬±À· √ ˝◊√ ˚˛±ÀÓ¬˝◊√ √ ˆ≈¬˘
fl¡À1º ŒÓ›“À˘±Àfl¡ ¬õ∂ùüÀȬ±Àfl¡ ¬ı≈øÊ√ ŒÚ ¬Û±˚˛º õ∂±˚˛ ¸fl¡À˘± õ∂ùü1
ŒéSÀÓ¬ ø˚À¬ı±1 ά◊M√ 1 ø˘À‡ Œ¸˚˛± ¤Àfl¡ ά◊M√ 11 ¬Û≈Ú1n∏øMê√ Δ˝√√
¬ÛÀ1, ø˚ÀȬ± ˝◊√ øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… ŒÓ¬›“À˘±Àfl¡ ˜≈‡¶ö fl¡ø1 ’±ø˝√√ÀÂ√ º
ŒÓ›“À˘±Àfl¡ õ∂¸e ¬¬ı≈ƒøÊ√ ά◊M√1 Úfl¡À1, õ∂ùü ’±1n∏ ŒÓ›“À˘±Àfl ˜≈‡¶ö
fl¡1± ά◊M√11 øfl¡Â≈√ ˙s ¬ı± ¬ı±fl¡…1 ø˜˘ ø¬ı‰¬±ø1 ¬Û±À˘˝◊√ ά◊M√ 1 fl¡À1 √ º
¤È¬± õ∂ùüfl¡ øͬfl¡ √À1 ¬ı≈øÊ√ ŒÚ±À¬Û±ª±1 õ∂Ò±Ú fl¡±1ÌÀ¬ı±1 Ó¬˘Ó¬
ø√˚˛± Ò1Ì1 ˝í¬ı ¬Û±À1 –
[fl¡] Ó≈¬ø˜ ’Ú…˜Ú¶® Δ˝ Œ¸˝◊√ õ∂ùü ¬ÛøϬˇ¬ı ¬¬Û±1± º Ù¬˘Ó¬
ˆ≈¬˘Õfl¡ ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û±1±º Œ˚ÀÚ ›¬Û1Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡ø1 ’˝√√± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ÀȬ±1
1‰¬Ú± ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘ ø√À˘ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’ÚÔ«fl¡ ëViolenceí -1 ›¬Û1ÀÓ¬ ŒÊ√±1
ø √¬ı˝√√œ‡Ú1 √’±Ò±Ó¬Õfl¡ Œ¬ıøÂ√ ¬Û‘ᬱ ¬ı…˚˛ fl¡ø1¬ı Û±1± º
[‡] Ó≈¬ø˜ õ∂ùü1 øfl¡Â≈√ ˙s ¬ı± ¬ı±fl¡…±—˙1 ’Ô« Ú≈¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û±1±º
’Ô¬ı± ›À˘±È¬±ÀȬ± ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û±1± º Œfl¡ª˘ ëTelevisioní-1 ›¬Û1ÀÓ¬
ø˚ ˜ÚÕ˘ ’±À˝√√ Ó¬±Àfl¡ √ø˘ø‡ ά◊M√1 ¬ı˝√√œ ˆ¬1±˝◊√ Ó≈¬ø¬˘¬ı ¬Û±1±º
[·] Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Û”¬ı«˘t ¸—¶®±11 õ∂ˆ¬±ªÓ¬ Ó≈¬ø˜ ø¬ı‰¬1± √ ’Ô«Ó¬
õ∂ùüÀȬ±fl¡ ¬ı≈øÊ√¬ı ¬Û±1±º Ó≈¬ø˜ ˝√√˚À˛ Ó¬± ”√1√˙Ú« Ó¬ ø˝√√—¸±1 ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬±1
¬ÛéÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ø¶öøÓ¬ ¶√ Û©Ü fl¡ø1˘√±º øfl¡c ø¬ı¬Ûé 1 ˚≈øMê√-Ó¬fl«¡ ά◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ
Úfl¡ø1 ŒÓ¬±˜±1 1‰¬Ú±‡Ú ¤fl¡¬Ûéœ˚˛ ’±1n∏ ≈√¬ı«˘ fl¡ø1 Ó≈¬ø˘˘±√º
’ªÀ˙… ¬¬Û1œé ±1 ˝√˘Ó¬ ¬¬ıø˝√√ õ∂ùüÀȬ± Ú≈¬ı≈Ê√±1 ¸˜¸…±ÀȬ±
¬ø˚˜±Ú ·ˆ¬œ1, ‚1Ó¬ ¬ıø˝√√ ¤È¬± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± ’Ò…±˚˛1 ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1
fl¡1±1 ¸˜¸…± ø¸˜±Ú ·ˆ¬œ1 Ú˝√√˚˛º øfl¡˚˛ÀÚ±, ‚1Ó¬ ’±ø˜ ø˙fl¡±1
fl¡±˜À√Ȭ± ’±1y fl¡ø1ÀÂ√“± ˜±ÀÔ±º ø˚˜±ÀÚ ’±&˚˛±˝◊√ ˚±˜ ø¸˜±ÀÚ
¬’±˜±1 ›‰¬1Ó¬ õ∂ùü ’±1n∏ ά◊M√1 ≈√À˚˛±È¬±1 ¸¶ÛÀfl¡«¡˝◊√ √ Ò±1̱ ¶Û©Ü
Δ˝ Δ· Ô±øfl¡¬ı º øfl¡c ¬Û1œé¬± ˝√√˘Ó¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±1 ¸˜˚˛ ’±1n∏ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±
¸œ˜±¬ıX º Œfl¡øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı± ’±Àfl¡Ã ¤Àfl¡È¬± õ∂ùü1 øˆ¬Ó¬1Ó¬ ø¬ıfl¡ä õ∂ùü
Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1 , õ∂ùü1 Œfl¡˝◊√ Ȭ±˜±Ú ’—˙ ¬ı± ˆ¬±· Ô±øfl¡¬ı ¬Û±À1,
ø˚À¬ı±11 ά◊M√ À1± ŒÓ¬ÀÚ√À1 댬ÛÀ1¢∂±øÙ¬Àfl¡ø˘í ø¬ıˆ¬±øÊ√Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ı ,
Œfl¡ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Ó¬ ø‰¬S, ’—fl¡ ¬ı± Ó¬±ø˘fl¡± ¬ı± ¬Ûø1¸—‡…±
˝◊√ Ó¬…±ø›√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ά◊M√ 11 ’ø¬ıÀ26√√… ’—˙ ˝í¬ı ¬Û±À1 º
¤˝◊√ ¸fl¡À˘± fl¡Ô± &1n∏Q ø ˘é … fl¡1± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬¬ º
¸±1±—˙À1 øÚÊ1 ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘‡±1 fl¡±˜√ ’±1y fl¡1± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ –
’±1yøÌÓ¬ ˝◊√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±ª± fl¡Ô±À¬ı±1 ˜±ÀÔ± ˜ÚÓ¬ 1‡±ÀȬ±Àª ˚ÀÔ©Ü º
’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ fl¡Ô±À¬ı±11 ’Ô« ¬ı≈Ê√±1 Ê√øȬ˘Ó¬±Ó¬ õ∂Àª˙ Úfl¡ø1
Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬ ’1y fl¡ø1 ø√˚˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√í¬ıº ’Ô«±» ¤øÈ øÚø«√©Ü
ø¬ı¯∏˚˛1 õ∂Ô˜ ’Ò…±˚˛1 ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘‡±¬ ’±1y fl¡1±ÀȬ± √1fl¡±1º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛
¬Û±Í¬1 õ∂Ô˜ ŒÚ±È¬ ˝√í¬ı Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¤È¬± ¸•Û”Ì« ’Ò…±˚˛1 ¸±1±—˙º
¸±1±—˙ ø˘‡± ¸—Sê±ôL Œfl¡±ÀÚ± õ∂ùü Ô±fl¡Àfl¡˝◊ ¬ı± Ú±Ô±fl¡fl¡ º ¸±1±—˙
ø˘‡±1 ¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ˝√í˘, ¤˝◊√ ¸±1±—˙ ˘·Ó¬ ¸—À˚±Ê√Ú ’Ô¬ı± ˝◊√ ˚˛±1
¬Û1± ø¬ıÀ˚˛±Ê√Ú fl¡ø1À˚˛˝◊√ ¬Û±Â√1 ¸fl¡À˘± õ∂ùü1 ά◊M√¬1 ø˘ø‡¬ı Û1±
˚±¬ı º ·øÌÓ¬, ø¬ı:±Ú ¬ı± ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬1 øfl¡Â≈√ Ó¬Ô… ¸˜‘X ’Ò…±˚˛1
¸±1±—˙ ø˘‡±1 õ∂ô¶±¬ı ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ’õ∂±¸øefl¡ Œ˚Ú ˘±ø·¬ı ¬Û±À1 , øfl¡c
Œ¸˝◊√ À¬ı±1À1± ά◊¬Û˙œÀ1±Ú±˜ ¬ı…ª˝√√±1 fl¡ø1 ¸±1±—˙ ˝í¬ı ¬Û±À1
¤ÀÚ√À1 –
[Ò1± ˚±›fl¡ ŒÓ¬Ê√1 ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤øȬ ’Ò…±˚˛1 ¸±1¸—À鬬Û
ø˘ø‡¬ı ˘±À·º]
BLOOD
1) Composition
A. Cells
(i) Red Cells
(ii) White Cells
(iii) Platelets
B. Plasma
2) Functions
A. Homeostatic (tissue fluid replacement )
B. Circulation
i) Oxygen transport ( lungs to tissues )
ii) CO2 transport (tissues to lungs )
iii) Excretory material transport (tissues to
kidneys )
iv) Digested food transport (ileum to tissues )
v) Hormone distribution (glands to various
organs )
vi) Heat distribution and temperature control
vii) Blotting
viii) Prevention of infection (wounds, diseases)
3) Circulatory System
Types of Blood Vessel
i) Arteries
ii) Bapillaries
iii) Veins
¤øÓ¬˚˛± ˚ø√ ŒÓ¬±˜±fl¡ õ∂ùü fl¡1± ˝√√˚˛ – Give a brief
account of Blood Composition. ’Ô«±» ŒÓ¬Ê√1 ·Í¬Ú
¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤È¬±¡ ¸—øé5 ø¬ı¬¬ı1Ì ø˚˛± óó ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± Œ¸˚˛± ›¬Û11
¸±1±—˙1 Composition ’—˙1 ø¬ıô¶±1 ‚Ȭ±˝◊√ ά◊M√1ÀȬ± ΔÓ¬¬˚˛±1
fl¡ø1¬ıÕ˘ ¸˝√√Ê√ ¬˝í¬ı º
¸±1±—˙ ø˘ø‡ ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡À1±ÀÓ¬ ’±1yø̬1 ¬Û1±˝◊√
¬fl¡±fl¡Ó¬1 õ∂øÓ¬ÀȬ± ¬Û‘ᬱ1 ›¬Û1Ó¬, Œ¸±“Ù¬±À˘, ¬ı±›“Ù¬±À˘ ’±1n∏ Ó¬˘Ó¬
˚ÀÔ©Ü ‡±ø˘ ͬ±˝◊√ ¤ø1 ø√˚˛± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º fl¡±1Ì ‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬
¤˝◊√ ŒÚ±È¬ÀȬ±1 ¬ıU√√¬ı±1 ¬ıUˆ¬±À¬ı ˙≈Ò1øÌ1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¬˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1º
õ∂±¸øefl¡ ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸eøÓ¬ Ôfl¡± ¬ıU fl¡Ô±, Ó¬Ô…, Â√ø¬ı ’Ô¬ı± Ó¬±ø˘fl¡±›
ø˘ø‡ 1‡±1 √1fl¡±1 ˝√√í¬ı ¬Û±À1 º ¸±1±—˙ ¬Û±Â√ÀÓ¬˝◊√ õ∂ùü±ª˘œ1
’±È¬±˝◊√ Ó¬Õfl¡ Ê√øȬ˘ ’±1n∏ ά±„√√1 õ∂ùü1 ά◊ M √ 1 ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘
’±1y fl¡1± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬º ˜˝◊√ ¯∏á¬
’Ò…±˚˛ÀÓ¬˝◊√ ø˘ø‡ ’±ø˝√√À±√
Œ˚ ’±È¬±˝◊ √ Ó ¬Õfl¡ ά±„√ √ 1
õ∂ùüÀ1 ’±1y fl¡1±1 ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±
˝í˘ ’±1yøÌÀÓ¬˝◊√ ¸•Û”Ì«
’Ò…±˚˛ À Ȭ±Àª ¬˜ÀÚ±À˚±·
’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡À1º Ù¬˘Ó¬ ˝◊√ ˚˛±1
˜˜«¬ıd ¬¬ı≈øÊ√¬ıÕ˘ ¬¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ˝√√˚˛º ˜˝◊√
¤˝◊√ ÀȬ±› ά◊À~‡ fl¡ø1 ’±ø˝√√À±√ Œ˚
õ∂Ô˜ Œfl¡˝◊√ Ȭ±˜±Ú ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘ø‡¬ıÕ˘
¬˚ø√›¬ı± ’À¬Ûé±fl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ıøÂ√
¸˜˚˛1 √1fl¡±1 ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬± ø¬ı‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Œ˝±ª±1 Œfl¡±ÀÚ± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú
Ú±˝◊√º ’±ø˜ ŒÚ±È¬ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡1±1 õ∂øSê˚˛±Ó¬ ø˚˜±ÀÚ˝◊√ ’±&ª±˝◊√
Δ· Ô±øfl¡˜ ¬ø¸˜±ÀÚ˝◊√ √’±˜±1 fl¡˜ ¸˜˚˛1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¬˝√√í¬ıº
¤Àfl¡¬ı±À1 Œ˙¯1 ø¬ÛÀÚ Ú¬ı˜, √˙˜, ¤fl¡±√˙ ŒÚ±È¬ ø˘ø‡¬ı1 ¸˜˚˛
¤ÀÚ› ˝í¬ı ¬Û±À1 Œ˚ ø˘‡±1 ’±·ÀÓ¬˝◊√ √’±˜±1 ˜ÚÕ˘ ¸•Û”Ì«
ŒÚ±È¬ÀȬ±1 ¶Û©Ü 1+¬Û ¤È¬± ˆ¬“±ø˝√√ ά◊øͬı ¬Û±À1º ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ˜ÚÕ˘
ˆ¬±¬ı ’±ø˝√√¬ı ¬Û±À¬1, Œ˚ ¬Û±ø1˜, ·øÓ¬Àfl¡ ø˘‡±1 √1fl¡±1 √ Ú±˝◊√ º
Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û ’±ø˜ ø˘ø‡ Ô¬ı ˘±À·º øfl¡˚˛ÀÚ±, ¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ’±˜±1 ¶ú‘øÓ¬À˚˛
õ∂ª=Ú± fl¡1±1 õ∂ª˘ ¸y±¬ıÚ± Ô±Àfl¡ º
Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬1 ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ ’±ø˜ ¤ÀÚ√À1˝◊√ ’±˜±1 õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛
¸fl¡À˘± øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û-¬ÛS ¬ÛøϬˇ ¸y±¬ıÚœ˚˛ õ∂ùüÀ¬ı±11 ά◊M√ À1À1 ¤È¬±1
¬Û±Â√Ó¬ ¤È¬± ŒÚ±È¬˛ ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡ø1 ˚±¬ı ˘±À·º ¤ÀÚÕfl¡ √˙˜ ŒÚ±È¬ÀȬ±
ΔÓ¬˚˛±1 fl¡¬1±1 ¸˜˚˛Õ˘ ’±ø˜ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛1 ·ˆ¬œ1Õ˘ õ∂Àª˙ fl¡ø1˜ ’±1n∏
ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛± ’±1yøÌ1 Ù¬±˘1 ŒÚ±È¬À¬ı±11 ¬ıU Sn∏øȬ ø¬ı‰≈¬…øÓ¬ ¤ÀÚ˝◊√
Ò1± ¬Ûø1¬ıº ŒÓ¬øÓ¬˚˛±˝◊√ ¸—ø˙©Ü ŒÚ±È¬1 fl¡±¯∏1 ˜±øÊ«√ÚÓ¬ Ò1± ¬Û1±
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˚±¬ıº ¤ÀÚ√ À 1 ’±ø˜ fl¡˜ ¸˜˚˛ Ó ¬ Œ¬ıøÂÕfl¡ ¬Û≈ Ì –¬Û±Í¬1
(Revision)’ˆ¬…±¸ fl¡ø1¬ı ¬Û±ø1˜º ˚±≈√1 √À1 ¤˝◊√ ø‰¬SÀڱȬÀ¬ı±À1
fl¡±˜ fl¡À1 ¬ı±À¬ı ¤˝◊√ À¬ı±1fl¡ ˚±≈√ÀڱȬ ¬ı≈ø˘› [Magical Note)
fl¡í¬ı ¬Û±ø1º ø¬Û ø‰¬ ‰¬1¬fl¡±11 ˚±≈√1 √À1 ’±˜±1 ¤˝◊√ ˚±≈√À1± Ú±Ú±
õ∂fl¡±1Àˆ¬√ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√ ˚±≈√ø¬ı√…±fl¡ ø˙øfl¡¬ıÕ˘ Ú±Ú± ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ√º
øfl¡c ¶ö±Ú1 fl¡Ô± ˆ¬±ø¬ı ’±ø˜ Δ1 ø√¬ı ˘í·± Δ˝√√ÀÂ√º ’˝√√± ’Ò…±˚˛Ó¬
fl¡˜ ¸˜˚˛Ó¬ øfl¡Ó¬±¬Û ¬ÛϬˇ±1 ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ’±1n∏ ˚±≈√ø¬ı√…±1 øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡Ô± ø˘ø‡
’±˜±1 ¤˝◊√ √œ‚« õ∂¬ıg1 ¸±˜1Ìœ Œ‚±¯∏̱ fl¡ø1˜º„
[Œ˘‡fl¡ ¬ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯∏± ’±1n∏ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…1 ø˙é¬fl¡]
 Ram Naresh Das
B ehind every invention and discovery
there has always been the hand of a
gifted individual. The gifted individuals
carry the society and civilization forward
and work miracles.
The gifted students of todays will
tomorrow grow into eminent Scientists,
Managers, Accountants, Investors,
Discoverors, Economists, Administrators
and Leaders. They possess exceptionally
high I. Q. Their percentage in any normal
populations is very small. They are
rightly the cream of the vast student
population. They are the potential leaders
for every walk of life. The gifted is not a
gift for himself / herself alone, he/ she is
a gift for the society as a whole. If given
a chance, he / she is going to do
something extraordinary and remarkable.
If neglected he / she will be a loss to
himself / herself no doubt, but it will
a teacher’s opinion based on the day to
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
greater loss for the society. They are the stuff
which is most precious and which deserves
special attention in the matter of education.
Identification : Their identification is the
first step only then any help would be possibly
given to them. They are likely to exhibit their
unique characteristic right from the very
biginning. We can identify them only after
watching their academic and other performance
for a consistently long time. The following
consideration will help us in this connection :
1. The opinion of the teachers.
2. The marks obtained in previous classes.
3. Present position on aptitude and
achievement tests in a particular
subject.
4. The results of intelligence tests,
interests, inventories etc.
5. The report of a poperly planned
interview.
6. The tutor’s opinion and the subject
day progress and observation.
Some General Signs : The following signs
will also help us in finalising our
identification and judgement :
1. He / She learns rapidly and easily
2. He / She is alert and keen observer.
3. Gives extraordinary and intelligent answers.
4. Puts intelligent and thought provoking
questions.
/ 32
5. Responds quickly and correctly.
6. Shows originality, novelty and creativity.
7. Shows a good deal of common sense as
well as practical and general knowledge.
8. Gives evidence of his imagination,
memory and developed thinking and
reasoning power.
9. Is able to generalise and draw
conclusions.
10. Can solve problems and understand the
things which are meant for higher than
his age group of students.
11. Can associate, correlate and integrate
various pieces of knowledge drawn from
different topics and branches of the
subject.
Enrichment programme for the gifted
students :
The gifted students have a tremendous
energy with a lot of determination to go ahead.
If not channelized, the reservoir of energy may
go waste and sometimes may create serious
problems for the individual and the society. The
idea of giving special attention to the gifted
students by arranging separate classes or sections
is not practicable as the number of such students
in a particular school, college, university, class
and subject may be very small. Moreover this
amounts to special treatment to a few at the cost
of many and looks undemocratic. The other
alternative is to collect all of them at one place
in a district or region. Among average
companions they will remain at the top without
much effort and will not face any competition.
When collected at one place in an ideal school,
college or university brought into the company
and competition with classmates of their own
level and are placed under the charge of selected
and really competent teachers, they will be able
to do their best. Such like schools / colleges /
universities will be residential where all round
development of these students may be ensured.
These schools / colleges / universities can also
be equipped adequently to cater to their various
33 /
and special educational needs. A truly academic,
inspiring, scholarly and dedicated atmosphere
can also be created.
For providing additional learning
opportunities, under the enrichment programme,
the following two channels one suggested :
1. Provision of enriched curriculum
2. Enrichment within the existing
curriculum.
Under the former channel, the curriculum
may contain more advanced topics, or have
additional topics or include more analytic and
heuristic approach to the subject.
Under the latter scheme, attempts may be
made to provide additional educational
opportunities within the existing curriculum.
The following arrangements may be made
to do greater justice to them :
1. An enriched syllabus to provide extensive
and intensive education.
2. Really challenging, ingenuity
demanding, intiative demanding and
creativity oriented tasks.
3. Their learning should not remain
confined to the text books but should be
expanded with the help of supplementary
readers, reference books and general
literature.
4. Their system of evaluation should also
be more valid, reliable, scientific and
sophisticated in order to remove from it
chance factors and other errors.
5. They should be taught by the methods
like heuristic, induction analysis, problem
and discussion,
6. The techniques of assignment, self study
and supervised study may be more
frequently used.
7. Their self study should be exercised to the
maximum by proposing to them educative
projects and intelligent assignments.
8. They should be largely left to themselves
to solve mathematical problems.
9. Mathematical problems proposed for them
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
 should not be of routine type or mechanical
nature. They do not need repeated practice
of the same type. Every problem meant
for them should be a type in itself.
10. They should be made to feet that
mathematical / accountancy offers a real
challenge to their intellect and it is only
through their genius that the subject will
make any progress.
11. They should be given opportunities of
collection, tabulation and interpretation
of mathematical data.
12. They should be encouraged to write good
essays and articles on interested topics.
13. They should be asked to participate in
panel discussions, seminars or contests.
14. They should be encouraged for
experimentation and independent research
in the field of concerned subjects.
15. In every possible way, they should be
provided with quality education.
(The author teaches Commerce in the College)

