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Design Manual
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
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CONTENTS
Click on subject to go to it
INTRODUCTION
1.1
General
1.2
Application of Designs
1.3
Material Properties
1.4
Earthquake Loading
1.5
Typical Details
11
BRACING DESIGN
17
4.1
Method
17
4.2
Racking Forces
17
4.3
20
4.4
21
CONNECTION DETAILS
23
5.1
23
5.2
25
5.3
25
BASEMENT WALLS
26
6.1
General
26
6.2
Drainage
26
6.3
Tanking
27
28
7.1
Joint Finishing
28
7.2
Weatherproofing Application
28
7.3
Window Installation
28
Disclaimer: The Concrete Masonry Association of Australia Limited is a non-profit organisation sponsored by the concrete
masonry industry in Australia to provide information on the many uses of concrete masonry products. Since the information
provided is intended for general guidance only and in no way replaces the service of professional consultants on particular
projects, no liability can be accepted by the Association for its use.
Industry Support. Most of the manufacturers of quality concrete masonry products in Australia are members of the Concrete
Masonry Association of Australia (CMAA). It is recommended that advice be obtained from local CMAA members to adapt or
supplement information contained in this Guide.
Remember, when working with cement and concrete/mortar or manufactured or prefabricated concrete products, ALWAYS follow
the manufacturer's instructions and seek advice about working safely with the products from the manufacturer, your nearest
WorkCover Authority or Worksafe Australia.
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Introduction
1.1
General
1.2
Application of Designs
'A1'
Load and
tie-down
point '1'
Figure 1.2
'A2'
'A3'
Load and
tie-down
point '3'
Load and
tie-down
point '2'
Determination of Dimension A
Opening
Lintel reinforcement
Window
Opening
Pier between
openings
Bar at corners
Figure 1.1
Reinforced cores at
sides of all openings
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1.3
Material Properties
1.4
Mortar Type, M3
140
or 190
1-N16 bar
1.5
60 to
bar bottom
Minimum
1-N12 bar
Knock-out
bond beam
block
Typical Details
140
or 190
60 to
bar bottom
Earthquake Loading
260
to bar
bottom
Minimum
1-N12 bar
Knock-out
bond beam
blocks
Standard
blocks
140
or 190
Minimum
1-N12 bar
Knock-out
block
460
to bar
bottom
Standard
block
Minimum
1-N12 bar
Knock-out block
Standard
blocks
TYPE 1
Figure 1.3
60 to
bar bottom
Standard blocks
TYPE 2
TYPE 3
Wall vertical
reinforcement
above floor level
Wall vertical
reinforcement
above floor level
1-N12 bar
1-course
bond beam using
knock-out block
1-course
bond beam using
knock-out block
Figure 1.4
Strip footing
Starter-bars at same
size and location as wall
vertical reinforcement,
lapped 450 min.
Floor slab
reinforcement
Figure 1.5
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Top reinforcement
carried beyond the support
140*
or 190
Bottom reinforcement
carried beyond the support
60 to
bar bottom
290
L8 fitments at 150 crs for full width of opening
with N16 & N20 bars
Top reinforcement
carried beyond the support
290
215
to bar
bottom
290
15.02 block
TYPE A SECTION
140
or 190
Bottom reinforcement
carried beyond the support
60 to
bar bottom
Knock-out
block
Lintel block
260
to bar
bottom
390
Top reinforcement
carried beyond the support
140
or 190
Bottom reinforcement
carried beyond the support
60 to
bar bottom
Standard
block
Figure 1.6
140
or 190
1-N16 bar
or 1-N20 bar
Knock-out
block
Lintel block
L8 fitments
at 200 crs
1-N16 bar
or 1-N20 bar
140
or 190
60 to
bar bottom
315
to bar
bottom
1-N16 bar
or 1-N20 bar
Knock-out
block
390
Standard
block
L8 fitments
at 200 crs
Figure 1.7
515
to bar
bottom
Lintel block
1-N16 bar
or 1-N20 bar
60 to
bar bottom
590
460
to bar
bottom
590
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 2.1
Simplified Design
of External Walls
1-N16
L8 fitments
at 150 crs
Leaf
thickness
(mm)
Wind
Classification
Wall
height
(mm)
Page
number
2.1
2.2
2.3
140
140
140
N1, N2 & N3
N1, N2 & N3
N1, N2 & N3
2400
2500
2700
5
5
6
2.4
2.5
140
140
N4 & C1
N4 & C1
2400
2700
6
7
2.6
2.7
140
140
N5 & C2
N5 & C2
2500
2700
7
7
2.8
2.9
2.10
190
190
190
N1, N2 & N3
N1, N2 & N3
N1, N2 & N3
2400
2500
2700
8
8
9
2.11
2.12
190
190
N4 & C1
N4 & C1
2400
2700
9
10
2.13
2.14
190
190
N5 & C2
N5 & C2
2500
2700
10
10
Figure
number
L8 fitments
at 150 crs
300
1-N16
1-N16
300
1-N16
2400
1-N12
Figure 2.1
2400
2-N12 in
400 x 150 pier
400
1-N12
at edge
of opening
1-N12 at
2000 crs
in wall
2400
1-N12 at edge of
all openings
2400 maximum
Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N3 and
2400-mm Wall Height
1-N16
L8 fitments
at 200 crs
L8 fitments
at 200 crs
400
1-N16
1-N16
400
1-N16
2500
1-N12
Figure 2.2
2400
2-N12 in
400 x 150 pier
400
1-N12
at edge
of opening
1-N12 at
2000 crs
in wall
2400
1-N12 at edge of
all openings
3000 maximum
Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N3 and
2500-mm Wall Height
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1-N12
1-N12
1-N16
600
1-N12
600
1-N12
2700
1-N12
2400
2-N12 in
400 x 150 pier
400
1-N12 at
2000 crs
in wall
1-N12
at edge
of opening
2400
1-N12 at edge of
all openings
3000 maximum
1-N16
1-N16
600
1-N12
600
1-N12
1-N20
2700
1-N12
1-N12
at edge
of opening
1-N12 at
2000 crs
in wall
5400
1-N12 at edge of
all openings
3000 maximum
Figure 2.3
Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N3 and
2700-mm Wall Height
1-N16
L8 fitments
at 150 crs
1-N16
300
L8 fitments
at 150 crs
1-N16
300
1-N16
1-N16
1-N16
2400
1-N12
Figure 2.4
2400
2-N12 in
400 x 150 pier
400
2-N12 at
openings
2.4 m
1-N12 at
1800 crs
in wall
2400
Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N4 and C1 and
2400-mm Wall Height
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1-N20
600
1-N20
1-N12
1-N12
1-N12
1-N12
600
2700
1-N12
Figure 2.5
3-N12
at edge
of opening
1-N12 at
1400 crs
in wall
5400
Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N4 and C1 and
2700-mm Wall Height
1-N16
L8 fitments
at 200 crs
1-N16
400
L8 fitments
at 200 crs
1-N16
400
1-N16
1-N16
1-N16
2500
600 x 300 T-pier
1-N12
Figure 2.6
2400
600
2-N12 at
edge of
opening
1-N12 at
1200 crs
in wall
2400
2-N12 at edges of
openings
2400 maximum
Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N5 and C2 and
2500-mm Wall Height
1-N12
1-N12
1-N12
600
1-N12
1-N12
600
1-N12
2700
600 x 300 T-pier
1-N12
Figure 2.7
2400
600
3-N12 at
openings
2.4 m
1-N12 at
1000 crs
in wall
2400
Wall Reinforcement for 140-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N5 and C2 and
2700-mm Wall Height
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1-N16
L8 fitments
at 150 crs
L8 fitments
at 150 crs
300
1-N16
300
1-N16
1-N16
2400
1-N12
Figure 2.8
2400
2-N12 in
400 x 200 pier
400
1-N12
at edge
of opening
1-N12 at
2000 crs
in wall
2400
1-N12 at edge of
all openings
2400 maximum
Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Categories N1, N2 and N3 and
2400-mm Wall Height
1-N12
1-N16
400
L8 fitments
at 200 crs
1-N16
400
1-N12
1-N16
2500
1-N12
Figure 2.9
2400
2-N12 in
400 x 200 pier
400
1-N12
at edge
of opening
1-N12 at
2000 crs
in wall
2400
1-N12 at edge of
all openings
3000 maximum
Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Categories N1, N2 and N3 and
2500-mm Wall Height
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1-N12
1-N12
600
1-N12
600
1-N12
2700
1-N12
2400
2-N12 in
400 x 200 pier
400
1-N12
at edge
of opening
1-N12 at
2000 crs
in wall
2400
1-N12 at edges
of openings
3000 maximum
1-N16
1-N12
600
600
1-N12
1-N20
2700
1-N12
2-N12
at edge
of opening
1-N12 at
2000 crs
in wall
5400
1-N12 at edges
of openings
3000 maximum
Figure 2.10
Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N1, N2 and N3 and
2700-mm Wall Height
1-N16
L8 fitments
at 150 crs
1-N16
300
L8 fitments
at 150 crs
1-N16
300
1-N16
1-N16
1-N16
2400
1-N12
Figure 2.11
2400
2-N12 in
400 x 200 pier
400
1-N12 at
1800 crs
in wall
1-N12 at edges of
openings
3000 maximum
1-N12 at
edge of
opening
2400
Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N4 and C1 and
2400-mm Wall Height
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
1-N20
600
1-N20
1-N12
1-N12
1-N12
1-N12
600
2700
1-N12
1-N12 (if near corner)
1-N12 at corners
600
Figure 2.12
2-N12
at edge
of opening
1-N12 at
1800 crs
in wall
5400
Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N4 and C1 and
2700-mm Wall Height
1-N16
L8 fitments
at 200 crs
1-N16
400
L8 fitments
at 200 crs
1-N16
400
1-N16
1-N16
1-N16
2500
1-N12
Figure 2.13
2400
2-N12 in
600 x 200 pier
600
2-N12 at
openings
2.4 m
1-N12 at
1600 crs
in wall
2400
Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N5 and C2 and
2500-mm Wall Height
1-N12
600
1-N12
1-N12
1-N12
1-N12
1-N12
600
2700
1-N12
Figure 2.14
2400
2-N12 in
600 x 200 pier
600
2-N12 at
openings
2.4 m
1-N12 at
1400 crs
in wall
2400
Wall Reinforcement for 190-mm Leaf for Wind Classifications N5 and C2 and
2700-mm Wall Height
10
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Tabular Design of
External Walls
Step 1
1.1
DETAILING
DESIGN
COMMENTARY
Table 3.1
(page 12)
Table 3.1
(page 12)
The amount of wall supported by a reinforced core is half the distance to the adjacent reinforced
cores. The distance to the next rod can be determined by adding it to the distance from the previous
rod, then checking that the sum does not exceed the maximum allowable given in Table 3.1.
Note the spacing between rods can be different.
1.2
DETAILING
DESIGN
COMMENTARY
Table 3.2
(page 12)
Table 3.2
(page 12)
Where there is a pier between two openings, determine the size and reinforcement required in the
pier by adding the opening widths together and referring to Table 3.2.
1.3
DETAILING
DESIGN
COMMENTARY
Table 3.3
(page 13)
Table 3.3
(page 13)
The maximum opening size depends on the wind area and the reinforcement beside the opening.
Use Table 3.3 to determine the reinforcement size and details.
1.4
DETAILING
DESIGN
COMMENTARY
Table 3.4
(page 13)
Table 3.4
(page 13)
The maximum distance to the first rod from the side of an opening depends on the opening size and
the reinforcement at the edge of the opening. Use Table 3.4 to determine to determine spacing.
1.5
DETAILING
DESIGN
COMMENTARY
Step 2
2.1
DETAILING
DESIGN
COMMENTARY
Figure 1.6
(page 4)
Table 3.5
(page 14)
Table 3.6
(page 15)
Table 3.7
(page 16)
For standard trusses, the maximum amount of roof that can be carried is given in Table 3.5 (metal
roofs} and Table 3.6 (tile roofs). Where possible, girder trusses landing on a lintel should be
avoided, even over small openings, and not permitted over long openings. Where girder trusses
landing on lintels cannot be avoided, Table 3.7 gives the maximum area of roof, including any
standard trusses, that can be carried by the lintel.