(Contd from 25) Self Development and .....

individual of its significance continous to grow the globe closer and has facilitated speedy and
is todays word. On the path of providing high effective transmission of thoughts and ideas. The
quality service is global market, one must be well express or reach of communication therefore, is
equipped with the behavioural skills of world wide and truly encompasses human life
communication. Thus there is a strong wgency is all its facets and endeavouiss. It galvauizes
on the part of the student life as maximum as action among individuals, organisation, societies
possible. Development of varied and and the world community at large.
sophisticated means of communication over a (The author teaches Commerce in the College)
period of time has brought human beings across
The Human Voice Needs Your Write Up
‘THE HUMAN VOICE’, the yearly magazine of Barak Human Rights Protection Committee (BHRPC),
is asking write-up for its 3rd Issue. It is to be noted that the internet version of the Magazine is non-priced
and the print version will be priced just to cover the printing expenses.
The writers may send article/write-up on any of the topics listed below or any other topic they think
important and related to human rights. It will be very helpful if the piece reaches to the editor before 15th
February, 2009.
The topics proposed to be covered: 1. Human Rights and ‘Counter Terrorism’, 2. ‘Terrorism’, ‘Counter
Terrorism’ and Communalism, 3. Indian Anti-terror and Security Laws: Are They Counter Productive?
4. Indian Anti-terror and Security Laws: Compatibility with International Human Rights Standards, 5. Human
Rights Obligations of ‘Non-State Actors’, 6. Human Rights Obligations of Corporate Sector, 7. Practices and
Laws Responsible for Culture of Impunity, 8. Corruption and Human Rights Violations, 9. Policing and
Human Rights: Case for Police Reform in India, 10. Custodial Death and Torture in India: Case for Ratification
of the UN Convention Against Torture, 11. En masse Human Rights Violations of Groups of People in the
Name of Industrialisation and Development: Individual Case Studies, 13. Women’s Human Rights: Legal and
Practical Situations in India, 14. Labour Rights: Legal and Practical Situations in India, 15. Minority Rights:
Legal and Practical Situations in India, 16. Rights of Indigenous People: Legal and Practical Situations in
India, 17. Right to Information: Legal and Practical Situations in India, 18. Right to Freedom of Speech:
Legal and Practical Situations in India and so on. Send your valuable article to
Waliullah Ahmed Laskar
editor.humanvoice@gmail.com;
wali@riseup.net
Barak Human Rights Protection Committee

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

/ 34
 >ã[º³ ë\¸à[t¡ ëÎ>àš[t¡

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šå¹oà ëÛ¡yγèÒ¹ W¡à[Òƒàì¹à ÒùàÎ-¤õ[‡ý¡ Qìi¡¡ú ÒüÚàt¡ šø[t¡ìi¡à ëÛ¡yìt¡ "[>ÆW¡Út¡à [¤¹à\ A¡ì¹¡ú K[t¡ìA¡
ëA¡àì>à &i¡à ëA¡[¹Ú๹ \>[šøÚt¡à ëƒ[J "àK [šá >K[o ÎA¡ìºàì¯ &ìA¡³åìJ ëƒï¹à l¡ü[W¡t¡ >ÒÚ¡ú "à[³
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K®¡ã¹®¡àì¤ šø®¡à[¯t¡ A¡[¹ìá¡ú "=¢î>[t¡A¡ ³–ƒà¯Ñ‚๠ó¡ºt¡ ¤×ìt¡à ¤õÒ; ëA¡à´šà>ã ëƒl¡üºãÚà íÒìá¡ú [¤Å«¹ [®¡t¡¹t¡
Å[v¡û¡Åàºã [¤v¡ãÚ Î}Ñ‚à ¹ê¡ìš \>à\àt¡ ëºÒì³> ¤øàƒ¢àá, & "àÒü [\, [W¡[i¡ì¤}A¡ "à[ƒ šø[t¡Ë¡àì> "à[=¢A¡ ³–ƒà¤Ñ‚à¹
A¡¯ºt¡ š[¹ ëKàìi¡Òü [¤Å«¹ ¤àì¤ [¤šƒ Î}ìA¡t¡ A¡[Øn¡ÚàÒü "à[>ìá¡ú ¤õÒ; ¤õÒ; Î}Ñ‚à γèÒ [¤v¡ãÚ Î}A¡i¡¹ ³åJà³å[J
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®¡à¹t¡t¡ &Òü "=¢î>[t¡A¡ Î}A¡i¡ &[t¡Úà* K®¡ã¹ ¹ê¡š ‹à¹o A¡¹à >àÒü ™[ƒ* ÒüÚ๠šø®¡à¯¹ š¹à δšèo¢ ³åv¡û¡

ëA¡ Ò’¤ š¹à >àÒü¡ú [¤ìÅÈîA¡ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ &Òü "=¢î>[t¡A¡ Î}A¡ìi¡ Òü[t¡³ì‹¸ ¤¸àšA¡ šø®¡à¯ 뚺àÒüìáú
ë™à¯àìi¡à ƒÅA¡t¡ ³åv¡û¡ "=¢>ã[t¡ "à¹ç¡ [¤Å«àÚ>¹ Îå¤àƒt¡ A¡³¢Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ "®è¡t¡šè¤¢ š[¹¤t¢¡> "à[>
[ƒ[ạú W¡¹A¡à¹ã Jr¡t¡ A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš> A¡[³ ë™à¯à¹ [¤š¹ãìt¡ ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ / ë¤W¡¹A¡à¹ã ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ A¡³¢-Î}Ñ‚àš>¹
[¤ÅຠÎåì™àK ³åA¡[º íÒ[ạú A¡³¢Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ëÛ¡yt¡ ¤à[o[\¸A¡ ¤[Ò¢K³> (BPO/KPO) t¡=¸šø™å[v¡û¡ (IT), [¤³à>
(Aviation) "à[ƒ ëÛ¡yt¡ [™ ‘¤å³’ (Boom) Îõ[Ê íÒ[Ạt¡à¹ ó¡ºt¡ ¤× ™å¯A¡ ™å¯t¡ãìÚ l¡üZW¡ ë¤t¡>¹
W¡àA¡[¹ ºà®¡ A¡[¹[ạú >tå¡> šø\–µ¹ ™å¯A¡ ™å¯t¡ã ÎA¡º¹ ¤àì¤
&A¡[¤}Å Å[t¡A¡à¹ Ѭš¹— ëA¡[¹Ú๠íÒ l¡ü a [º
l¡ü[k¡[ẠCom- p u t e r
engi- neer,
Man-

35 / /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

agement, Call Centre, Air hostess "à[ƒ¡ú t¡à¹ ¤àì¤
¤×\ì> ¤× ¤¸Ú¤×º [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>t¡, "à>[A¡ ˜¡o íº*
>à³®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹[ạú
[A¡”ñ "à[\ Îõ[Ê ëÒà¯à "=¢î>[t¡A¡ [¤Å«ì\à¹à ³–ƒà¤Ñ‚à¹
Aå¡ šø®¡à¯ "ài¡àÒüt¡îA¡ ë¤[áîA¡ š[¹ìá &Òü ‘¤å³’ ëÛ¡y
γèÒìt¡Òü¡ú IT, Management, Aviation, Garment, Re-
tail, BPO "à[ƒ ëÛ¡yt¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹ =A¡à ¤×\> Òü[t¡³ì‹¸
A¡³¢W塸t¡ íÒìá¡ú t¡=¸[¤`¡ ³Òº ³ìt¡ "Òà [ƒ>ì¤à¹t¡ "à¹ç¡
[¤šåº Î}J¸A¡ ëºàA¡ A¡³¢W¡å ¸t¡ Ò’¤¡ú &ì> š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡t¡ ®¡[¯È¸ìt¡
>tå¡> A¡³¢ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ëÛ¡yJ> ët¡ì>Òü Î}Aå¡[W¡t¡ ëÒà¯à ‹å¹ç¡š¡ú
"à>[A¡ IIT, IIM ¹ ƒì¹ [ÅÛ¡à>åË¡à>¹ š¹à l¡üv¡ão¢ áày-áàyã
ÎA¡ºì¹à ¤×t¡ì¹ [>ìÚàK Wå¡[v¡û¡ [>™å[v¡û¡¹ šè줢Òü ¤à[t¡º ¤à
Ñ‚[Kt¡ íÒìá¡ú ÒüÚ๠³èº A¡à¹o Ò’º ®¡à¹t¡¹ IT, Manage-
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(National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)
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šø‹à> šàk¡¸yû¡³ γèÒ Ò’º :
1. 4yr Undergraduate Programme in Design
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
 Fashion Technology. "à>Òàìt¡ MAT t¡ Case study, business domain
2. 2yr. PGP in Fashion management, Fashion test "à¹ç¡ logical ability "à[ƒ [¤ÈÚ¹ šøÅ— =àìA¡¡ú &Òü
Technology and Fashion Space. š¹ãۡ๠¤àì¤ ¤\à¹t¡ [¤[®¡Ä ÎÒàÚA¡ šå[= ëšà¯à ™àÚ¡ú t¡à¹
NIFT ¹ (Fashion management) šàk¡¸yû¡³ &i¡à ÎÒàÚîº ®¡àºƒì¹ šøÑñ[t¡ W¡ºàìº NIFT t¡ šØn¡à¹ Îìšà>
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®¡[t¢¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú \à[>¤¹ ¤àì¤ W¡à¤ šàì¹ Website : www.niftindia.com.

SSC ¹ š¹ãۡ๠ÎèW¡ã

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A¡ì¹¡ú ë³[i¡öA¡¹ š¹à Ñ•àt¡A¡ š™¢àÚ¹ šøà=¢ã¹ ¤àì¤ SSC & in Customs etc)
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"‹ã>¹ ëA¡Òüi¡à³à> šø‹à> š¹ãۡ๠γÚÎèW¡ã t¡ºt¡ [ƒÚà Ò’º¡ú Notification : September
Exam : January
ëA¡–ƒøãÚ W¡¹A¡à¹¹ W¡àA¡[¹ A¡[¹¤ ëJà\à ÎA¡ìº ëÎÒü³ìt¡ l¡üš™åv¡û¡
4. Section Officer (Commercial)
šøÑñ[t¡ ÎÒA¡àì¹ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ "¯t¡ão¢ Ò’ìº ÎÒì\Òü [>™å[v¡û¡ Notification : August
ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤ šà칡ú Exam : December
1. Combined Matric Level Exam. 5. Jr. Hindi Translator
(for selection of LDA, Stenographer Notification : December Exam : April
Grade C, Grade - D, etc,) &Òü š¹ãÛ¡àγèÒt¡ "¯t¡ão¢ Ò’¤ ëJà\à ÎA¡ìº
Notification : May. Exam : September
Employment News "=¤à ">¸ ³åJ¸ ¤àt¡[¹ A¡àA¡t¡Î³èÒ
2. Combined Graduate Level Exam
(for selection of Asst., Income Tax W¡àÒü =à[A¡ìºÒü "à줃>¹ \à>>ã/ šø-šy ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¤¡ú
Inspector, Inspector of Central Excise, ([ºJA¡ ¹à\>ã[t¡ [¤`¡à>¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡)
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
/ 38
 Q. Sir, I am a student of B.Com final year, having major in management. I am expecting
that I will secure 50% above marks in the B.Com Final year examination. After B.Com I
want to study either MBA or MCA. I want to inform you that I am pursuing a One year Post
Graduate Diploma Course in Computer i.e. PGDCA. I also like to inform you that my financial
condition is not sound. In this condition which course is suitable for me ? Please suggest me
the right path and name some institutions which offer courses in MBA and MCA in Assam.
Biki Bhowal, B.Com Final Year
Pragyan : Both MBA and MCA are two good career options. Now, it depends upon
your interest and aptitude which one you choose as your career considering your commerce
background management may be more suitable field for you. An MBA degree will surely
help you to get a good placement. Of course, you must get your degree from a recognised
institute of good reputation. You should take CAT, MAT, etc national level B-School Entrance
tests, as most of the institutes in India accept CAT/ MAT scores for admission. But you may
get admission to some institutes without taking CAT/ MAT, because those institutes, particularly
the universities conduct their own admission tests to select candidates for their MBA
programmes.
There are a number of institutes in Assam which offer MBA equivalent courses. Dibrugarh
University, Gauhati University and Tezpur University have their own MBA courses. You
may also consider Assam Institute of Management (AIM) and NERIM both located at
Guwahati. All are reputed institutes with good placement records.
However, if you are keenly interest to a have a career in IT sector and had mathematics
as a subject in HS (10+2) level you may think of MCA. MCA courses are offered in Dibrugarh
University, Tezpur University and Gauhati University in their own campus and through other
institutes. You can do MCA in any of the engineering colleges in Assam, e.g.. JEC (Jorhat),
AEC (Guwahati) and NIT (Silchar). NERIM (Guwahati) also offers MCA course under Gauhati
University. All the universities in Assam GU, TU and DU conduct their own admission tests
for selection of students for MBA or MCA courses. To get admission you have to go through
the written test and interview.
There are many private institutes also at different places in Assam including Tinsukia,
which offer MBA/ PGDM/ MCA courses. They are however study centres running under distance
education system of some universities. If you want to do your course from these institutes/
study centres, you should first confirm their affiliation, AICTE recognition and placement record.
Your financial condition will not be hindrance in pursuing a course of either MBA or
MCA. If you get admission in a Govt. run university or institute the cost will be very low. Banks
also provide educational loan for students getting admission in reputed institutes. So, your first
priority should be concentrating all your efforts on preparation for admission tests. You may
seek guidance in this regard from the faculty members of commerce dept. Tinsukia College. If