2.2
DETAILING
DESIGN
COMMENTARY
Figure 3.1
(page 16)
Table 3.8
(page 16)
The maximum amount of supported floor width to be carried by a lintel is given in Table 3.8.
Step 3
3.1
DETAILING
DESIGN
COMMENTARY
Figure 1.3
(page 3)
Table 3.9
(page 16)
Roof bond beam acting vertically transfers uplift forces from the roof trusses to the
vertical reinforcement. The minimum number of courses in a bond beam supporting a roof depends
on the wind area and the span of the roof trusses. For standard roof trusses see Table 3.9. If a
girder truss lands on the bond beam, a tie-down rod must be placed within 100 mm of the truss.
3.2
DETAILING
DESIGN
COMMENTARY
Figure 1.4
(page 3)
Use
1-N12 bar
Bond Beams supporting floors need only to provide positive attachment for the floor. Normally one
course deep with 1-N12 bar will be sufficient.
11
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 3.1
Wall details
140 or
190
1-N12 bar in
grouted core
1-N12 bar in
grouted core
s1
190
s2
1-N16 bar in
grouted core
1-N16 bar in
grouted core
s1
Table 3.2
1-N12 bar in
grouted core
1-N16 bar in
grouted core
s2
Wind
Class.
140-mm-leaf wall
Wall height (m)
2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
190-mm-leaf wall
Wall height (m)
2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
4.0
4.0
3.7
2.6
4.0
4.0
2.9
2.0
4.0
3.5
2.4
1.6
4.0
2.9
2.0
3.8
2.4
1.6
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.6
2.7
4.0
4.0
4.0
2.9
2.1
4.0
4.0
3.3
2.3
1.7
4.0
4.0
2.8
1.9
4.0
3.4
2.3
1.6
C1
C2
C3
C4
4.0
2.7
1.9
3.2
2.2
2.6
1.7
2.1
1.8
4.0
3.9
2.7
2.0
4.0
3.0
2.1
1.6
3.7
2.5
1.7
3.0
2.0
2.5
1.7
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.7
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.3
2.5
4.0
3.4
4.0
2.8
2.1
C1
C2
C3
C4
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.4
4.0
4.0
3.7
2.7
4.0
4.0
3.0
2.2
4.0
3.6
2.5
1.8
4.0
3.0
2.1
1.5
Wind
Class.
1-N12 bar
in grouted
core
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
5.2
3.2
2.0
4.0
2.5
3.2
1.9
2.6
2.1
9.9
6.3
4.1
2.7
1.9
7.7
4.9
3.1
2.1
6.2
3.9
2.5
5.0
3.1
2.0
4.2
2.6
w2
C1
C2
C3
C4
2.3
4.5
2.9
1.9
3.5
2.2
2.8
2.2
1.8
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
10.8
6.8
4.4
2.9
1.9
8.5
5.3
3.3
2.1
6.7
4.2
2.6
5.5
3.3
2.0
4.5
2.7
10.8
10.8
8.4
5.7
4.0
10.8
10.0
6.5
4.4
3.0
10.8
8.0
5.2
3.4
2.4
10.4
6.5
4.2
2.7
1.8
8.6
5.4
3.4
2.2
C1
C2
C3
C4
4.9
3.1
2.0
3.7
2.3
2.9
1.8
2.3
1.8
9.4
6.1
4.0
2.8
7.3
4.7
3.1
2.1
5.8
3.6
2.4
4.7
2.9
1.9
3.8
2.4
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
8.9
10.8
10.8
10.7
7.3
10.8
10.8
8.9
6.0
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
9.2
C1
C2
C3
C4
10.8
10.8
10.4
10.8
10.8
8.1
10.8
9.6
6.4
10.8
7.8
5.2
9.9
6.4
4.3
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
9.9
10.8
10.8
10.8
8.0
10.8
10.8
9.3
6.7
Pier details
140 or
190
w1
190
2-N12 bars
in grouted cores
140 or
190
w1
390
w2
190
Medium-duty
ties at 400 crs
1-N16 bar
290
140
2-N12 bars
w1
140-mm-LEAF WALL
590
w2
190
Medium-duty
ties at 400 crs
1-N16 bar
390
190
2-N12 bars
w1
590
w2
190-mm-LEAF WALL
12
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 3.3
Opening details
1-N12 bar in
grouted core
140 or
190
1-N12 bar in
grouted core
w1
2-N12 bars in
grouted cores
140 or
190
2-N12 bars in
grouted cores
w1
2-N16 bars in
grouted cores
190
2-N16 bars in
grouted cores
w1
Table 3.4
Wind
Class.
140-mm-leaf wall
Wall height (m)
2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
190-mm-leaf wall
Wall height (m)
2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
5.4
4.6
2.9
1.9
5.4
3.5
2.2
1.3
4.6
2.8
1.7
1.0
3.7
2.2
1.3
3.0
1.7
1.0
5.4
5.4
4.5
2.9
2.0
5.4
5.3
3.4
2.2
1.4
5.4
4.2
2.6
1.7
1.1
5.4
3.4
2.1
1.3
4.6
2.7
1.7
1.0
C1
C2
C3
C4
3.3
2.0
1.2
2.5
1.5
1.9
1.1
1.5
1.1
5.0
3.2
2.0
1.3
3.8
2.4
1.5
0.9
3.0
1.8
1.1
2.4
1.4
1.9
1.1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
5.4
5.4
5.4
3.7
5.4
5.4
4.3
2.7
5.4
5.4
3.3
2.0
5.4
4.3
2.6
1.5
5.4
3.5
2.0
1.1
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.0
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.4
3.0
5.4
5.4
5.3
3.4
2.2
5.4
5.4
4.2
2.6
1.6
5.4
5.4
3.4
2.0
1.2
C1
C2
C3
C4
5.4
4.0
2.5
4.9
3.0
1.8
3.8
2.2
1.2
2.9
1.7
2.3
1.2
5.4
5.4
4.1
2.7
5.4
4.7
3.0
1.9
5.4
3.7
2.2
1.4
4.7
2.8
1.7
1.0
3.8
2.2
1.2
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.2
5.4
5.4
5.4
4.9
3.3
5.4
5.4
5.4
3.9
2.6
C1
C2
C3
C4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.0
5.4
5.4
5.4
3.8
5.4
5.4
4.2
2.9
5.4
5.2
3.3
2.2
5.4
4.2
2.6
1.7
140 or
190
1-N12 bar in
grouted core
s1
140 or
190
1-N12 bar in
grouted core
s1
190
1-N16 bar in
grouted core
s1
1-N12 bar in
grouted core
w1
2-N12 bars in
grouted cores
w1
2-N16 bars in
grouted cores
w1
Wind
Class.
140-mm-leaf wall
Wall height (m)
2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
190-mm-leaf wall
Wall height (m)
2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
7.4
5.0
3.3
2.3
6.2
3.9
2.6
1.7
5.0
3.2
2.1
1.4
4.1
2.6
1.7
3.4
2.1
1.4
7.4
7.3
4.9
3.3
2.4
7.4
5.7
3.8
2.6
1.8
7.2
4.6
3.0
2.1
1.5
5.9
3.8
2.5
1.7
5.0
3.1
2.1
1.4
C1
C2
C3
C4
3.7
2.4
1.2
2.9
1.9
2.3
1.5
1.9
1.5
5.4
3.6
2.4
1.7
4.2
2.8
1.9
1.3
3.4
2.2
1.5
2.8
1.8
2.3
1.5
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
7.4
7.4
6.2
4.1
7.4
7.4
4.7
3.1
7.4
5.8
3.7
2.4
7.4
4.7
3.0
1.9
6.3
3.9
2.4
1.5
7.4
7.4
7.4
6.2
4.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
4.8
3.4
7.4
7.4
5.7
3.8
2.6
7.4
7.1
4.6
3.0
2.0
7.4
5.9
3.8
2.4
1.6
C1
C2
C3
C4
6.9
4.4
2.9
5.3
3.4
2.2
4.2
2.6
1.6
3.3
2.1
2.7
1.6
7.4
6.7
4.5
3.1
7.4
5.1
3.4
2.3
6.3
4.1
2.6
1.8
5.1
3.2
2.1
1.4
4.2
2.6
1.6
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
5.8
7.4
7.4
7.4
6.5
4.6
7.4
7.4
7.4
5.3
3.7
7.4
7.4
6.5
4.3
3.0
C1
C2
C3
C4
7.4
7.4
7.4
5.4
7.4
7.4
5.9
4.2
7.4
7.0
4.6
3.3
7.4
5.6
3.7
2.6
6.8
4.6
3.0
2.1
13
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 3.5
190-mm-wide lintels
(1)
Wind Opening Type A with:
class. (m)
N12 N16 N20
N1
and
N2
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
9.0
9.0
8.5
6.3
5.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.7
6.1
4.2
2.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.3
5.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.4
5.5
3.7
2.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
6.4
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.9
5.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.1
3.7
2.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.2
5.4
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.6
4.7
2.9
1.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.8
5.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
N3
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
9.0
8.2
6.6
5.3
4.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.7
6.1
4.2
2.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.3
5.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.4
5.5
3.7
2.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
6.4
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.7
6.9
5.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.1
3.7
2.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.2
5.4
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.6
4.7
2.9
1.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.8
5.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
N4
and
C1
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
7.4
5.7
4.6
3.6
3.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.0
5.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.0
5.7
9.0
9.0
6.7
5.3
4.5
3.9
2.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.8
6.6
5.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.6
6.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.4
7.8
6.6
5.1
3.7
2.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.3
6.7
5.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.1
9.0
7.5
6.0
4.8
3.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.7
6.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.8
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.7
5.6
3.7
2.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.3
7.0
5.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.2
7.0
4.7
2.9
1.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.7
7.1
6.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.7
N5
and
C2
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
4.3
3.4
2.7
2.1
1.8
9.0
9.0
8.1
4.7
3.4
9.0
9.0
8.1
4.7
3.4
6.7
5.3
3.9
3.1
2.6
2.3
2.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.3
5.2
3.9
2.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.8
5.0
3.8
9.0
9.0
7.2
5.5
4.6
3.9
3.0
2.5
2.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.7
6.5
4.9
4.0
3.4
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.1
5.7
4.8
5.7
4.4
3.5
2.8
2.3
9.0
9.0
8.7
5.1
3.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.4
4.6
9.0
7.0
5.2
4.1
3.3
2.5
2.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.0
5.5
4.1
3.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.9
5.9
4.4
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.4
5.4
4.1
3.2
2.6
1.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.8
5.1
4.2
3.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.5
6.0
5.1
N6
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
4.1
3.2
2.5
2.0
1.6
9.0
9.0
6.3
3.7
2.7
9.0
9.0
7.9
4.6
3.3
6.3
5.1
3.8
3.0
2.4
1.8
1.4
9.0
9.0
9.0
5.5
3.9
3.0
2.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.0
5.7
4.3
3.2
9.0
9.0
6.9
5.3
3.9
3.0
2.3
1.9
1.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.5
4.9
3.7
3.0
2.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.2
5.4
4.4
3.7
C3
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
3.8
2.9
2.3
1.9
1.5
9.0
9.0
5.8
3.4
2.4
9.0
9.0
7.3
4.2
3.0
5.8
4.7
3.5
2.7
2.2
1.7
1.3
9.0
9.0
8.7
5.1
3.6
2.7
2.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.4
5.3
3.9
2.9
9.0
9.0
6.4
4.9
3.6
2.7
2.1
1.8
1.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.4
6.0
4.5
3.4
2.8
2.4
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.9
6.6
5.0
4.0
3.4
C4
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
2.7
2.1
1.7
1.4
1.2
9.0
7.1
4.2
2.5
1.8
9.0
9.0
5.3
3.1
2.2
4.3
3.4
2.5
2.0
1.6
1.2
1.0
9.0
9.0
6.3
3.7
2.7
2.0
1.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
5.4
3.8
2.9
2.1
8.8
7.4
4.6
3.6
2.6
2.0
1.5
1.3
1.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.1
4.4
3.3
2.5
2.0
1.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.5
4.8
3.6
2.9
2.5
'A1'
Lintel '1'
'A2'
Lintel '2'
14
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 3.6
190-mm-wide lintels
(1)
Wind Opening Type A with:
class. (m)
N12 N16 N20
N1
and
N2
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
9.0
7.0
4.9
3.7
2.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.4
4.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.4
4.9
9.0
9.0
6.2
4.5
3.6
2.5
1.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.0
4.8
3.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.7
5.3
3.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.2
4.9
3.2
2.2
1.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.7
5.0
3.8