39 / /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

you have a strong will, you will be able to achieve
your goal against all the odds. Best of luck.
Common Entrance Admission Test
(CAT) Notification : July. Exam :
November
Tezpur ITI and Maruti Suzuki India Ltd sign MoU
T he Tezpur Industrial Training Institute
moved into a progressive phase of
vocational training by inking a
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
on 21st October,08 with the Maruti Suzuki
India Limited for introducing new multi-
skilled modular courses. With the MoU in
place, both the parties have mutually
agreed on achieving the goal of imparting
up-to-date technical knowledge in the field
of automobile technology to the students
of ITI, Tezpur.
The MoU will be effective for five
years, which could be further renewed.
Plans are also on the anvil to sign an
MoU between the Maruti Suzuki India
Ltd and the ITI Jorhat. The Maruti
Suzuki Ltd. will henceforth help the ITI
to set up facilities to provide necessary
training assistance in imparting latest
The Wind Beneath Our Wings
A Profession as Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (AME)
@ The North East Institute of Aeronautics, Guwahati,
Whenever one thinks of a career in the
aviation industry, it is either as a pilot or as cabin
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
Management Aptitude Test (MAT) 4 tests
every year – Feb, May, Sept., Dec.
[MAT score is recognised and accepted by
Govt. universities including Dibrugarh
University for admission]
(Answered by Nilim Jyoti Senapati)
technical knowledge of their automobiles so
that students are well acquainted with
Maruti services before they are absorbed
into the company.
The MoU will also bring both the
parties together on updating the course
curriculum and adoption of new training
technology from time to time. The four
members joint-working committee comprising
Members of both parties would look after the
work such as faculty and staff development,
one-day lectures,
teaching aids,
seminars,
workshops
and on-job
training.
[PEB]
©The Assam
Tribune, Buljit Buragohain
(buluassam@yahoo.co.in & assam@assamnet.org
crew. But beyond the glamour and coveted
uniforms are careers that are not only ambitious
/ 40
but come with a
whole lot of
responsibility.
One such job is
that of an aircraft
maintenance
engineer (AME).
An AME is
like a doctor,
but with double
t h e t h e s e .
responsibilities.
A pilot merely
flies and reaches the destination. AMEs ensure
that the aircraft is fit to fly and that passengers
can fly safely.
The aircraft industry in India is booming
with airline operators being forced to hire pilots
from abroad. The requirement for AMEs is even
greater. There’s a huge demand for AMEs
abroad, especially in Asia, so opportunities for
Indian professionals are looking bright. The
salaries in the sector have increased by leaps and
bounds in recent years. A fresher with a licence
can easily earn anywhere between Rs 20,000 and
25,000. With a few years of experience and
expertise on newer aircraft, a person can easily
command a salary of around a lakh . AMEs in
senior posts can earn up to Rs 3.5 lakh.
Another advantage in this profession is that
AME is basically a license-based profession so
there is no retirement age as such. There were
not many institutes around the country offering
AME courses till a few years ago but recognising
the projected demand for the engineers in the
future, the government’s Directorate General of
Civil Aviation (DGCA) recently gave various
institutes the license to offer the course.
The training period at these institutes lasts
for two and a half years followed by a semester
of “post institutional apprenticeship” at a DGCA-
approved flying club or an airline where students
work in real-time situations. A trainee has to take
three licence examinations conducted by the
41 /
DGCA and
receives a
B a s i c
Maintenance
E n g i n e e r ’s
Certificate
(BAMEC)
recognised by
the government
once he passes
Acquiring a
BAMEC is
necessary for
obtaining an AME license to inspect and certify
aircraft, engines and systems. The AME license
issued by the DGCA is internationally
recognised.
The BAMEC is issued for both light and
heavy aircraft, helicopters, piston engines, radio
navigation systems and others. The minimum
qualification for admission to almost any AME
course is the Plus Two with an aggregate of at
least 50 per cent in maths, physics and chemistry.
Almost all the institutes have their own entrance
exams followed by interviews. Some institutes
go by IIT-JEE scores to select students. Fees
range from Rs 2-4 lakh depending on the area
of specialisation.
Different institutes impart AME training for
different types of aircraft. For instance, the
Camellia Institute offers specialisation in heavy
aeroplanes and jet engines, where as the North
East Institute of Aeronautics, Guwahati, works
with light aircraft and piston engines. The choice
is for students to make.
The top institutes that impart AME training
include the School of Aviation Science and
Technology or the Center for Civil Aviation
Training in New Delhi; the Institute of Aircraft
Maintenance Engineers, Secunderabad, and the
Indian Institute of Aeronautical Science, Calcutta,
to name a few. India has about 60 AME training
institutes, 10 in the eastern region alone. [PEB]
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
 Kamaruzzaman Ahmed
I n the relentless quest of mankind to
unravel the mystery of the solar system,
an Assamese Scientist Dr.Musahid Ahmed
also has contributed his mite to this effort.
Following is a synopsis of his recent work
published in the Journal, ‘Science’(Science
is the academic journal of the American
Association for the Advancement of
Science and is considered one of the
world’s most prestigious scientific
journals. The peer-reviewed journal, first
published in 1880. The major focus of the
journal is publishing important original
scientific research and research reviews.)
Oxygen is the most abundant
element in Earth’s crust
a n d
accounts
f o r
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
almost a third the planet’s mass. Of its three
stable isotopes, oxygen 16 makes up 99.762
percent of oxygen on Earth, while heavier
oxygen 17 accounts for just 0.038 percent, and
the heaviest isotope, oxygen 18 , makes up 0.2
percent. However, a meteorite that scattered
over Chihuahua, Mexico contained a oxygen
ratio that was anomalous to that found in our
planet and could provide clues to its origin in
the solar system.
“For a chemist, the question of oxygen-
isotope ratios is one that could help us
understand the origins of the solar system,” says
Musahid Ahmed (Musa) of Berkeley Lab’s
Chemical Sciences Division, a beamline
scientist at the Chemical Dynamics beamline,
at the Advanced Light Source (ALS). “Why
meteoritic oxygen isotope ratios are
significantly different from those on Earth has
mystified scientists for years.”
Various models have been proposed to
explain these differences, including the notion
that isotope ratios in our solar system resulted
from their creation in an exotic star, or in several
different stars, through nuclear processes –
models that Ahmed says “don’t work” – or,
more persuasively, that chemical processes
within the solar nebula itself gave rise to the
oxygen ratios.
One such process goes by the name of
“isotope self-shielding.” The most abundant
oxygen-bearing molecule in the solar nebula
/ 42
was carbon monoxide, and self-shielding has
been considered a key to the relative amounts of
oxygen that result when carbon monoxide is
dissociated by vacuum ultraviolet light, or VUV.
Self-shielding has been observed in
molecular clouds of dust and gas in outer space.
When energetic VUV light from a nearby star
penetrates a molecular cloud, it breaks carbon
monoxide molecules into atoms of carbon and
oxygen. Different isotopes absorb VUV photons
with slightly different energies, however; near
the edge of the cloud, the carbon monoxide with
the most abundant isotope, O16, soaks up many
of the photons that can be absorbed by O16, thus
shielding O16 deeper in the cloud. But O17 and
O18, which absorb different energies, are not
shielded. Inside the cloud, then, relatively more
carbon monoxide molecules with the heavier
isotopes are dissociated, and heavier oxygen
atoms are released. Along with carbon monoxide
photo-dissociation in the early solar system,
water is also a key player in the process. Together
they make for some intricate chemistry, which
locks the heavier isotopes of oxygen into
minerals that make up the oldest meteorites and
subsequently formed all the other bodies of the
solar system.
It’s reasonable to expect that a similar
process may have been at work in the early solar
system, with the young sun radiating VUV that
acted on carbon monoxide in a hot region near
the protosun, or perhaps in colder regions farther
away. Does VUV self-shielding really work
under these conditions? And if so, what effect
does it have on the resulting ratio of oxygen
isotopes? Until now there were no answers; the
proposal had never been experimentally tested.
“Mark Thiemens of the University of
California at San Diego contacted us to use our
beamline to do a direct test,” says Ahmed. “The
ALS provides VUV photons that can be tuned
precisely to various energies that dissociate Carbon
monoxide.”
The experimenters sent ultrahigh-purity
carbon monoxide through a test chamber and
43 /
exposed each run to a beam of VUV photons
generated in a synchrotron at four different
wavelengths that were important for the self-
shielding hypothesis. Exposure time at each
wavelength was long, from a little over three
hours to almost 16 hours.
As the carbon and oxygen atoms
dissociated, the oxygen quickly recombined with
intact carbon monoxide to form carbon dioxide,
which was collected in a liquid-nitrogen-cooled
vessel. These samples were taken to UC San
Diego by team member Subrata Chakraborty, a
postdoc in the Thiemens group and lead author
of the paper describing the research results.
Chakraborty chemically removed oxygen from
the carbon dioxide. He then determined the
isotope ratios by mass spectrometry, which
separates isotopes according to their mass.
Self-shielding has been observed in
molecular clouds but may not account for
differing ratios of oxygen isotopes. However
they are determined, oxygen isotope ratios are
preserved as the oxygen dissociation products
of carbon monoxide combine with hydrogen to
form hydroxyl and then water, which later reacts
with dust grains to form minerals. “The results
surprised us,” Ahmed said. “We set out to prove
that VUV self-shielding is responsible for the
ratios of oxygen isotopes characteristic of the
oldest objects in the solar system, but it turned
out we didn’t need self-shielding.”
Basic chemical physics alone was
enough to produce the higher proportion of
heavier isotopes – and the ratios themselves were
still a good match for those found in samples
from the early solar system. The authors
concluded that cold regions of the solar nebula
were indeed a potential site for the generation
of oxygen reservoirs with relatively high
amounts of the heavier oxygen isotopes, “but
not via self-shielding.”
“You can see the ratios of the isotopes
brought back by Genesis, but that doesn’t tell
you how they came about,” says Ahmed. “The
isotope ratios themselves don’t tell you why they
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
were different in the early universe than they are
today, so there’s lots more science to do in the
laboratory. One of the steps in the chemistry of
oxygen that we want to test next is the reaction
between oxygen, water and silicates, which
produced the solar system’s first rocks. It’s the
kind of experiment that beamline 9.0.2 was
designed to perform: investigate chemistry in
environments like those in interstellar space and
in our own earth in combustion engines and the
terrestrial atmosphere.”
The above is a synopsis from Berkeley Lab
News about the work done by Dr. Musahid
Ahmed in collaboration with the UCSD group
of Mark Thiemens. The work was supported by
NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy. The
results have been published in Science titled
“Experimental test of self-shielding in vacuum
ultraviolet photo-dissociation of CO,” – Subrata
Chakraborty, Musahid Ahmed, Teresa L.
Jackson, and Mark H. Thiemens.
One of the lead Scientist in this group Dr.
Musahid Ahmed, is an Assamese, who has found
a niche in the scientific community in the United
States of America. He is a Research Scientist
working in the Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory (LBL), Berkeley, California as a
Principal Investigator. His research interests
include Nanoscale Chemical Imaging, Biological
and Environmental Mass Spectrometry, Aerosol
and Combustion Chemistry, Nanoparticle Physics,
Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization Dynamics,
Synchrotron Radiation and its Chemical
Applications.
He was born in Digboi, the oil city of
Tinsukia District, Assam. His parents are Mrs.
Dabira Sultana Ahmed and Komoruzzaman N.
Ahmed, now resides at Guwahati . His early
education was in St. Mary’s School, Nahorkatiya,
Carmel School, Jorhat and Scindia School,
Gwalior from where he passed his Higher
Secondary Examination in Science. After
completing his B.Sc (Hons) degree in Chemistry
with a first class in 1985 from Ramjas College,
New Delhi he joined University of Cambridge,
UK in the same year for further studies and
obtained his Ph.D from that university in
1989.He was awarded an Overseas Research
Scholarship in Cambridge. He was one of the
youngest students enrolled for the Doctorate
programme in chemistry and obtained his
doctorate at a relatively young age of 24 years.
After doing Post Doctoral research in
University of Leicester and Manchester in UK
and Max Planck Institute in Gottingen, Germany,
he moved to USA in 1995 and joined Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory as a Scientist and
reached the current position of Principal
Investigator in 2006.
During his tenure in LBL he was awarded
an Outstanding Performance Award in 2003.
He is a member of American Chemical
Society, American Physical Society, American
Association for the Advancement of Science and
the American Vacuum Society.
Dr. Ahmed has published more than 50
research papers in various scientific Journals and
his most recent paper mentioned above is published
in the prestigious scientific journal Science.
He has been invited for talks in his field of
interest by various scientific communities for
conferences and seminars held in the USA and
Jordan, China, Germany, Hawaii, UK and France.
In March 2009, he will be a visiting lecturer
at a school at the Abdus Salam International
Center of Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy.

I f you are a college/ university teacher or a freelance writer then Pragyan is a platform which you can exploit. It has
these days online edition as well. We are here to publish your writings. Writings can be sent for any issue. We request
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We believe not on the bondage of knowledge, but in its freedom