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.1
6.4
9.0
9.0
6.4
4.6
2.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
5.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.7
9.0
9.0
8.0
5.7
3.5
2.2
1.2
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.1
4.8
3.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.3
5.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.9
4.4
2.7
1.7
0.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.4
4.6
3.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.9
6.1
N3
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
9.0
7.0
4.9
3.7
2.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.4
4.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.4
4.9
9.0
9.0
6.2
4.5
3.6
2.5
1.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.0
4.8
3.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.7
5.3
3.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.2
4.9
3.2
2.2
1.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.7
5.0
3.8
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.1
6.4
9.0
9.0
6.4
4.6
2.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
5.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.7
9.0
9.0
8.0
5.7
3.5
2.2
1.2
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.1
4.8
3.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.3
5.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.9
4.4
2.7
1.7
0.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.4
4.6
3.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.9
6.1
N4
and
C1
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
8.2
6.4
4.9
3.7
2.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.4
4.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.4
4.9
9.0
9.0
6.2
4.5
3.6
2.5
1.5
9.0
9.0
8.2
6.5
5.5
4.7
3.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.7
5.3
3.7
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.2
4.9
3.2
2.2
1.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.7
5.0
3.8
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.1
6.4
9.0
8.3
6.4
4.6
2.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
5.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.7
9.0
9.0
8.0
5.7
3.5
2.2
1.2
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.1
4.8
3.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.3
5.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.9
4.4
2.7
1.7
0.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.4
4.6
3.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.9
6.1
N5
and
C2
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
4.9
3.8
3.1
2.4
2.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
5.3
3.8
9.0
9.0
9.0
5.3
3.8
7.6
6.1
4.5
3.5
3.0
2.5
1.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.3
5.9
4.4
3.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.7
5.3
3.7
9.0
9.0
8.2
6.3
5.2
4.4
3.2
2.2
1.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.4
5.6
4.5
3.8
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.0
6.0
4.9
4.1
6.4
5.0
4.0
3.2
2.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
5.8
4.2
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.3
5.2
9.0
8.0
5.9
4.7
3.5
2.2
1.2
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.7
6.2
4.8
3.1
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.7
5.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.4
6.1
4.4
2.7
1.7
0.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.7
5.9
4.6
3.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.5
6.9
5.8
N6
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
4.5
3.5
2.8
2.2
1.9
9.0
9.0
6.9
4.0
2.9
9.0
9.0
8.7
5.0
3.6
7.0
5.6
4.1
3.3
2.6
2.0
1.2
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.0
4.3
3.3
2.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.2
6.3
4.7
3.5
9.0
9.0
7.6
5.8
4.3
3.3
2.5
1.7
0.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.2
5.4
4.1
3.3
2.8
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.9
5.9
4.8
4.0
C3
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
4.1
3.2
2.5
2.0
1.7
9.0
7.6
6.0
3.7
2.7
9.0
8.0
6.3
4.6
3.3
6.4
5.1
3.8
3.0
2.4
1.8
1.2
9.0
9.0
9.0
5.5
4.0
3.0
2.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.5
5.7
4.3
3.2
9.0
9.0
6.9
5.3
3.9
3.0
2.3
1.7
0.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.6
4.9
3.7
3.0
2.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.2
5.4
4.4
3.7
C4
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
2.9
2.3
1.8
1.4
1.2
7.0
5.4
4.3
2.6
1.9
7.3
5.7
4.5
3.3
2.4
4.5
3.6
2.7
2.1
1.7
1.3
1.0
9.0
9.0
6.7
3.9
2.8
2.1
1.6
9.0
9.0
6.9
5.4
4.1
3.0
2.3
9.0
7.9
4.9
3.8
2.8
2.1
1.6
1.4
0.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.5
4.7
3.5
2.7
2.2
1.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.9
5.2
3.9
3.1
2.6
'A1'
'A2'
Lintel '2'
Lintel '1'
15
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 3.7
N1 and N2
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
33
30
20
15
12
34
31
22
16
13
75
58
40
30
23
80
65
54
45
36
36
31
21
15
12
38
34
30
23
17
76
59
40
30
23
89
72
59
46
37
N3
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
33
30
20
15
12
34
31
22
16
13
75
58
40
30
23
80
65
54
45
36
36
31
21
15
12
38
34
30
23
17
76
59
40
30
23
89
72
59
46
37
N4 and C1
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
28
25
20
16
12
28
26
22
16
13
60
50
35
27
22
61
51
44
40
33
30
28
21
17
12
31
29
27
23
17
64
50
36
28
23
68
57
48
42
34
N5 and C2
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
18
16
13
10
18
17
16
14
11
39
32
22
17
14
40
33
28
26
21
20
18
14
11
20
19
18
16
13
41
33
23
18
15
44
37
31
27
23
Wind class.
Table 3.8
Determination of
supported width
Lintel
Supported width
First
support
Opening
(m)
N20
N16
0.9
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
3.6
4.2
4.8
5.4
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.3
1.7
1.4
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.6
1.9
1.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.9
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.2
190-mm-wide lintels
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.3
1.9
1.6
1.4
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
2.1
1.7
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.4
1.8
1.4
1.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.2
1.8
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.7
2.2
1.8
1.6
Table 3.9
Determination of
dimension A
'A1'
Bond
beam '1'
'A2'
Bond
beam '2'
Wind
Class.