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

/ 44
 Sangeeta Baruah
N utrition and Health is such a vast
subject that people can build their
carrier on either Nutrition or Health alone.
As the subject is related to Human
Resources, it is one of the most important
subjects of the modern world. Therefore,
it is not possible to cover all the areas of
the subject in a 2/3 pages paper. Now, I
shall try to give an outline on the subject
with the little knowledge I have on the
same in this paper.
Our bodies are like factories that need
maintenance and fuel, which is supplied
by the food we eat. Nutrition is the study
of different kinds of food and how the
human body makes use of them.
All forms of life, whether plant or
animal, require certain essential
food elements in order to live
and reproduce their own
kinds. These food
elements must be
present in the
diet in right
proportion and
45 /
must be taken regularly.
A look at the list ,of the body’s
components will give some idea of the complex
chemical structures of which we are made. For
average man they are: protein (17%), fat
(13.8%), carbohydrate. (1:5%), minerals
(6.1%) and water 61.6%. The cells of the body
are like factories which use chemical reactions
to change the component supplied to them in
our diet into the products necessary for life arid
growth.
Human body is made up of millions of
living cells, all very much alive and all can carry
out their particular functions. Each cell must
be fed and cared for. Otherwise it can work
properly. To be assured of this we must choose
a sensible diet. This is one of the most important
thing in life.
Now let us see what is health. At its
simplest, health is the absence of physical and
mental disease. However, the wider concept
promoted by WHO is that all people should
have the opportunity to fulfil their genetic
potential. This includes the ability to grow
physically and mentally without the
impediment of inadequate nutrition or
environmental contamination and to be
protected as much as possible against infectious
diseases.
Primarily a good health depends upon the
right choice of food. The human body has been
beautifully engineered to operate smoothly
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
provided we treat it well. Our amazing body also
has the power to combat illness and replace worn
out tissues with new living cells. But if we fail
to provide the right kinds of food, the body will
soon grow old and die.
The construction job of our human body
begins at birth and continues for the rest of our
lives. This construction process must be
supported by right material i.e. right food.
What are these body building materials?
Doctors refer to them as proteins, fats,
carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water.
These materials we have in sufficient quantity
and in right time if we want to be strong and
healthy. Where do we find them? In our food of
course. Only from our foods can we derive the
materials for body building bones, muscles,
nerves and skin, all of which are essential for
the smooth working of every organ in the body-
Hence the need for learning how to choose the
right diet. Hence the importance of Nutrition.
Protein forms the most important part of
the living organism. Protein is exceedingly
complex in its structure and functions and many
of its reactions are still very mysterious. Proteins
are basic to good nutrition.
The human body is like a vast family of
cells, all with their own special work to do.
Everything we do, every reaction taking place
within us, is carried out by one type of cells or
another. This is life. These cells must be fed and
cared for each cell in our body is dependent upon
us to keep it alive. From the foods we eat the
cell builds up its own particular type of
protoplasm, the jelly like material of which all
cells are composed. It is from proteins that the
living protoplasm within the cells is built. This
wonderful living material is constantly absorbing
and expending energy. Part of this energy is
needed for the growth of the cell itself. The rest
is expended on the work it does and the heat is
produces which keeps us warm and alive.
Proteins are broken up in the gut into their
basic components, amino acids. From these
amino acids the cells make their own proteins.
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
After protein what come are carbohydrates,
minerals, vitamins. Carbohydrates are mainly
converted by the digestive processes into various
sugars, especially glucose. These is the type of
fuel that the body prefers since it is easy to
transport and the cells can use it conveniently.
Some cells, specially in the brain, need glucose
as an energy source. This is stored in the form
of glycogen and can be readily converted to
glucose when needed. So a minimum level of
glucose must be kept up for the brain cells to
function. The various fats that we take are
converted into fatty acids and they are stored in
the body and will be burnt up in need.
Thus fats, carbohydrates and proteins could
be termed as Fuels for the body consisting of
tissues and cells. The body also requires some
chemicals which it cannot make for itself.
However, these can usually be stored and so we
may be able to survive for months without them
before the effect of any deficiency in the diet is
felt. We can not do without oxygen for any time
at all and lack of water will be felt in a day or
two, since this can not be stored in any quantity.
The nutrients we need however are: vitamins,
essential elements and minerals, fatty acids and
amino acids. Vitamins are needed to help the
enzyme systems which drive the cell factories.
Vitamins are soluble in either water or fat. This
difference is important because if the absorption
of fat is abnormal, due to some disease in the
intestines, them the fat soluble vitamins would
not be absorbed. Food preparation may also
affect some water soluble vitamins.
Minerals elements needed for adequate
nutrition include some like carbon and hydrogen
that are so abundant that deficiency is practically
impossible.
Sodium and chloride, the constituents of
common salt are essential to our bio-chemistry.
Calcium is an important constituent of bones and
other tissues. The body’s calcium turnover is
carefully regulated by a complex hormone
system which includes vitamin ‘D’.
Iron is essential for the manufacture of
/ 46
haemoglobin. the vital oxygen carrying
substance in red blood cells.
Minute quantities of other elements are also
needed. Iodine, for example, is essential to the
manufacture of thyroid hormone. Fluoride is
essential to prevent tooth decay. Copper, cobalt and
manganese are needed for various enzyme systems.
Amino acids are the nitrogen containing
compound which are the basic building blocks
of the much larger protein molecules. Different
foods have different proportions of these
essential substances - so a mixture of proteins is
needed in order to have an adequate diet. Most
of the fatty acid required as fuel stores and in
make up of cells can be made in the body. Fatty
acid consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
are the main fuel needed for muscular activity.
From the above discussion it .is obvious
that diet or food has the main part to play in the
whole chart of nutrition. Food can be divided in
to three main types — carbohydrates, proteins
and fats. Carbohydrates and fats are used to fuel
all the body’s processes and as already shown
protein is the building material for the body’s
tissues. Thus insufficient carbohydrate or fat
means lack of energy and fatigue, lack of protein
will lead to gradual wasting of tissues.
Carbohydrates are commonly found in
starch and sugar. Sources of carbohydrates are
potatoes, bananas, bread, lentils, honey etc. This
form is specially needed for people doing heavy
work. Excess of sugar and starch puts strain in
the pancreas and must be avoided.
Carbohydrates are also protein spares. Animal
foods such as meat, fish, eggs are high sources
of protein. Milk and milk products, cereals and
pulses are also high protein source. Complete
proteins have the same structures of amino acids
as the body’s protein as found in meat. fish, egg
Reference:
1) The Marshall Cavendish Encyclopedia of Family Health, Vol. 2 & 6
2) The British Medical Association Complete Family Health Encyclopedia
3) Your guide to Health by Clofford R. Anderson M.D.
4) Various articles published in new papers and periodicals from time to time.
(The author teaches Philosophy in the College)
47 /
and dairy products. Fats provide more than twice
as much energy as other foods; which means we
need considerably less of them. They also add
taste and flavour to our diet. Fat also acts as a
wall that protects our muscles. Fats are classified
as saturated and unsaturated fats. Saturated fats
lead to the damage of arteries and heart disease.
Vitamins are found in the various vegetables and
are a must for normal growth and development.
Minerals are also essential for keeping body
healthy, they are calcium, phosphorus, iron,
iodine, magnesium, fluoride, zinc and copper
and a balance diet always provides them. Last
but not least is the dietary fibres because they
help in the process of digestion.
The energy from food is measured is terms
of calories — one calorie being defined as the
amount of energy required to raise the
temperature of one kilogram of water by 10C.
A balance diet is one which supplies all
necessary nutrients in quantities that suit the
individual. Such a diet provides 1,600 Calories
a day and consist of dairy products, vegetables,
meat and fish, vegetable, fruit, bread and cereals.
So where there is nutrition there is health. A
good health means proper nutrition. Food
planning in the homes is very much necessary. It
is not true that only costly foods are nutritive. Low
cost meals can also be as nutritive as costly foods.
But above all many years ago a Hebrew sage
years ago gave this counsel ‘‘A merry heart,
doeth good like a medicine”. So for a better
health apart from a nutritive diet, one should
always be optimistic. Then only one can enjoy a
better health. His or her whole body responds to
the sheer joy of thing. So in the family every
member should try to create a happy atmosphere
so that the meal time turns out to be enjoyable
one, which in tern will be a nutritive moment.
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
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>ƒ->ƒã¹ šø¤º \ºìÑ÷àt¡, KÒ> \º, Jàº-[¤Jàº, >ƒã
šà¹àšà¹, ë>ï¤àÒ>, ë>ï ¤à[o\¸ Òüt¡¸à[ƒ iå¡A¡ì¹à iå¡A¡ì¹à á[¤
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
W¡™¢à¹ A¡[¤ìƒ¹ A¡ºì³ ¤à¹¤à¹ Qåì¹[ó¡ì¹ &ìÎìá¡ú >ƒã * "àe¡[ºA¡ ¤à}ºà¹ í¤[ÅÊ¡¸P¡ìºà šøt¡ãÚ³à> ÒÚ, 뙳> -ÿ-ÿ-
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™åv¡û¡[Ạ&¹ >à>à[¤‹ Òü[Ut¡ ¹ìÚìá & "e¡ìº šøW¡[ºt¡ (5) , ‘ÒàØl¡ãt¡ ®¡àt¡ >à[Ò’ (33)¡ú
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"”zº¢ã> Òü[t¡ÒàÎ ¹ìÚ ëKìá &Τ "àW¡à¹-">åË¡àì>¹ ³ì‹¸¡ú (Ñ|ã/ 10, ‘[o" Q[¹oã W¡r¡àºã 뺺㒠(Ñ|ã/ 49) Òüt¡¸à[ƒ¡ú
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Nø씂 ‘Kattigara’ (A¡à[i¡KØl¡à) ¤–ƒì¹¹ l¡üìÀJ &¤} ®¡àUà * ([>ƒ ëKº), ‘l¡ü[k¡ ëKº’ - 47 (l¡ü[k¡ ëKº), ‘Î[Øl¡ š[Øl¡"àò
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W¡™¢à "=¢ ¤¹àA¡ W¡™¢à "=¢ ¤¹àA¡
¹ç¡ìJ¹ (2) Kàìá¹ ¹ç¡J¹ç¡ ÎàU (20) Ѭà³ã-Ñ|ã¹ê¡ìš ÒàUà/ ëÒUà
ƒå[º (2) A¡Záš ƒåÒüº ¤àÎ (Î > Ò)
ÎÒठ(41, 43) Ѭ®¡à¤ ÎÒà¤/ ÎÚठW¡à–ƒ Wò¡àƒ W¡à–ƒ
oà¤Øl¡ã (38) ëáài¡ ë>ïA¡à >à*[Øl¡/ >àl¡ü[Øl¡ Èà³à" šøì¤Å A¡ì¹ Òà³àÚ (È > Ò)
¤åØl¡Òü 14) ël¡àì¤ ¤åìØl¡ ë\àÒo ë\¸à;Ñ•à ë\à>àA¡
"àÒüº (3) &º "àÒüº [¤"à[t¡ [¤¤à[Òt¡ Ñ|ã [¤"[t¡
W¡[Øl¡ (10) W¡ìØl¡ W¡[Øl¡ [¤š= [¤šÛ¡ [¤š=
ëKºà (7, 15) ëKº ëKºà &Aå¡ (2, 15, 23, 24) &A¡ &P¡/ &Lå
¤º"à (38) ¤º¤à> ¤ºå"à ëJØl¡à (41) ëJºà ëJÒüØl¡
[¤"àºã (4) í¤A¡à[ºA¡ [¤"[º ƒå‹å (33) ƒå‹ ƒåƒå
A¡àì>i¡ (2) A¡o¢à®¡¹o A¡àì>i¡ [š=A¡ (37) šõ=A¡ [š=A¡
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
/ 58
ëºà"àW¡à¹ (31) ëºàA¡àW¡à¹ ºå"àW¡à¹ ok¡à (31, 35, 49) >Ê¡ >k¡à
l¡ü"àÎ (7) l¡üƒàÎ l¡ü"àÎ l¡üyJã (16) l¡üìšÛ¡à A¡ì¹ l¡ü"à[J/ l¡ü"à[B¡
®¡"[Qo (31) ®¡Ú-Qõoà ®¡"[Qo šàoã (6, 14, 45, 47) \º šà[>
ëáàÒü ëáàÒü (10) áòåìÚ-áòåìÚ áÒü áÒü [=¹ (3, 38) [Ñ‚¹ [=¹
šÎìU šøÎìU šÎìU ë=àÒü (8) ë¹ìJ =Òü
[¹Î" (9) #È¢à A¡ì¹ [¹Îô l¡üyÎò (12) l¡üšìƒÅ l¡üìÚÎ
>o–ƒ (11) >>ƒ >>>ôƒ šà" (14) šà, W¡¹o šà"
&l¡ü (1) &Òü &l¡ü A¡à³ (22) A¡³¢ A¡à³
t¡l¡ü (26) t¡=à[š, t¡¤å t¡l¡ü/ ët¡l¡ü "ƒ®å¡Úà (30) "Š±æt¡ "àƒô®å¡"à
ëÎï (33) ëÎÒü ëÒï (Î > Ò) Q[¹oã (49) Q¹oã, Kõ[Òoã Q[¹[>
ëA¡à& (43) ëA¡ Aå¡ìÚ [áoàºã (18) °Ê¡à >à¹ã [á>à[º
ÎàS¡³ (5) ÎòàìA¡à ÒàA¡³ (Î > Ò) &=å (16, 20, 22, 27) &Jàì> &=å/ &tå¡
[Îc¡y (15) [·ý¡ ÒÚ [Òìc¡ (Î > Ò) W¡àìUØl¡à (10) ¤òàìŹ cå¡[Øl¡/ W¡àUà[¹ W¡àR¡Øl¡à¡

W¡™à¢ šìƒ ¤¹àA¡ l¡šü t¡¸A¡àÚ šøW¡[ºt¡ šøW¡å ¹ Å즹 šøàÚ "[¤Aõ¡[t¡ ó¡¹à[Îìt¡* "àìºàW¡>๠ÒìÚìá¡ú &Òü "àìºàW¡>๠‹à¹à
"¤Ñ‚àÚ Î³àÒà¹-γàì¤Å ºÛ¡¸ A¡¹à ™àÚ¡ú A¡ìÚA¡[i¡ ƒõÊ¡à”z : [>¹”z¹ W¡ºìá¡ú &A¡ "ì=¢ W¡™¢àšƒ šå[= ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ l¡üš³ÒàìƒìÅ
&Τ Ŧ &J>* ¤¹àA¡ l¡üšt¡¸A¡àÚ ƒà[šìÚ ë¤Øl¡àìZá¡ú Τ¢àìšÛ¡à "[‹A¡ "àìºà[W¡t¡ šå[=¡ú t¡=à[š ¤ºà ™àì¤ >à,
\à>à> [ƒìZá &Òü l¡šü t¡¸A¡à¹ šø[Ñ‚t¡ [ƒ>P¡ìºàìA¡, Îå¤o¢ "t¡ãt¡ìA¡¡ú W¡™¢àšƒ δšìA¢¡ ΤA¡=àÒü ¤ºà ÒìÚ ëKìá¡ú W¡™¢àšìƒ¹
Ò¹šøÎàƒ ÅàÑ|ã A¡tõ¢¡A¡ W¡™¢šå[= "à[¤ÍH๠* šøA¡àìŹ ™åKγà\ * ®¡àÈà šøÎìU šøâ—-Òü[t¡ÒàÎ[¤ƒ * ®¡àÈà[¤ƒìƒ¹
š¹ ë=ìA¡ ¤à}ºà, "Î[³Úà, *[Øl¡Úà, í³[=[º * [Ò[–ƒ ®¡àÈà- ƒõ[Ê¡ ¤¹àA¡ l¡üšt¡¸A¡à¹ "àe¡[ºA¡ ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈ๠[ƒìA¡ [>¤ìÞê¡
Îà[Òìt¡¸¹ š[r¡ìt¡¹à W¡™¢àšìƒ¹ [¤ÈÚ [>ìÚ [¤Ñz¹ "àìºàW¡>à Òì¤ &³> "àÅà "à³¹à A¡¹ìt¡Òü šà[¹¡ú
A¡ì¹ìá>¡ú ®¡à¹t¡-¤à}ºàìƒìŹ ¤àÒüì¹ Òü}ì¹[\ &¤}
t¡=¸ šå[= :
1¡ú Òà\๠¤áì¹¹ šå¹ào ¤àUàºà ®¡àÈàÚ ë¤ï‡ý¡Kà> * ëƒàÒà : Ò¹šøÎàƒ ÅàÑ|ã : ¤UãÚ š[¹Èƒ A¡ºA¡àt¡à : 1388 : šõ: 36¡ú
2¡ú The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language (Vol. I) : Suniti Kumar Chattterjee : Rupa
& Co. : 1986 : P. 111.
3¡ú Ò¹šøÎàƒ ÅàÑ|ã ¹W¡>à-Î}NøÒ (3Ú Jr¡) : Ît¡¸[\; ëW¡ï‹å¹ã, [>[JìºÅ«¹ ëÎ>P¡œ¡, 냤šøÎàƒ ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢, "g> ¤ì–ƒ¸àšà‹¸àÚ,
Îå[³yà ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢ δšà[ƒt¡ : š[ÆW¡³¤Uò ¹à\¸ šåÑzA¡ šÈ¢ƒ : A¡ºA¡àt¡à : 1984: šõ : 292¡ú
4¡ú ¤¹àA¡ l¡üšt¡¸A¡àÚ ¤à}ºà Îà[Òt¡¸ W¡W¢¡à¹ ‹à¹à¤à[ÒA¡ Òü[t¡ÒàÎ : "³ìº–ƒå ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢ : "Û¡¹¤õv¡ : 3Ú ¤È¢ 2Ú "[t¡[¹v¡û¡ Î}J¸à :
&[šøº 1993 : A¡[¹³Kg : šõ. 49¡ú
5¡ú W¡™¢àKã[t¡ šƒà¤ºã : ÎåA塳๠ëÎ> : A¡ºA¡àt¡à : 1995 : šõ 36¡ú
6¡ú ¤à}ºà Îà[Òìt¡¸¹ Òü[t¡ÒàÎ -ÿ-ÿ- "à[ƒ™åK (šø¤Þê¡) \ã¤> >à= : \à[t¡Uà : Åใ Î}A¡º> 1431 : šõ 7¡ú
7¡ú ¤>t¡à¹àšå¹ -ÿ-ÿ- íŤÎ}ÑHõ[t¡¹ δ±à>à³Ú šøâ—Ñ‚º (šø¤Þê¡) : tå¡Èà¹A¡à[”z >à= : \à[t¡Uà : Åใ Î}A¡º> : 1411 : šõ 20¡ú
8¡ú A¡àáàìØl¡¹ Òü[t¡¤õv¡ : l¡üìš–ƒøW¡–ƒø P¡Ò : P¡ÚàÒà[i¡ : 1971 : šõ 12¡ú
9¡ú [>³àÒü¹ ¤à¹³àÎã : ¹à\ì³àÒ> >à= : ÅøãÒj¡ Îà[Òt¡¸ š[¹È; š[yA¡à : 3Ú ¤È¢, 2Ú Î}J¸à : Åøà¤o 1345 : šõ : 21¡ú
10¡ú Îå¹³à ¤¹àA¡ l¡üšt¡¸A¡à¹ ë>ïA¡àšè\à-šøàÎ[UA¡ t¡=¸ (šø¤Þê¡) : "³ìº–ƒå ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢ : ÅøãÒj¡-A¡àáàìØl¡¹ šøàW¡ã> Òü[t¡ÒàÎ * Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹
¹ê¡šì¹Jà : ë\¸à[t¡[¹–ƒø>à= ëW¡ï‹å¹ã, Îå[>³¢º ƒv¡ ëW¡ï‹å¹ã, "³ìº–ƒå ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢, ³à>줖ƒø ®¡j¡àW¡à™¢ δšà[ƒt¡ : [ź} : 1996 :
šõ : 209¡ú (ëÎï\>¸ : \à[t¡Uà, 2007 Jõ@ Åใ Î}A¡º>)
(ëºJA¡ [źW¡¹ ιA¡à¹ã l¡üZW¡t¡¹ ³à‹¸[³A¡ [¤ƒ¸àºìÚ¹ ¤à}ºà ®¡àÈà * Îà[Òt¡¸¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡, A¡[¤, ëºàA¡ Î}ÑHõ[t¡¹
Kì¤ÈA¡ &¤} ‘\à[t¡Uà’ A¡àKì\¹ δšàƒA¡)