Bond beams(1)
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
Bond beams(1)
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
9
7
9
9
9
6
9
9
9
9
7
9
9
5
9
9
9
7
5
9
9
9
9
9
C1
C2
C3
C4
9
6
9
9
7
9
9
5
9
9
9
7
16
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
4
4.1
Bracing Design
4.2
Method
Table 4.1
Racking Forces
Wind Force Per Unit Length, Normal to Length of Buildings with Hip or Gable Ends
Wind force to be resisted (kN/m) [Total force (kN) = building length (m) x wind force (kN/m)]
Hip or gable
Length
Hip or gable
Length
n
tio
ec
Dir ind
w
of
tio
ec
Dir ind
w
of
Width
Width
Single-storey or upper-storey
Wind
Class.
Building
width (m)
10
15
20
25
30
35
10
15
20
25
30
35
N1
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.0
1.2
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
1.4
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.5
2.8
3.1
1.5
1.9
2.3
2.7
3.1
3.5
3.8
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.9
4.2
4.4
4.7
3.4
3.7
3.9
4.2
4.5
4.8
5.1
3.5
3.8
4.2
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.9
N2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.4
1.7
2.0
2.2
2.5
2.7
2.9
1.8
2.1
2.5
2.8
3.2
3.5
3.8
2.0
2.3
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.4
2.2
2.7
3.3
3.9
4.5
5.0
5.5
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.1
4.3
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.5
4.7
5.0
5.3
4.4
4.7
5.0
5.4
5.7
6.1
6.5
4.7
5.1
5.4
5.8
6.2
6.6
7.1
4.9
5.3
5.9
6.4
6.9
7.5
8.1
N3
and
C1
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.5
2.7
2.9
3.1
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.5
3.9
4.2
4.6
2.8
3.3
3.9
4.4
5.0
5.5
6.0
3.1
3.6
4.3
5.0
5.7
6.3
6.9
3.4
4.3
5.2
6.1
7.0
7.8
8.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.7
6.0
6.2
6.6
7.0
7.4
7.8
8.2
6.9
7.3
7.9
8.4
9.0
9.5
10
7.4
7.9
8.5
9.0
9.6
10
11
7.6
8.3
9.1
10
11
12
13
N4
and
C2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
3.0
3.4
3.8
4.1
4.3
4.6
3.3
3.9
4.6
5.2
5.8
6.3
6.8
4.1
4.9
5.8
6.6
7.4
8.1
8.9
4.5
5.4
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.4
10
5.1
6.3
7.7
9.1
10
12
13
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.6
8.7
8.8
9.0
9.2
9.6
10
8.9
9.2
9.8
10
11
12
12
10
11
12
13
13
14
15
11
12
13
13
14
15
16
11
12
14
15
16
18
19
N5
and
C3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
4.1
4.5
5.0
5.6
6.0
6.4
6.7
4.9
5.7
6.7
7.7
8.5
9.3
10
6.0
7.3
8.5
9.7
11
12
13
6.7
8.0
9.5
11
12
14
15
7.4
9.3
11
13
15
17
19
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
15
13
14
14
15
16
17
18
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
16
17
19
20
21
23
24
17
18
20
22
24
26
28
17
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 4.2
Width
Di
r
of ecti
wi on
nd
Length
Di
r
of ecti
wi on
nd
Length
Single-storey or upper-storey
Wind
Class.
Building
width (m)
10
15
20
25
30
35
10
15
20
25
30
35
N1
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
3.4
5.2
6.9
8.6
10
12
14
3.7
5.7
7.8
10
12
15
17
3.9
6.2
8.7
11
14
18
21
4.1
6.7
9.6
13
17
20
25
4.4
7.3
11
14
19
23
29
4.6
7.9
12
16
21
27
33
4.9
8.5
13
18
24
30
37
5.2
9.2
14
20
26
34
42
12
17
23
29
35
41
46
12
18
24
30
37
43
50
12
18
25
32
39
46
54
12
19
26
33
41
49
58
13
20
27
35
43
52
62
13
20
28
37
46
56
66
13
21
29
39
49
59
71
13
22
31
41
52
63
76
N2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
5.0
7.5
10
12
15
17
20
5.3
8.2
11
14
18
21
25
5.6
8.9
13
17
21
25
30
6.0
9.7
14
19
24
30
36
6.3
10
15
21
27
34
41
6.7
11
17
23
30
38
47
7.1
12
18
26
34
43
54
7.6
13
20
29
38
49
61
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
16
25
33
42
51
60
69
17
26
35
44
54
64
75
17
26
36
46
57
68
80
17
27
37
48
60
73
86
18
28
39
51
64
77
92
18
29
41
53
67
82
98
19
30
42
56
71
88
105
N3
and
C1
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
7.8
12
16
19
23
27
31
8.3
13
18
23
28
33
39
8.8
14
20
26
32
40
47
9.3
15
22
29
37
46
56
9.9
16
24
33
42
53
65
10
18
26
36
48
60
74
11
19
29
40
53
68
84
12
21
32
45
60
77
96
25
38
50
63
75
88
100
26
39
52
66
80
94
108
26
40
54
69
84
100
116
27
41
56
72
89
107
125
27
42
58
76
94
113
134
28
44
61
79
99
121
143
28
45
63
83
105
128
153
29
47
66
88
111
137
165
N4
and
C2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
12
17
23
29
35
41
46
12
19
26
34
41
50
58
13
21
29
38
48
59
70
14
23
32
43
55
69
83
15
24
36
48
63
79
96
16
26
39
54
71
89
110
17
28
43
60
79
101
125
18
31
47
66
89
114
142
37
56
75
93
112
131
149
38
58
78
98
119
140
161
39
59
81
103
125
149
173
40
61
84
108
133
159
186
40
63
87
113
140
169
199
41
65
91
118
148
179
213
42
67
94
124
156
191
228
43
69
99
131
166
204
245
N5
and
C3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
17
26
34
43
51
60
68
18
28
38
49
61
73
86
19
31
43
56
71
87
104
20
33
48
64
82
101
122
22
36
52
71
92
116
142
23
39
58
79
104
132
162
24
42
63
88
117
149
185
26
45
69
98
131
168
209
55
82
110
137
165
192
220
56
85
114
144
175
206
237
57
87
119
151
185
219
255
58
90
123
158
195
234
274
59
93
128
166
206
248
293
61
96
133
174
218
264
314
62
99
139
183
230
281
336
64
102
145
192
244
300
361
18
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 4.3
Width
Width
Di
r
of ecti
wi on
nd
Length
Di
r
of ecti
wi on
nd
Length
Single-storey or upper-storey
Wind
Class.