59 / /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

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[¤ì¹à‹ã Îì\àì¹ [=Ú ëÒà¯à¹ šøìÚà\>¹ ³åÒèt¢¡t¡
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
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íÎìt¡ìÒ ³à>åÒ¹ [¤ì¹à‹ Qìi¡¡ú ë\¸à[t¡-[¤Ì塹 l¡üƒàÒ¹o ƒà[R¡
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ѬàÛ¡¹ A¡¹à ³åÒèt¢¡t¡ l¡üv¡à¯º íÒ l¡ü[k¡º ѬàÛ¡¹A¡à¹ãA¡
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[t¡[>¤á¹¹ [šát¡ ëƒJà K’º ë™ Wå¡[v¡û¡ìÚ [¤ìƒÅã >àK[¹A¡¹
Bhudhar Phukan
Dr. Diganta Phukan
P anoramic situation has emerged in
India through the interactions among
different racial groups. These groups have
migrated to India in different periods of
history. According to Sir Herbert Risley
there are seven races in India and these are
– the Mongoloids, I n d o -
Aryans,
Dravidians
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
šø¤ø\> ë¹à‹ A¡[¹¤ ë>à¯à[¹ìº¡ú Îã³à”z Îå¹[Û¡t¡ >Ò’º –
ëKá ëyû¡A¡à¹ šøA¡¿ "à[\* δšèo¢ ëÒà¯à >àÒü¡ú
"[t¡ δß[t¡ l¡üŠ±¯ ëÒà¯à "γ¹ γθàγèÒ¹
γà‹à>¹ >à³ìt¡à ™[ƒ "à[³ "àì¤Kšø¤o íÒ šì¹à ët¡ì”z
"γãÚà \àt¡ãÚ \ã¯> [W¡¹[ƒ> ³å\å¹à š[¹ ¹’¤¡ú
šõ[=¯ã¹ ÎA¡ìºà l¡üÄt¡ ëƒìÅÒü ™å¯Å[v¡û¡¹ ³à\t¡ [>[Òt¡
íÒ =A¡à "š¹à\Ú Å[v¡û¡A¡ "à‹à¹ ¹ê¡ìš íº "àK¤à[Øn¡ ™àÚ –
™å¯Å[v¡û¡ íÒìá šøào¯”z Î}ÑH๳åv¡û¡¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ "à³à¹ γà\¹
Wå¡ìA¡-ëA¡àìo \³à ëÒà¯à ³[ºì¤à¹ t¡=à ƒåÑHõ[t¡ì¤à¹ [>³è¢º
A¡[¹¤îº Î}ÑH๳åv¡û¡ ™å[v¡û¡¤àƒã "à¹ç¡ ÎàÒÎã, "t¡ãt¡¹ š¹´š¹à
®¡à[R¡ >tå¡> "àƒÅ¢ šøƒà> A¡[¹¤ š¹à ƒõØn¡ šøt¡¸Ú δšÄ
ëÎ>à>ã¹ìÒ šøìÚà\>¡ú ( [ºJA¡ ëW¡>àÒü¹à³ l¡üZW¡t¡¹
³à‹¸[³A¡ [¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ "¯Î¹ šøàœ¡ [ÅÛ¡A¡, º§¡ šø[t¡Ë¡ [ºJA¡,
Îà}¤à[ƒA¡ "à¹ç¡ Î}ÑHõ[t¡A¡³¢ã)
Mongolo- Dravidians, Arya-Dravidians,
Seytho- Dravidians and the Turko-Iranians.
Dr. J. Hutton also categorized these races
as the Negroits, Proto-Austroloids, Early-
Mediterranians, Advanced-Mediterranians
(Dravidians), Armenoids, Alpines, Vedic-
Aryans (Nordics) and the Mongoloids. But B.
S. Guha classified the races in six categories
and these are-the Negroits, Proto-Austroloids,
Mongoloids, Mediterranians, Western
Brachycephals, and the Nordics
The famous anthropologist Suniti Kr.
Chattupaddhyaya supported this classification
of Prof. Guha and they were of the view that
these races are found more or less in India. They
also pointed out that the first four and the last
one is in North east India. (Bhattacharya:1989).1
/ 62
From their study the racial groups that are found
in Assam as well as North-east India are, the
Negroits, Proto-Austroloids, Mediterraneans,
Mongoloids and the Nordic(Aryans). Following
is a brief discussion of these groups.
1. The Proto-Austroloids: The first
migrants to North-east India are the Proto-
Austroloids. They migrated to this region from
South Asia and Indian Islands through North-
eastern angle of this region long before the birth
of Christ. After migration they inhabited in the
Brahamaputra Valley. Later on when the
Mongoloids migrated to the Brahamaputra
Valley frequently they were unable to inhabit
here with the Mongoloids and migrated to the
hilly places. (Baruah: 1987).2 The people of this
group found in India are of black complexion
with high heads, flat noses medium heights. The
famous Assamese anthropologist Dr. Pramud Ch.
Bhattacharya mentioned that physically the
Proto-Austroloids are medium in nature. In the
early period they were a group of food searcher
or food gatherer. But when they started to settle
down in India they also began farming with
traditional equipments. They were the first who
domesticated elephants.
The Khasias and the Jayantiyas are the
people of this group. But according to some
scholars the Khasiyas and the Jayantiyas speak
the languages that were emerged from the Austric
which was the language of the Proto-Austroloids
but racially they were emerged from the
Mongoloids. It implies that they are the
Mongoloids. Besides, the Koles, Mundas ,
Saotals (Santhal) who are mostly found in tea
garden areas in North-east India belong to this
Proto-Austroloid race.(Bhattacharya:1989). 3
Some scholars are of the view that among the
Karbis of Assam and Wanchus of Arunachal
Pradesh the physical traits of the Proto-
Austroloids are found more or less.
2. The Mongoloids: The next to the Proto-
Austroloids migrated to North-east India were the
Mongoloids who came about 2,000 B.C. This
migration had continued till seventeenth century
and the last people of this race who migrated to
63 /
this region were the Khamtis. The early habitation
of this group was the Yangchikiyang and the
Huwanghu River Valley of North-west China. In
2,000 B.C. they scattered from their early
habitation and migrated to the Irawati Sinduin,
Mekong, Menum River Valley. Some of them
migrated to the Brahmaputra River Valley of
North-east India through the hill-track of the
North-east, South-east and Burma. Some people
of this group came through the hill-track of Tibet,
Nepal and Bhutan to this region. Gradually they
advanced up to Punjab. This way the Mongoloids
migrated to this region. (Baruah: 1987).4 The
Mongoloids are of yellow complexion with flat
nose and broad head.
The people of this group are found in
different states of North-east India. They are the
Bodos, Sonowal Kacharis, Thengal Kacharis,
Garoes, Dimasas, Lalungs, Rabhas, Mishings,
Karbis, Deuris, Ahoms, Khamtis, Naras,
Aitoniyas, Shyams, Singphows, Hazongs,
Chutiyas, Koch-Rajbonshis, Turungs, Moran-
Mutuks etc. of Assam.
The Adis, Apatanis, Monpas, Nyishings,
Sherdukpens, Akas, Noctes, Wanchus, Tagins,
Tangsas, Hill Miris, Padams, Minyoungs,
Khamtis, Singphows, Bangrus, Galongs, Idus,
Missimis, Boris, Bokars, Yobins, Khambas,
Membas etc. of Arunachal Pradesh belong to the
Mongoloids. The Meiteis of Manipur, the Aoes,
Angamis, Semas, Lothas, Rengmas, Konyaks,
Tankhuls etc. of Nagaland, the Mizoes or the
Lushais of Mizoram, the Tripuris of Tripura, the
Garoes, Hazongs and according to some scholars
the Khasiyas and Jayantias of Meghalaya are
also of the Mongoloid race.
3. The Dravidians: The Dravidians are
also called the Mediterranean because of their
migration from the Mediterranean Sea shore. It
is to be mentioned that the impact of the
Dravidian culture has a lot of contribution to the
Indian culture. The Dravidian culture greatly
influenced to the evidences of the Harrappa and
Mohenjodaro, worship to the Lord Shiva,
Goddess Umashree (Lakshmi), Lord Vishnu,
Yuga Darshan etc. The ancient Aryans said them
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
as “dasyu-dash” etc.(Bhattacharya:1989).5 Long to this region. From the Vedic period many
heads, long faces, medium noses, medium Aryans migrated to this region and rehabilitated
height, dark skin, black hair, thin body etc. are in different places till Ahom period through the
the physical traits of the Dravidians.(Das:1996).6 authorship of the Ahom rulers.
According to some scholars the Dravidians Regarding the migration of the Aryans to
migrated to North east India before the this region the “Social History of Assam” (http:/
Mongoloids from south India through west. The /www.geocities.com/capitolhill/conggress/7434/
people of this group found in this region are the history.htm:). 10 says that the Aryans from
Koivarttas and the Boniyas. Later on the Caucasians race migrated through the Gangetic
Dravidians were assimilated with the Mongoloids Plain in the First century to the land of
in such a way that they lost their own identification Pragjyotishpur. The local king amongst the
as the Dravidians. Through this assimilation a new Mongolian majority society rehabilitated the
group has emerged which can be named as the Aryans, being the carrier of comparatively
Mongolo- Dravidians. The use of turmeric in the advanced religion and language –culture. In the
marriage of the Assamese culture is the presence of these people, the process of
contribution of the Dravidians. (Nath: 2005).7 assimilation started long before the birth of
4. The Negroits: The Negroits came to Christ that has achieved a new acceleration.
India from Africa. According to Prof. Guha and Narak (asur), the first monarch who was
Hutton the Negroits were the aboriginal group converted to Hindu religion, constructed the first
of India. Short and dwarf, black complexion, temple at Kamakhya. As the king and the royal
curly hair etc. are the physical traits of the dynasty were converted to Hindu religion of the
Negroits. In North-east India the physical traits Aryans, the caste division also germinated in the
of the Negroits are found among the Nagas. Most tribal society of that time. The people of Aryans
of the sub-groups of the Nagas emerged from stock from North-East India are Brahmins,
the Negroits according to some scholars. They Ganaks, Kayasthas, Kalitas, etc.
migrated to North-east India through hill-passes So, this way mainly the people of five racial
and sea ways. Hanging bee hives on the front groups migrated to North- East India. But
door of the house, fishing equipments made of regarding the racial origin of some groups of this
bamboo, belief of sprits etc. are some of the region some doubts emerge. For instance
traditions of their culture (Nath: 2005).8 according to some scholars the Nagas are of the
5. The Aryans: The Aryans or the Nordics Negroits. But they are the Mongoloids pointed
came to India about 1,500 B.C. Tall with stiff by some other scholars. Though such doubts
nose, blue eyes, golden hair are the physical remain, it is very clear that through these racial
features of the Aryans, (Bhattacharya: 1989).9 groups viz. the Proto- Austroloids, Mongoloids,
Some of them migrated to North-East India in Dravidians, Negroits and the Aryans a panoramic
the Vedic period. They are the last race advented situation has emerged in North- East India.
References:
1. Bhattacharya, P. C., 1989:” Asomiya Sanskritit Janajatiya Barangoni”, Asomiya Sanskriti, H.P. Neog & L. Gogoi(ed.),
Banalata, p.99.
2. Baruah, S., 1987: “Buranji” (Asom), Asomiya Biswakush, (Vol.1), R.K.Sarmah(ed), Asom Prakashan Porishad, Ghy, p.261.
3. Bhattacharya, P. Ch.,1989: “Asomiya Sanskritit Janajatiya Borongoni”, Asomiya Sanskriti, H.P. Neog & L. Gogoi(ed.),
Banalata, p.100.
4. Baruah, S., 1987: “Buranji” (Asom), Asomiya Biswakush, (Vol.1), R.K.Sarmah(ed), Asom Prakashan Porishad, Ghy, p.261.
5. Bhattacharya, P. C.,1989: “Asomiya Sanskritiloi Janajatiya Abodan”, Asomiya Sanskriti, H.P. Neog & L. Gogoi(ed.),
Banalata, p.101.
6. Das,B.M.,1996:”Janagusthit Projatiya Upadan”, Asomiya Jatir Itibritta, Asom Sahitya Sabha, Jorhat,pp.22-23.
7. Nath, D., 2005: Asom Buranji, Arun Prakashan, Ghy. p.14
(Bhudhar Phukan is a Rtd. Lecturer of Madhavdev College, Narayanpur and Dr. Diganta Phukan teaches Sociology
in Jorhat College)
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
/ 64
 Patricia Mukhim
C hristians have often had to battle the
unfounded allegation that they are
closer to their western co-religionists than
to their Indian brethren. This allegation
has been founded on the premise that
Christianity is a Western religion
imported here by Western Christian
missionaries. But the accusation has also
gained currency in recent times when as
a result of atrocities on Christians in
different parts of India, the Pope and even
French President Nicholas Sarkozy has
categorically drawn the attention of Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh asking him to
address the issue in right earnest. To that
extent it can be said that Christians across
the globe share a solidarity based on their
faith. But those who accuse
Christians of embracing a
foreign western religion
fail to realise that
Christianity came to
65 /
Indian shores as far back as 52 AD. St Thomas,
the doubting disciple of Jesus Christ, first
brought the Christian message to Kerala. It is a
different matter that Christianity did not spread
beyond south India.
It was only in the late 19th century that
Christianity was brought to the northeastern
states by Western missionaries whose advent
into this region coincides with the colonial rule.
Although the British did not proactively
promote Christianity they did not also resist the
evangelistic mission of their countrymen who
not only brought in religion but also education
and healthcare. If the tribes of the Northeast
are today educated, well spoken and able to
claim their own spaces in some of the leading
institutions of this country such as the Indian
civil services, the medical and engineering
services, it is primarily because of a strong
educational background whose foundation was
laid by the Christian missionaries.
Hidden apartheid
One point that the antagonists of
Christianity usually labour on is conversion. To
them a convert to Christianity is no longer Indian
by culture. Their contention is that Christians
unlike Hindus adopt a Western lifestyle and are
therefore like aliens in their own homeland.
Hinduism although not originally a caste-based
religion became one in later years. India’s caste
system is in fact the world’s longest surviving
social hierarchy and what many historians call
the hidden apartheid. To break away from this
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
horrible social ostracism many Dalits or
untouchables converted to Christianity.
It would be illogical to blame anyone for
trying to escape from such a cruel and hideous
social system. But there is a section of India’s
populace which perhaps feels that the Dalits and
the tribals should continue to be consigned to
the fate they were born into. The fact that Dalits
and the tribals today are able to enjoy upward
social and economic mobility and are claiming
their fundamental rights does not go down too
well with them. These fundamentalist forces
within Hinduism are in fact dangerous elements
because they argue that conversion to another
faith amounts to anti-nationalism.
We can argue that the term nationalism is
itself very flawed from the point of view of India.
This is a nation of many states divided along
linguistic lines. This in itself throws up differences
and reduces affinity. India has never been a nation
in the strictest sense of the term. This country
defies the concept of a nation because of its very
troubled and often controversial genesis. There
are many who till today contest the sovereignty
of the Indian nation state. Nagaland is a case in
point. Kashmir is the other.
National unity
In this scenario, how can we link Christianity
to national integration? First of all, national
integration seems to be an inappropriate action
word in India which is a culturally diverse country.
One can talk of a common endeavour to build the
country by building our own little corners.
Christians form only about 2.5 per cent of the
country’s population and this minuscule
population except for an ever smaller number has
never had any doubts about its loyalty to the Indian
“nation” (however problematic that definition is).
But India is today facing a different kind of
challenge. The contours of India’s diversity are
getting blurred by globalisation. Globalisation
unites people of different persuasions and of
different faiths because it has its own sets of
parameters, the principal one being “buying
power”. Globalisation is like the monster that
directs towards a monoculture. Under this monster
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
we are all consumers of McDonald’s or Kentucky
chicken. We shop for the same branded products
in the same kind of shopping mall. We have all
become nerds articulating the same computer
originated jargons and developed our own SMS
language. So what years of nation building failed
to achieve, globalisation has succeeded in one
swift wave.
But how does globalisation impact
Christianity? Globalisation turns people into
isolated individualists. The middle class which
used to be the chattering, fighting, dissenting
class is today busy chasing upward mobilisation
and is living in a private world.
The poor who are victims of the market are
consigned to a miserable fate unable to garner
enough resources to claim their basic rights.
Hence globalisation fragments and breaks the
solidarity that existed even among Christians.
As a faith propagated by one who championed
the cause of the poor, Christianity needs to bring
in that solidarity between the haves and the have-
nots or as Gustavo Esteva says, “by regenerating
peoples’ space”. In a democratic country like
India, Christianity can help build up peoples’
capacity to participate in democracy and to give
voice to the poor and downtrodden. This is what
is termed in the Latin American countries as the
“liberation theology”. The Church should
facilitate the creation of civil rights groups and
judicial activism among other creative methods
of empowering the weak.
National integration for Christians would
therefore mean building solidarity with those
excluded from power. Christians need to do a reality
check to see if the institutions they create are not
segregating instead of integrating. Are Christian
educational institutions inclusive or exclusive?
English-medium institutes charging exorbitant fees
cannot be said to be catering to the wretched of
this world. There are other institutions as well whose
goals need to be revisited. This is imperative if
Christians are to be what Christ said: “the salt and
light of the earth”.
Reality check
Democratisation of politics and political
/ 66
institutions is not enough. Today there is a greater
need to democratise the economy. For the poor it
means just daily rice, just wages, clothes to wear
and a roof above their heads. The worst thing that
Christians can do is to rationalise poverty and slip
into the conformity that globalisation preaches.
Sometimes Christianity can become the
social space of a particular class and a comfort
zone. This requires a constant reality check. But
do Christians have the courage and the stamina
to do so? It is easy to slip into the cocoon of
Dr. Bandana Puzari
P hilosophy is a reasoned discourse on
the intrinsic character, meaning and
significance of the Universe, that is to say,
it is the reflection on the nature of the entire
world order. It is an attempt on the part of
the mind to understand the cosmos and
describe its constitution and structure,
origin and purpose as well as philosophy
is an inquiry into the nature, place and
ultimate destiny of man as an integral
element of
67 /
victimhood and to get into a protest mode that is
clichéd and unimaginative. Christians today need
to be creative in the manner in which they assert
their constitutional rights and also ask
themselves whether the allegations that they are
using inducements for conversion are correct.
Also important is the need to check if
Christianity is also not introducing a class bias
of sorts through their elite institutions.
(The author is a renowned intellectual and writer of NE India
and she edits ‘Shillong Times’. This write-up appeared in ‘The
Telegraph’ we reprinted it with her due permission. )
the universe. As a rational pursuit, philosophy
undertakes a general survey, examination and
interpretation of the entire reality, the totality of
existence. The aim of philosophical speculation
is to arrive at and formulate a comprehensive
and consistent conception of the universe. The
central problem and essence of philosophical
thinking is the evaluation of the ultimate worth
and significance of man. In fact, philosophy is
the attempt at determining the eternal varieties
of the ultimate values.
The problems about the universe that
thought raises are such as no science is
competent to tackle and the solution of which
is outside the sphere of any empirical
investigations. Science cannot handle ultimate
problems about the universe, nor validate and
justify its own conceptions, assumptions and
conclusions. Thus it cannot give complete
satisfaction to the human understanding. It is
the primary task of philosophy to attempt a
solution of such questions which cannot be
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
answered by the examination of facts as they are
in nature. Accordingly philosophy has been
described as the great intellectual venture whose
aim and ambition is nothing less than the
contemplation of the totality of existence in all
its multitudinous aspects, the examination of all
the facts of our experience and speculation as to
how they are to be viewed as a whole, how they
are related among themselves and to the whole
in other words, the business of philosophical
investigation is the mental construction of the
ultimate nature of the world, that is, the
systematisation and interpretation of our
experience into a theory of reality which reveals
the final truth about it. To sum up, the essence
of philosophical reflection is the analysis,
assessment and exposition of the universe of
Reality or the world of experience which is co-
extensive with it.
The etymological meaning of the word
'philosophy' is 'love of wisdom'. It signifies a
natural and a necessary urge in human beings to
know themselves and the world in which they
live and move and have their being. Philosophy
may be conceived of as the mental discipline
whose main study is the acquirement of wisdom
rather than knowledge. Philosophy is the attempt
to apprehend the nature of ‘Truth’ rather than
the discovery of truths. Science is knowledge of
facts, philosophy is insight into the nature of fact.
Science seeks for causes of phenomena in nature,
the other is a search for their reason. Science is
the acquaintance with facts while philosophy is
a probe into their inward essence, an attempt to
catch the very spirits that informs them. Science
is a systematised body of knowledge concerning
a limited portion of experiences philosophy
views and interprets experience as a whole.
Western philosophy has remained more or less
true to the etymological meaning of philosophy
in being essentially an intellectual quest for truth
Indian philosophy has been intensely spiritual
and has always emphasized the need of practical
realization of truth. The word ‘Darshana’ means
‘Vision and the instrument of vision’. It stands
for the direct, immediate and intuitive vision of
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
reality, the actual perception of truth and includes
the means which lead to this realization. ‘See
the self’ is the keynote of all schools of Indian
philosophy.
The Indians never felt that the world was a
field of battle where man struggled for power,
wealth and domination when we do not need to
waste our energies on problems of life on earth,
exploiting nature and controlling the forces of the
world, we begin to think of the higher life, how to
live more perfectly in the spirit. The huge forests
with their wide leafy avenues, afforded great
opportunities for the devout soul to wonder
peacefully through them world-weary men go out
on pilgrimages to the scenes of nature, acquire
inward peace, listening to such of winds and
torrents, the music of birds and leaves and return
whole of heart and fresh in spirit. It was in the
ashramas and tapovanas that the thinking men of
India meditated on the deeper problems of
existence. The security of life, the wealth of
natural resources, the freedom from worry, the
detachment from the cares of existence and the
absences of a tyrannous practical interest,
stimulated the higher life of India, with the result
that we find from the beginnings of history an
impatience of spirit, a love of wisdom and a
passion for the saner pursuit of the mind. In many
other countries of the world, reflections on the
nature of existence is a luxury of life. The serious
moments are given to action, while the pursuit of
philosophy comes up as a parenthesis. In ancient
India philosophy was not an auxiliary to any other
science or art, but always held a prominent
position of independence. In the west at the time
of Plato and Aristotle philosophy leaned for
support other study as politics or ethics. In India
philosophy stood on its own legs and all other
studies looked to it for inspiration and support. It
is the master science guiding other sciences
without which they tend to become empty and
foolish. Kautilya says, ‘‘Philosophy is the lamp
of all the sciences, the means of performing all
the works and the support of all the duties.’’
Philosophy in India is essentially spiritual.
The spiritual motive dominates life in India.