Building
width (m)
10
15
20
25
30
35
10
15
20
25
30
35
N1
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
3.6
5.4
7.2
9.0
11
13
14
3.6
5.4
7.2
9.0
11
13
14
3.6
5.5
7.2
9.0
11
13
14
6.7
5.7
8.1
11
13
16
19
4.0
6.6
9.6
13
17
21
25
4.4
7.3
11
15
19
24
29
4.6
7.8
12
16
21
27
33
4.9
8.6
13
19
25
32
39
12
17
23
29
35
41
46
12
17
23
29
35
41
46
12
17
23
29
35
41
47
12
18
24
30
36
43
50
12
18
25
32
39
47
56
12
19
26
34
42
51
61
13
20
27
35
44
54
64
13
20
29
38
47
58
70
N2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
5.0
7.5
10
12
15
17
20
5.0
7.5
10
12
15
17
20
5.0
7.6
10
12
15
17
20
5.1
7.9
11
15
19
22
26
5.5
9.1
13
18
23
28
34
6.0
10
15
20
27
33
41
6.4
11
16
22
29
37
45
6.8
12
18
26
34
44
54
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
16
24
32
40
48
56
64
16
24
32
40
49
57
65
16
24
33
41
50
59
69
16
25
34
44
54
65
77
17
26
36
47
59
71
84
17
27
38
49
61
74
88
18
28
39
52
66
81
97
N3
and
C1
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
7.8
12
16
19
23
27
31
7.8
12
16
19
23
27
31
7.9
12
16
19
23
27
31
8.0
12
18
23
29
35
41
8.6
14
21
28
36
44
53
9.4
16
23
32
41
52
63
10
17
25
35
46
58
71
11
19
29
40
54
68
85
25
38
50
63
75
88
100
25
38
50
63
75
88
100
25
38
50
63
76
88
101
25
38
51
64
78
93
108
26
39
53
69
85
102
120
26
41
57
73
91
111
131
27
43
59
76
95
116
138
28
44
62
81
103
126
152
N4
and
C2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
12
17
23
29
35
41
46
12
17
23
29
35
41
46
12
18
23
29
35
41
46
12
18
26
35
43
52
62
13
21
31
42
53
66
80
14
24
35
48
62
77
94
15
25
37
52
68
86
106
16
28
42
60
80
102
126
37
56
75
93
112
131
149
37
56
75
93
112
131
149
37
56
75
94
113
131
150
37
56
76
95
116
138
161
38
58
80
102
126
152
179
39
61
84
109
136
165
195
41
63
88
114
142
173
206
41
65
92
121
153
188
226
N5
and
C3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
17
26
34
43
51
60
68
17
26
34
43
51
60
68
17
26
34
43
51
60
68
17
27
39
51
64
77
91
19
31
45
61
79
97
117
21
35
51
70
91
114
139
22
37
55
76
100
127
156
23
41
62
88
117
150
186
55
82
110
137
165
192
220
55
82
110
137
165
192
220
55
83
111
138
166
194
221
55
83
112
140
170
203
236
56
85
117
151
196
224
263
58
89
124
161
200
242
287
60
93
129
168
209
254
303
61
96
135
178
225
277
332
19
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
4.3
Table 4.5
Wind
Classification
Minimum building
width (m)
Maximum spacing of
bracing walls (m)
N1
4.8
14.0
N2
4.8
14.0
N3 and C1
6.0
14.0
N4 and C2
6.0
11.5
N5 and C3
6.0
10.0
Wind
Class.
Building
width (m)
N1
10
15
20
25
30
35
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
N2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.8
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.7
8.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.4
7.9
8.8
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
N3
and
C1
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
6.2
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.4
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
7.5
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
6.4
8.8
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
5.1
6.7
7.6
8.4
9.0
9.0
9.0
4.4
5.6
6.7
7.9
7.9
8.3
8.6
4.2
5.1
5.7
6.2
6.6
6.7
6.9
N4
and
C2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
3.9
5.9
7.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
4.3
6.6
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
4.9
7.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
5.0
7.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
4.2
5.8
6.7
7.3
7.9
8.2
8.5
3.3
4.4
5.0
5.5
5.9
6.1
6.5
2.9
3.7
4.4
5.2
5.2
5.5
5.7
2.7
3.4
3.8
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.6
N5
and
C3
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2.7
4.1
5.5
6.8
8.2
9.0
9.0
3.0
4.6
6.3
7.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
3.4
5.1
6.7
8.3
9.0
9.0
9.0
3.5
5.1
6.5
7.8
8.5
9.0
9.0
3.0
4.1
4.7
5.1
5.5
5.7
6.0
2.3
3.1
3.5
3.9
4.1
4.3
4.6
2.0
2.6
3.1
3.6
3.7
3.8
4.0
1.9
2.4
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
20
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
4.4
Table 4.6
Bond beam
Bracing
wall
length
Wall
length
(m)
Unreinforced walls
Leaf thickness (mm)
Walls reinforced
with tie-downs
Leaf thickness (mm)
90
110
140
190
140
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.8
2.4
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.9
2.0
3.5
5.5
10
15
22
30
39
50
61
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.9
2.1
3.7
5.8
10
16
23
32
41
52
64
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
1.1
2.4
4.3
6.7
12
19
27
37
48
61
75
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.3
2.9
5.1
7.9
14
22
32
43
56
71
88
2.9
5.8
8.7
12
15
24
34
45
64
85
107
130
155
182
210
190
2.9
5.8
8.8
12
15
25
35
46
66
88
111
137
164
192
222
Floor level
External wall
Floor slab
Floor slab
Footing
External wall
SECTION AA
External wall
Wall height ( 3.0 m)
Figure 4.1
21
External wall
SECTION AA
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 4.7
Wall details
Wind direction
3000
3600
4.4
2.2
1.5
1.1
0.9
0.7
6.2
3.1
2.1
1.6
1.2
1.0
10.9
5.5
3.6
2.7
2.2
1.8
190
Table 4.8
2400
190
Wind direction
1800
140
Wind direction
Pier details
1800
2400
3000
3600
5.4
2.7
1.8
1.3
1.1
0.9
9.2
4.6
3.1
2.3
1.8
1.5
16
7.8
5.2
3.9
3.1
2.6
27
13
9.1
6.8
5.5
4.5
44
22
15
11
8.8
7.3
38
19
13
10
7.7
6.4
66
33
22
17
13
11
190
190
290
290
290
290
290
290
290
290
390
390
390
390
22
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Connection Details
5.1
Truss Tie-Down
Table 5.1
Connection detail
Threaded
rod details
JD6
2-M10 rods
36
36
36
30
24
18
2-M12 rods
54
54
52
40
32
24
25
max.