/ 68
Indian philosophy has its interest in the haunts
of men and not in supra-lunar solitudes. It takes
its origin in life. Again religion in India in not
dogmatic. It is a rational synthesis which goes
on gathering into itself new conceptions as
philosophy progresses. It is experimental and
provisional in its nature, attempting to keep pace
with the progress of thought. The common
criticism that Indian thought by its emphasis on
intellect, puts philosophy in the place of religion,
brings out the rational character of religion in
India. No religious movement has ever come into
existence without developing as its support a
philosophic content. In ‘Aryan Rule in India’
Havell says, ‘‘In India, religion is hardly a
dogma, but a working hypothesis of human
conduct, adapted to different stages of spiritual
development and different conditions of life’’.
The problems of religion stimulated the
philosophic spirit. The Indian mind has been
traditionally exercised over the questions of the
nature of Godhead, the end of life and the
relation of the individual to the universal soul.
Though philosophy in India has not as a rule
completely freed itself from the fascinations of
religious speculations, yet the philosophical
discussions have not been hampered by religious
theory and practice, doctrine and life, a
philosophy which could not sound the test of
life, not in the pragmatic, but the larger sense of
the term, had no chance of survival. To those
who realise the true kinship between life and
theory, philosophy becomes a way of life, on
approach to spiritual realisation.
The supremacy of religion and of social
tradition in life does not hamper the free pursuit
of philosophy. It is untrue to say the philosophy
in India never became critical. It is an obvious
that while the social life of an individual is bound
by the rigours of caste, he is free to roam in the
matter of opinion. Reason freely question and
criticises the creeds in which man are born. That
is why the heretic, the sceptic, the unbeliever,
the rationalist and the free thinker, the materialist
and the hedonist all flourish in the soil of India
the Mahabharata says, ‘‘There is no muni who
69 /
has not an opinion of his own.’’
The achievements of the ancient Indians
in the field of philosophy are but very
imperfectly known to the world at large. Through
the activity of various learned bodies and
individuals large numbers of philosophical
works have been published but there has been
as yet little systematic attempt on the part of
scholars to study them and judge their value.
Indian modes of expression are so different from
those of European thought that they can hardly
be accurately translated. It is therefore very
difficult for a person unacquainted with Sanskrit
to understand Indian philosophical thought. The
Vedas are the oldest extant literary monument
of the Aryan mind. The absence of chronological
data, the complete indifference of the ancient
Indians towards personal histories, the archaic
character of the Vedic Sanskrit the break in
tradition and the biased orthodox colouring of
interpretation are some of the main reasons due
to which our knowledge about this period
remains mostly shrouded in mystery and
vagueness.
The origin of the Indian philosophy may be
traced in the Vedas. The name Veda stands for the
Mantras and the Brahmans. Mantra means a hymn
addressed to some God or Goddess. The collection
of the Mantras is called Samhita. There are four
Samhitas; they are Rik, Sama, Yajuh, and Atharva.
These Samhitas are said to be compiled for the
smooth performance of the Vedic sacrifices. A
Vedic sacrifices needs four main priests ; they are
Hota, Udgata, Adhvaryu and Brahma. Hota
addresses hymns in praise of the Gods to invoke
their presence and participation in the sacrifice.
Udagta sings the hymns in the sweet musical tones
to entertain and please the Gods. Adhvaryu
performs the sacrifice according to the strict
ritualistic code and gives offerings to the Gods.
Brahma is the general supervisor well versed in
all the Vedas. The four Samhitas are said to be
compiled to fulfil the needs of these four main
priests; Rik for the Hota, Sama for the Udgata;
Yajuh for the Adhvaryu and Atharva for the
Brahma. The Rishis of the Vedas are not the
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
authors; they are only the seeds of the Mantras.
Unlike the Mantras the Brahmanas are written in
prose. They are the elaboration of the complicated
ritualism of the Vedas. They deal with the rules
and regulations laid down for the performance of
the rites and the sacrifices. The name Brahmana
is derived from the word Brahman which
originally means a prayer. The appendages to
these Brahman are called Aranyakas. These
Aranyakas are composed in the calmness of the
forests. The Aranyakas mark the transition from
the ritualistic to the philosophic thought. On the
Aranyakas we find a mystic interpretation of the
Vedic Sacrifices. The concluding portion of the
Aranyakas are called the Upanishad. These are
intensely philosophical and spiritual. Upanishads
may be regarded as the cream of the Vedic
Philosophy.
The hymns of the Rik Veda are neither the
production of a single hand nor do they probably
belong to any single age. They were composed
probably at different periods by different stages.
It enables us to get an estimate of the primitive
society which produced it and is the oldest book
of the Aryan race. The hymns of the Rik Veda
were almost all composed in praise of the Gods.
The Gods here are the diverse powers of nature
or forming their very essence. They powers of
nature such as the storm, the rain, the thunder
are closely associated with one another and the
gods associated with them are similar in
character. It was the forces of nature and her
manifestations on earth, the atmosphere around
and above us or in the Heaven beyond the vault
of the sky that excited the devotion and
imagination of the Vedic poets. The Vedic poets
were the children of nature. Every natural
phenomena excited their wonder, admiration or
veneration. At this stage the time was not ripe
enough for them accord a consistent and well
defined existence to the multitude of gods nor
to universalised them in a monotheistic creed.
They hypostatized unconsciously any force of
nature that overawed them with gratefulness and
joy by its beneficent character and adored it. All
forms of religion which have appeared on earth
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
assume the fundamental need of the human heart.
Men longs for a power above him on which he
could depend. One that is greater than himself
whom he could worship. The gods of the several
stages of the Vedic religion are the reflections
of the growing wants and needs, the mental
groupings and the heart searching of man. The
scattered ray dispersed among the crowd of
deities are collected together in the intolerable
splendour of the one nameless God who alone
could satisfy the restless craving of the human
heart and the sceptic mind. The Vedic progress
did not stop until it reached this ultimate reality.
The growth of religious thought as embodied in
the hymns may be brought out by the mention
of the typical gods ; (1) Dyaus, indicative of the
first state of nature worship ; (2) Varuna, the
highly moral God of a later day ; (3) Indra, the
selfish God of the age of conquest and
domination ; (4) Prajapati, the God of the
monotheists and (5) Brahman, the perfection of
all these four lower stages.
The conception of Brahman which has been
the highest glory for the Vedanta philosophy of
later days had hardly emerged in the Rik Veda
from the association of the sacrificial mind. It is
only in the Satapatha Brahmana that the
conception of Brahman has acquired a great
significance as the supreme principle which is
the moving force behind the Gods. Gradually
ritualism contributed to the relegation of the gods
to a relatively unimportant position and to raising
the dignity of the magical characteristics of the
sacrifice as an institution which could give the
desired fruits of themselves. The performance
of the rituals were supposed to produce certain
mystic or magical results by virtue of which the
object desired was fulfilled. The world itself was
regarded as the fruit of a sacrifice performed by
the supreme being. Sacrifice was regarded as
almost the only kind of duty and it was called
Karma. The first recognition of a cosmic order
or law in nature under the gods is to be found in
the use of the word Rita. The word was used as
Macdonell observe to denote the ‘order’ in the
moral world as ‘truth’ and ‘right’ and in the
/ 70
religious world as sacrifice, as rite we find in it
the first germs of the law of Karma which
exercises such a dominating influence over
Indian thought. In the ethics of the Rik Veda the
conception of Rita plays a significant role. It is
the anticipation of the law Karma which is the
distinguishing characteristics of Indian thought.
It is the law which pervades the whole world,
which all gods and men must obey. Rita furnishes
us with a standard of morality. It is the universal
essence of things. It is the truth of things.
Consistency is the central feature of a good life.
The good man of the Vedas does not alter his
ways. When ritual grew in importance, Rita
became a synonym for sacrificial ceremony. The
Vedas assume a very close and intimate
relationship between men and gods. The life of
man has to be led under the very eye of God.
The cosmology of the Rik Veda may be
looked at from two aspects, one is the
mythological and the other is the philosophical.
The mythological aspect has two currents – the
one regards the universe as the result of
mechanical production the work of carpenter’s
and joiner’s skill ; the other represent the universe
as the result of natural generation. Under the
philosophic aspect the semipantheistic man hymn
attracts someone’s notice. The supreme man is
said to be the whole universe whatever has been
and shall be, he is the lord of immortality who is
diffused everywhere among things animate and
inanimate and all beings come out of him. When
we get to the monotheistic level the question arises
as to whether God created the world out of his
own nature without any pre existent matter or
through his power acting on eternally pre-existent
matter. The former view takes us to the higher
monistic conception while the latter remains at
the higher monotheistic level. We have both views
in the Vedic hymns.
The Purusa Sukta has the first reference to
the division of Hindu society into the four
classes. The original Aryans all belonged to one
class, everyone being priest and soldier, trader
and tiller of the soil. But the complexity of life
led to a division of classes among to Aryans.
71 /
The system of caste is in reality was introduced
to meet the needs of the time when the different
racial types had to live together in amity. Caste
enabled the Vedic Indian to pressure the integrity
and independence of the conquering as well as
the conquered races and promote mutual
confidence and harmony.
In the pre-Upanishadic thought we find a
little philosophical thought. But the seed of the
unimportant philosophical trend might be easily
traced there. Moreover there has been a gradual
development of the philosophical thought from
the Mantras and the Brahmanas through the
Aranyakas to the Upanishads. It is said that we
can notice a transition from the naturalistic and
anthropomorphic polytheism, through
transcendent monotheism to immanent monism
in the pre-Upanishadic philosophy. The
personified forces of nature first changed into real
gods and these latter on become mere forms of
one personal and transcendental God who himself
latter on passed into the immanent Purusa. The
Upanishads developed this Purusa into Brahman
which is both immanent and transcendent. The
Upanishadas develop the monistic ideas scattered
in the sanihitas. During the Brahman period
scattered philosophical ideas were overlooked and
emphasis was laid on merely the religious
ritualistic sacrifices. The Aranyakas mark the
shifting of the emphasis from the ritualistic to the
philosophical thought which work was completed
by the Upanishads. Thus we find in the
Chandogya Upanishad the sage Narada telling
Sanatkumara, ‘‘I know the Rik Veda Sir, the Yajuh,
the Sama, with all these I know only the Mantras
and the sacred books, I do not know the self.. I
have heard from persons like you that only he
who knows the self goes beyond sorrow.’’ The
Mundaka Upanishad says, ‘‘Two kinds of
knowledge must be known, the higher and the
lower. The lower knowledge is that which the Rik,
Sama, Atharva, ceremonial, grammar give.......
but the higher knowledge is that by which the
immortal Brahman is known.’’ (to be contd)
(The author teaches in Philosophy in the
College)
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
 Anita Baruwa
T he Great Depression (1929-35) and its
aftermath began to induce the world
community to think of some sort of
harmonious trade relations on the global
level. This common feeling resulted in the
beginning of the multilateral trade
negotiations on the General Agreement of
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in January 1948
in Geneva. The principal purpose of
GATT was to ensure competition in
commodity trade through the removal or
reduction of trade barriers (free trade), the
ultimate aim being the encouragement for
growth and development of all member
nations. Seven rounds of negotiations
were conducted under GATT till 1986 for
stimulating international trade by reducing
tariff barriers and also non-tariff barriers
on imports
imposed by
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
member nations.
The 8th Round of GATT (1986-1993) – The
URUGUAY ROUND (UR) of Negotiations:
The 8 th Round of GATT negotiations
(Uruguay Round) was started in September
1986 at Punta del Este in Uruguay. During the
four decades since the establishment of GATT
in 1948 to 1986, world trade had undergone a
structural change:
1) The share of agriculture in world
commodity trade which was 46 percent
in 1950 had declined to 13 percent in 1987.
2) The share of service sector in GDP of
developed countries (DCs) was rapidly
increasing (ranging between 50-70
percent of GDP by 1986).
3) The share of employment in the service
sector of DCs was also increasing fast
(about 70 percent).
4) Japan and other newly industrialized
nations began having more advantage
in commodity trade.
These factors impelled the DCs under the
leadership of USA to take the initiative of
bringing the service sector into trade
negotiations. Thus the UR contained the
mandate for negotiations in 15 areas. In Part I,
14 areas of negotiations on Trade in Goods
were to be done:
1) Tariffs
2) Non-tariff measures
3) Tropical products
4) Natural resource-based products
/ 72
 5) Textiles and clothing
6) Agriculture
7) GATT articles
8) Safeguards
9) Multilateral Trade Negotiations
10) Subsidies & Countervailing measures
11) Dispute Settlement
12) Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPs)
13) Trade Related Investment Measures
(TRIMs)
14) Functioning of GATT Systems(FOGs)
Part II dealt with negotiations on Trade in
Services.
The traditional GATT subjects between
1948 and 1986 were tariff and non-tariff barriers
and improvement in GATT rules and disciplines
on subsidies and countervailing measures, anti-
dumping measures etc. New areas such as TRIPs,
TRIMs and Trade in Services were introduced
in the negotiations of the 8th round of GATT.
DUNKEL PROPOSALS – Final Act – WTO:
The 8th Round negotiations were to be
concluded in 4 years. But differences between
participating nations on areas like agriculture,
textiles, TRIPs and anti-dumping measures
prevented an agreement. So, Mr. Arthur Dunkel,
Director General of GATT compiled a detailed
document, popularly known as Dunkel
Proposals as a compromise document for the
member nations, which culminated into the Final
Act on December 15, 1993 (Marrakesh). India
signed the agreement along with 117 nations on
April 15, 1994. One provision of the agreement
entailed converting the GATT into the World
Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO as
contained in the Final Act was established on
January 1, 1995 with headquarters in Geneva.
India became its founder member by ratifying
the WTO agreement on December 30, 1994. The
strength of the member nations is 153. The
present WTO chief is Pascal Lamy.
Governance at WTO - Need for change:
The technical structure of the WTO is based
on two documents, namely, the ‘General
Agreement’ for ensuring non-discriminating
73 /
trade in all goods and services and the ‘Specific
Accords’ on trade issues, which are the outcome
of the UR. At the WTO, each nation has a single
vote and decisions are largely by consensus. But
in practice, the U.S., Europe and Japan have
dominated in the past. This apparently seems to
be changing now.
Though the initial WTO conferences were
marked by lack of unity among developing
nations, these have gradually matured into tough
negotiators. Through the Singapore (1996) to the
recent Geneva (July 2008) Rounds, the developing
nations have learnt not to be lured by the DCs.
During the Doha Round (2001), the developing
nations achieved some notable concessions by
insisting that their concerns had to be heard if
further rounds of trade negotiations were to be
initiated in future. With China’s joining the WTO
(November, 2001), the developing nations found
a powerful voice on their side.
But the most basic change that is required
is a change in governance within the WTO so as
to ensure that it is not just the voices of the trade
ministers (representing each nation) that are
heard in the WTO.
WTO – Symbol of Global Inequalities and
Hypocrisy of the DCs:
While the advanced industrial countries had
preached and forced the opening up of the
markets in the developing nations to their
industrial products, they have continued to keep
their markets closed to the products of the
developing nations, such as textiles and
agriculture. While they preached that developing
nations should not subsidise their industries, they
continue to provide billions in subsidies to their
own farmers which under-cut their production
costs, making it impossible for the farmers of
the developing nations to compete. According
to World Bank Report, European Union (EU)
and USA together allow domestic support to their
farm sector to the tune of $ 370 billion in a year.
While they preached the virtues of competitive
markets, the USA quickly pushed global cartels
in steel and aluminium when its domestic
industries seemed threatened by imports. The
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
USA pushed for liberalization of information
technology and financial services, but resisted
liberalization of the service sectors in which the
developing nations have strength, namely,
maritime and construction services.
The trade agenda has been so unfair that
not only have the poorer nations not received a
fair share of the benefits, but the poorest region
in the world, Sub-Saharan Africa was actually
made worse-off. According to a World Bank
calculation, its income fell by over 2 percent due
to the trade agreement.
The global protests over these inequities
began at the Seattle Round of negotiations (1999).
Since then, the movement has grown stronger and
the fury has spread. These inequities have
increasingly been recognized, and that, combined
with the resolve of the developing nations, resulted
in the Doha “development” Round of negotiations
(November 2001). This Round put on its agenda
the redressing of some of these past imbalances.
But it proved to be a ‘nothing’ Round, as have
been the meetings in subsequent years.
Main Areas of the WTO Agreement and their
Implications for India:
1) Reduction in Basic Duty and Export
Subsidies: Under the WTO regime, quantitative
restrictions have to be phased out. India
accordingly brought down basic duties. These
tariff reductions were also a part of the economic
reforms undertaken in India. The Agreement also
stipulates anti-dumping proceedings as well as
prohibition of export subsidies.
2) TRIPs: Under TRIPs, patents shall be
available for any invention, whether product or
process, in all fields of industrial technologies.
Patent protection will be extended to micro
organisms , non-biological and micro-biological
processes and plant varieties. This implies that
the patent holder would resort not only to
manufacturing monopoly, but also import
monopoly and the concerned national
government would not be able to exercise price
control on the imported products. The Doha
Round particularly stressed on Intellectual
Property Rights (IPRs). Importance of IPRs
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
cannot be denied. But these rights need not
balance out the rights and interests of producers
with those of the users. These rights may in effect
result in denial of life-saving medicines to the
poor (prices being too high due to the patent
regime), slow-down of research studies and even
bio-piracy (international companies patenting
traditional foods and medicines). There have
been a number of bio-piracy cases of India’s
herbal wealth (Haldi, neem, basmati rice).
3) TRIMs: TRIMs were initiated by the USA in
1980s since it was losing ground in competition
in goods to Japan and other newly industrialized
nations of East Asia and it intended to recover
its lost ground through trade in services. The
main motive was to benefit Multi National
Companies (MNCs) so that they could undertake
investment in financial services,
telecommunications, marketing etc. Already
under New Economic Policy (1991), India has
been over bending to woo foreign direct
investment and so, several structural changes
have been undertaken in the Indian economy.
4) Textiles and Clothing: The WTO Agreement
has made certain proposals for liberalizing trade
of textiles and clothing. Textiles exports
constitute the single most important item of
export of developing nations. Ironically, the
developed nations, claiming to be great
champions of free trade, imposed the most
comprehensive quota restrictions under the
multi-fibre agreement (MFA).
Thus, whenever newly industrialized
nations have challenged the competitive strength
of the DCs, they have retaliated by imposing both
tariff and non-tariff barriers. These barriers have
been enlarged in the form of TRIPs and TRIMs.
The innovation of the Social Clause (to levy a
countervailing duty on imports from developing
nations to offset low labour costs there) was also
conceived with the same intention of blunting
competitive advantage of developing nations.
This game of DCs will continue. Reforming
the WTO will require further thrust on more
balance trade agenda – more balanced treatment
of developing nations’ interests, more balanced
/ 74
treatment of concerns like environmental issues
and such issues beyond trade. The EU has
conceded to some steps (except subsidies) in that
direction. The challenge is to get the USA and
Japan to participate towards that end. In the
meantime, the developing nations should take
advantage of the multilateral trade organization
and show their combined strength by being united.
Geneva Round (July 2008): In the latest
Round of talks in Geneva the U.S. proposed that
our agricultural market be opened up to the
extent of 40 percent surge if India wanted to
enhance tariff on import of farm produce by 15
percent for checking farm produce import from
foreign nations. Our Commerce Minister
(The author teaches Economics in the College)
retaliated rightly that food and livelihood is not
a trade related issue. India and China jointly put
forth the proposal that developing nations be
allowed to impose extra 25 percent duty on
import of farm products if import exceeds by 15
percent. The USA did not agree to this proposal.
Even though developing nations have been
persistently opposing the issue of opening of the
agricultural market, the latest Geneva Round has
made it clear that sooner or later, DCs will get
through their proposals by some means or the other
in subsequent WTO negotiations. India should be
prepared to meet such an eventuality well ahead.
(With help from Joseph Stiglitz’s ‘Globalization and
its Discontents’ and newspaper articles.)

Paplu Borah & Samrat Mukherjee

Abstract : Inclusive economic growth is the “bone of contention” issue in India. This is
due to the fact that the impacts of the recent spectacular growth have not been able to
percolate down to various segments of population, most importantly to the rural population,
Rural, infrastructure in India has remained far from satisfactory. This .paper aims at
highlighting the pros and cons undertaken by the corporate .India in achieving stimulating
growth, which can be attained through proper enhancement of rural
infrastructure.
Achieving inclusive growth is possible only through
constant, steady and committed efforts of corporate India.
Introductions : The word ‘Inclusive’ has become not only
fashionable but also quite relevant-in our country. The Oxford
Dictionary gives four meaning to this word and the most
Inclusive meaning is “not excluding any section of society.”
The key components of our strategy of Inclusive
Growth have been to:

75 / /Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

 Steep up investment in rural areas, in rural
infrastructure and agriculture.
Increase credit availability to farmers and
offer them remunerative prices for their crops. .
Increase in rural employment. With the help of
corporate sectors, along with public sectors,
growth process spreads to backward regions and
districts.
Invest in urban renewal, improving the
quality of life for the urban-poor.
Increase public spending on education and
health care including strengthening mid-day-
meal-program and offering scholarships to the
needy.
Why Inclusive Growth ? In today’s complex
world, the role of Inclusive Growth is expanding
day and night with various more dimensional
views to explore for. Today it is well known and
it is quite evident that Inclusive Growth is
imperative for achieving the equity objective,
what is perhaps, not so obvious why Inclusive
Growth is essential to ‘sustain the growth
momentum. In many emerging market
economies the major chunk of population is
based in rural areas. Noticeable increase in
demand for manufacturing and service sectors
has to come from the rural population. The
average monthly per capita consumption
expenditure in urban areas in INDIA is almost
double that of rural areas. ln some states, the
disparities are even more glaring. Therefore, it
is vital to ensure that growth takes place in
agriculture, allied sectors as also in secondary
service sectors in rural areas, and amongst urban-
poor to provide a growing market for the goods
and services produced by the expanding
corporate sector.
Rural Infrastructure & its Components : The
term infrastructure which is a combination of
two words, viz., ‘infra’ meaning below and
‘structure’ meaning the manner in which a
building or a complex is constructed.
Infrastructure means structural foundation of a
field of operation. Infrastructure is the basis of
framework on which something is established.
Infrastructure means physical installation
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
that provides an impetus regarding the working
of a specific field. It implies full utilisation of
resources with the existing technology available.
And Rural Infrastructure means nothing but
installation of those physical foundations in rural
areas. The infrastructure for development can be
divided into two categories:
Those that help to improve human qualities
and the human factors needed for development.
Those that help to produce and distribute
commodities.
Thus in brief it is an arena for enhancing
any commercial field and sustaining it with
effective use of technology.
Rural infrastructural components include
various services – educational and recreational
facilities, easy communication system, industrial
housing, uninterrupted power supply, adequate
quantity of potable water, banking, health care,
transportation and so on.
Interrelation between Inclusive Growth &
Rural Infrastructure:
Both these terms are related to each other.
These two things are inseparable organs for the
entire development system. If Inclusive Growth
is to be achieved, then it has to be gathered via
the pathway of development of rural
infrastructure and on the other hand, if rural
infrastructure has to be enhanced then it has to
be achieved with proper economical and
commercial linkages, which in turn will lead to
Inclusive Growth. So in a brief view ,both these
terms are complementary to each other. It can
finally be concluded by saying that proper rural
infrastructure facilitate Inclusive Growth
becoming self- supporting automatic and self-
accelerating. Contrary wise, lack of proper rural
infrastructure leads to bottlenecks, retards
Inclusive Growth, causes inflation-and
ultimately leads to the vicious circle of poverty.
Vitality of the study : The development of rural
infrastructural facilities is a ‘sine quo-non for
all round economic and commercial
connectivity. Superstructure of a healthy
economy can be build on a sound rural
infrastructure which in turn will lead to Inclusive
/ 76
Growth. Lack of adequate or proper rural
infrastructure leads to under utilization of
resources and in optional production. On the
other hand without proper rural infrastructure,
fruits of economic development do not always
percolate to the target groups. Hence we can
derive the following importance of the study:
To create awareness about the present
scenario of the rural infrastructure and its
A CASE STUDY ON
HINDUSTAN UNILEVER LIMITED (A Personal Product Factory), DOOMDOOMA
Methodology : We have adopted the method of
Field-Study in order to know the present
scenario regarding the role played by Hindustan
Unilever Ltd., Doomdooma in enhancing rural
infrastructure leading to Inclusive Growth.
We have collected first hand information
from the Personnel Manager, Personnel officers
and a few workers of HUL, Doomdooma.
We have accumulated several information
from the local people living in and around HUL,
Doomdooma, authorities of Ankur & Hunlaal
High School with the ~help of questionnaires
as primary data.
We have gathered various information
from different books, journals; magazines etc.
as our secondary data.
Limitations of the Study : We derived certain
limitations in our case study. Our case study is
limited by time bound factor. Since time was
the biggest constraint, we could not get enough
information and other valid datas.
This study is part of social science. It
implies that society is well connected with the
study. But the limitation is that here we are
relying upon ‘the descriptive information
provided by different people, because of, which
there are enough chances’ for important
information to be left out.
Moreover, we approached to a few
individuals only, including HUL, Doomdooma’s
Personnel Manager and some of the people who
are directly or indirectly related to HUL,
Doomdooma. Therefore another limitation
77 /
importance in fostering Inclusive Growth.
To throw light on the vital role of corporate
India towards achieving Inclusive~ Growth
through development of rural infrastructure.
To put more emphasis about the future
responsibilities of the corporate India along with
future challenges and opportunities in achieving
and sustaining Inclusive Growth through
expanding rural infrastructure.
arises here i.e. this paper may not be
representative for general group of people.
HUL (D) at a quick look : HUL(D) was
established in 2001.
It is a personal product factory.
There are 57 factories all over India, out of
which 36 are located in “green-field-sites”
Role of HUL(D) in the contribution of rural
infrastructure which in turn will lead to Inclusive
Growth.
The role played by HUL (D) is
indispensable till the present date. It is playing a
pivotal role in enhancing the rural infrastructure,
which is promoting Inclusive Growth in and
around the periphery of Doomdooma town. It
has added several “Feathers-in-its-cap” by
enhancing several infrastructural elements viz.
Housing, education, health care etc. In a nutshell,
HUL (D) since its inceptions is playing a potent
role in the rural infrastructural enhancement.
Contribution of HUL(D) Towards Rural
Infrastructural Enhancement :
a) Employment – Direct : HUL (D) has
been a corporate front-runner in and around
Doomdooma in terms of ‘delivering employment
opportunities to common poor people. People
are directly employed in the factory as workers,
foreman etc.
Indirect : It is providing indirect
employment to many poor people for as to say,
various shops like grocery, tea stalls, and dhabas
etc. It has been “a-blessing-in-disguise” .
b) Housing : Providing adequate housing
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
facilities for the workers employed in the factory
and also to the poor farmers, to whom HUL(D)
has provided land to grow crops and tea, was a
Herculean task at the initial stage, but with the
advent of time this difficulty has slowly but
steadily been reducing by HUL(D).
c) Health Care : HUL (D) has progressed
in the field of health care. It has developed
“Raidang division primary health centre” for the
benefit of common people. On the other hand
“Sanjivani” has been its latest added “feather-
in-its- cap”. It is a free medical service camp led
by two doctors, two nurses and four staffs always
to help. Its main aim is to serve the society and
the world in which they live.
d) Education : HUL (D) has been offering
scholarships to the students of those parents who
are working in the factory and also to the other
needy students. Along with it, HUL (D) has been
aiming towards boosting ‘Ankur’ – a school-
cum-rehabilitation-centre in which mentally and
physically unsound student not only study, but
also engaged in various recreational activities.
It is an effort of them to help those children to
achieve the excellence, whom God has made so
special. On the other hand there is Hunlaal High
School in Doomdooma and HUL (D) is
providing scholarships and other incentives to
the needy students for their upliftment.
e) Building : Since its inception HUL(D)
has successfully undertaken various construction
projects like building of high schools,
rehabilitation centre, health centres and so on.
Findings of the Study : HUL (D) has been a
blessing-in-disguise for the common people in
and around Doomdooma in terms of
development of rural infrastructure. Since its
inception it has developed various’ rural
infrastructural components in and around its
locality. We have found in our study that
although HUL(D); has done well in terms of rural
infrastructural development but it has a long way
to go if we look through its major point of
concerned because:
Its development strategies of rural areas
should not confine to a particular region rather
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
it should expand its horizons.
It needs to develop more educational
institutions and more health care units in more
remote areas as an important initiative to
promote inclusive growth.
It also needs to put more emphasis on skill
and efficiency development programs of the
farmers which will bring about a “Win-win-
situation” for both the partiers.
No doubt that HUL (D) invests a healthy
amount for the upliftment of the rural areas; but
in times to come it should look forward to spend
a considerable mount from its annual turnover.
The most significant value added point of
HUL is that almost 70% of its total factories are
located in remote areas to make it commercially
and economically vibrant which is enough to
prove that HUL is not lagging behind in terms
of rural development; it is playing a crucial part
towards the achievement of Inclusive Growth.
Present role of corporate India: With the rapid
development of rural infrastructure like road,
water, electricity, telephone, cable television etc.,
the rural mass is not segregated from the
mainstream India any longer. Though, some part
of the country still lack the basic infrastructures,
others have grown overtime. As an endeavour
of transforming rural population in to the
mainstream India, corporate organizations enter
the rural India. They are strengthening the rural
infrastructure to serve their own purposes in
addition to it some of their initiatives serve other
social purposes also like community
development, establishment of rural industries,
information sharing, contract farming. Some
companies are strengthening their marketing
channels in rural India. So, it is seen that similarly
many companies expanded their business
horizons by investing in the development of rural
infrastructure and by getting high returns from
their investments. This is a ‘Win-a-win situation’
for both the company and the rural community.
The company gets its valuable products or raw
materials and the rural community: secures their
resources and in addition, voices and
empowerment.
/ 78
Challenges Ahead : The deep focus of the Indian
population, particularly the poorest, in rural areas
implies that productivity increases in agriculture
and non -farm rural industries remain a critical
component of an inclusive growth strategy for
the region.
As accelerating rural growth is a key way
to reduce rural poverty, the primary challenge
before the Indian corporate firms is to strengthen
incentives, technology and institution designed
to promote rural growth.
Secondly, measures must be taken to ensure
that rural poor farmers and the landless can
participate in the fruits of rural economic growth.
Thirdly, there must be effective use of new
and increasingly sophisticated technologies in
agriculture and communication and efforts to
make these technologies available to rural
communities.
Finally, corporate firms should aim at
improved access to markets, land and credit for
the poor.
It must be noted that encouraging agriculture
and rural growth will not be enough to ensure that
the poor are included. Investment in education,
health and nutrition are also required.
Social protection and safety nets must
supplement incomes and provide employment
when incomes are jeopardized.
The lessons learned need to be monitored
and analysed so that improved cost effective and
poverty alleviating schemes can be devised and
shared.
Suggestion regarding Corporate Social
Responsibilities;
‘Business cannot succeed in societies that
fail.’’ — As quoted.
If corporate organizations want to reap the
returns from business investment, then it’s
essential to stabilize the society where it exits
through poverty alleviation and other factors.
Corporate units should look to explore the
hitherto unexplored opportunities hidden in the
rural regions having large number of poor, to
meet the needs of the regions and of these poor
people which in turn will aid in enhancing overall
79 /
social stability and inclusive growth through
developing basic infrastructures of these
backward regions.
Corporate houses need to put great
emphasis on respecting the entire development
process including inclusive growth this means
being participative, not prescriptive, creating
independent rather than dependent communities
and focusing on the excluded and the powerless.
Some other suggestions: The central and the
state Govt. should take initiatives like giving
more encouragement to the corporate sectors to
compete with each-other in developing rural
infrastructure for the upliftment of the lagged
sections of the society.
Policy makers should make some
incentives while preparing plans and policies
regarding corporate sectors like, make the
corporate units bound to invest a minimum (%)
of their total capital share in the nearby backward
areas where it is situated for the development of
rural infrastructure.
Constitution of proper authority to decide
on the degree of sickness of corporate units and
its failures to develop the backward areas, to that
their schemes and plans for rural development
can be implemented along with the fulfilment
of their corporate social responsibilities.
Conclusion : Initially the Indian corporate
sectors were a slow-starter in initiating the rural
development mechanism. From the Ab Initio,
resources were not in plethora, but now as with
the advent of time, resources are slowly getting
available and the Indian corporate players are
helping in achieving the development process
by developing various rural infrastructural
components like schools, rural industries, health
care etc. to name a few.
On the other hand, we also have tried to
show valid conclusions regarding our case study
of HUL (D), which is playing an important role
in the enhancement of the rural infrastructure
leading to inclusive growth. Since its very
inception, HUL (D) has achieved stupendous feat
in the field of rural development. As it is known
that there are proper and potent resources but in
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
limited manner, so it is now dependent upon both
HUL (D) and the rural people to join hands and
complement each other in making the region a
prosperous one.
To finally conclude we would like to drive
home the point by stating that we have tried our
best to grapple these key issues and ,resent
before you the role of corporate India and its
role in the upliftment of the rural infrastructure
which will enhance the inclusive growth, that
will boost up economic progress of the nation
which will ultimately promote good economic
sustainability.
References:
Information’s have been collected from various
sources like different books and magazines on
infrastructural development, internet, Hindustan Unilever
Limited, Doomdooma, Raidang Divison (Hansara),
Personnel Manager’s office, HUL(D) and so on