75 x 10-mm GS plate
drilled to suit
size of rod
Threaded rods
with end cogged,
extending down two
courses, bent to suit
ELEVATION
Table 5.2
Connection detail
Description
JD6
4.9
3.5
2.5
3.5
2.9
2.2
8.3
5.9
4.2
5.9
4.9
3.7
Single strap
6.5
4.7
3.3
4.7
3.8
2.9
Double strap
12
8.4
5.9
8.4
6.9
5.2
13
13
13
13
13
13
25
25
25
25
25
25
NOTE:
Refer to AS 1684.3
for top plate
tie-down details
23
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
Table 5.3
Connection detail
Description
JD6
20
15
10
16
11
35
25
16
23
18
15
49
44
28
44
36
28
54
43
3 roof trusses
34
50 x 3-mm GI strap
M16 bolt through
head plate
Overstrap
must be tight or
packed with noncompressive packing
Two or three
roof trusses
76
54
2 roof trusses
34
REF: An Investigation of Truss Hold Down TR44 James Cook University, Cyclone Structural Testing Station October 1996.
24
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
5.2
Bottom chord
of roof truss
FC sheeting, min.
100 mm below
top of blockwork
Sheeting battens
fixed to truss
78 x 38 trimming
joist, on flat,
screwed to bottom
chords of truss
Seal blocks before
FC sheeting is
fixed in place
Approved sealant
FC sheeting, min.
100 mm below
top of blockwork
Sheeting battens
fixed to truss
Ceiling
Wind Classification
N1
N3
N3
3.6
3.6
2.4
N4 and C1
N5 and C2
N6 and C3
1.8
1.2
0.9
Figure 5.2
5.3
METHOD 1
78 x 38 trimming
joist, on edge
Approved sealant
Figure 5.3
METHOD 2
Wind Classification
N1
N3
N3
3.6
3.6
3.6
N4 and C1
N5 and C2
N6 and C3
2.4
1.8
1.2
Figure 5.1
25
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
6
6.1
Basement Walls
6.2
General
Drainage
Floor slab
reinforcement
One-course bond
beam with N12 bar
20.20 knock-out block
saw-cut at floor soffit level
Tanking to back
face of wall
190-thick
blockwork
NOTE:
Wall blocks and
reinforcement as for
'Typical Details'
2700
max.
20.48 'H' blocks
at horizontal
reinforcement
20.01 standard
blocks between
Horizontal reinforcement,
N12 at 400 crs
Vertical reinforcement,
N16 at 400 crs, central*
NOTE:
No tanking required
False wall
Floor slab
reinforcement
N16 at
400 crs*
600
min. lap
Drained cavity
Ag drain
200
N12 at 400 crs
55 cover
200
1000
TYPICAL DETAILS
Figure 6.1
ALTERNATIVE DETAILS
26
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
6.3
Tanking
140-thick
blockwork
Timber floor
Timber floor
One-course bond beam
using 20.20 knock-out
block with 1-N12 bar
Pole plate fixed to
bond beam
Vertical reinforcement,
N16 at 400 crs, central
190-thick
blockwork
190-thick
blockwork
Horizontal reinforcement,
N12 at 400 crs
Tanking to back
face of wall
NOTE:
Reinforcement as for
'Typical Details'
2700 max. to
ground level
290-thick
blockwork
290-thick
blockwork
NOTE:
No tanking required
N16 at
200 crs*
False wall
600
min. lap
Drained cavity
Ag drain
300
N12 at 400 crs
55 cover
300
1500
TYPICAL DETAILS
Figure 6.2
ALTERNATIVE DETAILS
27
Single-Leaf Masonry
Design Manual
7.1
Weatherproofing
Recommendations
for Housing
Joint Finishing
7.2
Weatherproofing
Application
7.3
Window Installation
Lintel beam
Ramset anchors
or equivalent
Ramset anchors
or equivalent
Apply weatherproof
coating to all of the
opening surround
before windows
are fixed into
position
Weatherproof
coating
Ramset anchors
or equivalent
Sealant each side
of window frame
HEAD FIXING
Weatherproof
coating
Ramset anchors
or equivalent
Sealant each side
of window frame
JAMB FIXING
Ramset anchors
or equivalent
Sealant on inside
Sill unit
Bond beam
Ramset anchors
or equivalent
Weatherproof
coating
Weatherproof
coating
SILL FIXING
Figure 7.1
Installation of Windows
28
Concrete Masonry
Walling
07
3831 3288
Besser Masonry
85 Christensen Road Stapylton QLD 4207
Telephone
07
3382 4100
Boral Masonry
62 Industrial Avenue Wacol QLD 4076
Telephone
07
3271 2922
ISBN 0 909407 46 0
March 2001
MA47