(Both the authors are students of BBA IInd year, Tinsukia College. This paper was presented in ‘SanMilan
2008’ organised by CMS, Dibrugarh University on 25th Oct., 2008 and was adjudged with the best paper
presented there. Paplu Borah and Samrat Mukherjee got the best presenter award. )

Sanjay Saha

B ackground Radiation, the low-temperature microwave radiation that arrive at the Earth’s
surface from all directions of outer space. It is so named because it forms a background
to all the discrete radio sources that have been
detected by radio telescopes. It was first detected and
reported by Arno Penzias and Robert W. Wilson in 1965,
while working at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New
Jersey.
Cosmic background radiation was predicted to exist in 1948,
as part of the big bang theory at the origin of the universe.
According to this generally accepted theory, such radiation,
which now has a temperature of 2.73k, is the lingering remains
of the extremely hot conditions that prevailed in the first
moments of the big bang.
The background radiation is remarkably smooth. To all but the most sensitive instruments,
the characteristics of the background radiation are the same, no matter in what direction
the instrument is pointed. However, in the early 1990, data from the cosmic Background
Explorer (COBE) satellite showed that the temperature of the background radiation is not
entirely uniform but varies by a few hundred millionths of a degree from place to place (it
is anisotropic). These tiny irregularities were measured in greater detail by another NASA
satellite, the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), which in 2003 produced a microwave

/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08

/ 80
 light map of the universe at 380,000 years after
the big-bang ; even better views are promised
by a European Sapce Agency craft called
Planck-sheduled for lunch in 2007.
Cosmologist believe that the small-ripples in
(The author is a student of H.S. IInd year, Sc)
³ì>à¹g> ³¹ào (P¡¹ç¡})
R¡ºîƒ¹ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¡ú &Òü >àìR¡ºã
Kãt¡Î³èÒ &A¡ šøA¡à¹¹ š=¹ç¡¯à Kãt¡¡ú
ÒüÚ๠Ñ÷Ê¡àÎA¡º [>¹Û¡¹ \>A¡[¤¡ú &Òü >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¹
\>A¡[¤ A¡à[¤¸A¡ Î}`¡à, á–ƒ, ¤o¢>๠ëA¡ïź, l¡üš³à
"à[ƒ¹ t¡à[wA¡, ¤¸àA¡¹o Î躮¡ `¡à>¹ l¡ü‹t¢ ¡¡ú \ã¯>t¡
³ ºà®¡ A¡¹à ¤àÑz¯ "[®¡`¡t¡àìA¡Òü Ñ÷Ê¡àÎA¡ìº áì–ƒà³Ú
¹ê¡št¡ šøA¡àÅ A¡ì¹¡ú ³åA¡[º š=à¹, ³åA¡[º ¤t¡àÒ, í>¹
šà¹, \à>-\å[¹, ëÎl¡ü\ãÚà t¡¹ç¡-tõ¡o¹ ³> ®å¡ìºà¯à
¹ê¡š¹à[\ìÚÒü Ò’º >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¹ ši¡®è¡[³¡ú
>àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¹ ®¡àÈà ÎÒ\-ιº, Òü Òà[¤t¡ºãÚà
81 /
the background radiation are left over from
variations in the density of the universe soon
after the big-bang; the denser regions (Which
were slightly warmer) may have served as the
seeds for early galaxy formation.
K¹JãÚà¹, š=¹ç¡¯à ël¡A¡à-K஡¹¡ç ¹ ³åJ¹ ®¡àÈà¡ú "àe¡[ºA¡ A¡[=t¡
®¡àÈ๠šøà‹à>¸ =A¡àÒü íÒìá >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¹ šø‹à> í¤[ÅÊ¡¸¡ú
>àìR¡ºã Kãt¡t¡ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ A¡¹ô [áº, ëKÒü[áº, c¡ãÚàá[º,
[º[A¡¹à, "àšãá[º Òüt¡¸à[ƒ ‹¹o¹ Ŧ¹ šìÚ஡¹ =A¡à ëƒJà
™àÚ¡ú ƒåÒ-ü &i¡à "=¢Òã> Ŧ* ëA¡àì>à ëA¡àì>à >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡t¡
Ç¡>à ™àÚ¡ú &Òüì¤à¹ "=¢Òã> Òìº* ëA¡ì> "=¢™vå ¡û¡ Ŧ¹
κ[> ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡¹à ÒÚ ëÎÒüìi¡à ¤å\àt¡ "Îå[¤‹à >ÒÚ¡ú
‘ºà[ºìº} &Aå¡[¹
ºà[ºìº} *k¡¹ Aå¡[¹ ;
ºà[ºìº} ƒåAå¡[¹
[Κ๹ K¹JãÚàÒü Òàt¡ì™à¹ A¡¹[áô
ºà[ºìº} >à³à¹ô¤à ¤å[º¡ú’
ÒüÚàt¡ šøìÚàK ëÒà¯à ‘ºà[ºìº}’ Ŧìi¡à "=¢Òã>,
[A¡”ñ [>¹Û¡¹ A¡[¤ìÚ ë™ >àìR¡ºã¹ κ[>ìÚÒü ¤¸¯Ò๠A¡[¹ìá
ëÎÒüìi¡à ¤å[\¤ šà[¹¡ú
>àìR¡ºã Kãt¡Î³èÒ [º[Jt¡ ¹ê¡št¡ ëšà¯à >à™àÚ¡ú
"γãÚà ®¡àÈ๠šà>ã ëAò¡W塯à "¯Ñ‚๠š¹à W¡[º "Òà >à>à[¤‹
ëºàA¡Kãt¡¹ Òü &i¡à ">¸t¡³ "}Å¡ú ÒüÚ๠Î[k¡A¡ Î}J¸à \>à¹
l¡üšàÚ >àÒü, [A¡”ñ l¡üv¡û¡Kãt¡ óò¡à[A¡ "à¹ç¡ t¡º¹ Kãt¡ óò¡à[A¡¹
\[¹Úìt¡ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ *k¡¹ Aå¡[¹ ¤å[º ‹à¹oà A¡[¹¤ šà[¹¡ú
‘>àìR¡ºã &Aå¡[¹ >àìR¡ºã ƒååAå¡[¹
>àìR¡ºã *k¡¹Aå¡[¹ ;
"³åA¡ã¹ ¤àìšìA¡ Òàt¡ì™à¹ A¡¹ô[á
>àìR¡ºã >à³à¹ô¤à ¤å[º¡ú’
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
 >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡Î³èÒA¡ [¤×Kãt¡ "à¹ç¡ ¤>ìQàÈ๠ºKt¡
[¹\ठšà[¹¡ú [t¡[>*ì¹ šøA¡àÅ ®¡}Kã "à¹ç¡ [¤ÈÚ¤Ññ &ìA¡
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¹ê¡šà”z¹ ¤å[º A¡’¤ ëJàì\¡ú "‹¸Û¡ 빯o >à= 냯¹ ³ìt¡ –
‘‘l¡ü\[> "γt¡ ¹à[t¡ ëKà¯à ¹à[t¡ [¤×¹ >N— [¤×Kãt¡ "à¹ç¡
>àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ &ìA¡ šøAõ¡[t¡¹¡ú’’
>àìR¡ºã Kãt¡Î³èÒ šøoÚ®¡à¯ šø‹à>¡ú ÒüÚàt¡ ë™ï¯>¹
"àA塺t¡à [¤ƒ¸³à>¡ú ³’Ò¹ [š[k¡t¡ l¡[ü k¡ ³’Ò ¹JãÚàÒü, ³åA¡[º š=à¹t¡
K¹JãÚàÒü, \àîA¡ ¤à*òìt¡ K஡¹ç¡ì¯, šº ¤à*òìt¡ ël¡A¡àÎA¡ìº
Kãìt¡ì¹Òü l¡üv¡¹à-l¡üv¡[¹ A¡[¹ ³>¹ ®¡à¯ šøA¡àÅ A¡ì¹¡ú [¤[®¡Ä
¤t¡¹t¡, ¹’ƒ-¤¹Èåo¹ ³à\ìt¡à, šàìÒà¯àº ël¡A¡àÒòìt¡ Kãìt¡ì¹Òü
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¤àJ¹, Kãt¡-³àt¡t¡ >ƒã¹ šà¹ šå¯àì¹ š¹à Î[Þê¡ÚàîºìA¡
³åJ[¹t¡ íÒ =àìA¡¡ú ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à ëA¡àì>à¤à šà¹¹ K¹JãÚà [>¹ì¯
=à[A¡ìº "à> šà¹¹ K¹JãÚàÒü ÎA¡ãÚàÒü [ƒìÚ @
‘>ƒã¹ [Κàì¹ ëA¡àì> K¹ç¡ áà¹à
>àìR¡ºã >à³à¹à [A¡Úà,
>àìR¡ºã >à\à>à ë\àìR¡ºã >à\à>à
¤àìš¹-®¡àìÚì¹¹ [A¡¹à¡ú’
š¹Ñšì¹-š¹Ñš¹A¡ Òü[t¡[A¡} A¡[¹ >àìR¡ºã KàÒü =àìAò¡àìt¡
ëA¡[t¡Úà¤à &ìA¡àJ> ιç¡-Îå¹à A塹ç¡ìÛ¡y¹ Îõ[Ê ëÒà¯à¹ [>ƒ¢Åì>à
ë>àìÒà¯à >ÒÚ¡ú š¹à[\t¡ K¹JãÚàA¡ [¤\Úã\ì> >àìR¡ºã
Kãìt¡ì¹Òü ¤¹îA¡ [‹B¡à¹, A¡iå¡ A¡=à Ç¡>àÚ :
‘&[Kºà [Åì³[º¹ ³å¹à ®¡àìÚ¹ ³¹à
&[Kºà [Åì³[º¹ ³å¹à
/Vol. VI, Issue - II, December'08
ë³àì¹ [™ ºKìt¡ ºàKô¤à >¹ô[º
³àìKÒü ™à ®¡àìÚ¹à ³å¹à¡ú’
‘ºàÒü [ƒ[º [ƒ[º ºó¡à [ƒ[º [ƒ[º
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ë³àt¡ ™à[W¡ Jà¤à ™àÚ¡ú’
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¤åA塹 š¹à "òàt¡¹àÒü [>ìÚ¡ú A¡A¡àìÚA¡ ¤\à¹-γà¹, >K¹-
W¡Ò¹¹ š¹à ">à [™ìA¡àì>à ¤ÑñìA¡ ë¤ïìÚìA¡ Òàt¡ A¡ì¹¡ú
ëÎìÚìÒ ëA¡àì>à¤à ®¡àìÚìA¡ A¡A¡àìÚA¡- ë¤ïìÚA¡A¡ Òü[t¡[A¡}
A¡[¹ KàÚ @
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ëW¡Êà A¡¹à íÒìá¡ú t¡ºt¡ ët¡ì> ƒå[i¡ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡, l¡üƒàÒ¹o
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¤P¡[¹ >ÒÚ ë¤àìÀ๠ëi¡àš
Qèì¹Òü Qèì¹Òü ‘‘ëA¡à¤à³’’ ët¡àA¡¡ú’
¤øÕ¡ìƒÅ¹ l¡üv¡ì¹ ³àºÚ "e¡º¹ ‘áà>’ \>ìKàË¡ã¹
ëºàA¡Kãt¡ – ‘šà>iå¡>’¡ú ‘šà>iå¡>ì¤àì¹à’ "ÅÃãº, >àìR¡ºã
Kãt¡¹ƒì¹ šøàÚ &ìA¡¡ú [šìá ‘šà>iå¡>’ ë¤à¹¹ ÎA¡ìºà Kãt¡
ëšø³³èºA¡ >ÒÚ¡ú
>àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ì¤à¹ Îà‹à¹oìt¡ á–ƒ šø‹à> >ÒÚ, Òü ºÚ
šø‹à>ìÒ¡ú ¤àƒ¸¹ šøìÚ஡¹ &Òü Kãt¡ì¤à¹t¡ >àÒü¡ú [¤×Kãt¡
"à¹ç¡ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¹ [¤ÈÚ¤Ññ &ìA¡¡ú [A¡”ñ [¤×Kãt¡¹ ƒì¹
>àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ &[i¡ [¤ìÅÈ ˜¡t塹 Kãt¡ >ÒÚ¡ú ¤Î”z ˜¡tå¡ "Òà¹
/ 82
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ÎA¡ìºà γÚìt¡ ëKà¯à ÒÚ¡ú ët¡*òìºàA¡¹ δšA¢¡ A¡[³ "à[Òº¡ú "à[\¹ ël¡A¡à-K஡¹ç¡¹
[¤Úà>à³, "àÒü>à³, *\àšà[º Kãt¡¹ Îå¹¹ áàš &Òü ¤àì¤ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡ "àšôWå¡ Ò’º¡ú ó¡ºt¡ >àìR¡ºã Kãt¡Î³èÒ
>àìR¡ºã Kãt¡¹ Îå¹¹ *š¹t¡ š[¹ìá¡ú [A¡áå³à> Kãt¡ ÒüÚàì¹ "à[\ [¤ºå[œ¡¹ š=t¡¡ú [A¡”ñ ƒ¹R¡ã A¡ºà-Aõ¡[Ê l¡üÄÚ> Î}Q¹
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K¹JãÚà* A¡[³º, W¡¹oãÚà š=àì¹à A¡[³º, šøàAõ¡[t¡A¡ š[¹ì¤Å šø[t¡[Ë¡t¡ A¡[¹¤îº "à³à¹ ël¡A¡àW¡àì³ ëW¡Ê¡à A¡[¹¤ ºàìK ¤å[º
[¤>Ê Ò’º¡ú šøàÚì¤à¹ º’¹à-ëáà¯àºã, ÑHæº-A¡ìº\¹ [ÅÛ¡àì¹ "à[\ &i¡à [¤Åຠ\>³t¡¹ Îõ[Ê íÒìá¡ú
([ºJA¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡ šø=³ ¤È¢ (A¡ºà)¹ áày)
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