Q.1.Plot the pressure drop at the compressor valves on P-h or T-S diagram.

What is flash chamber explain its significant in vapour compression refrigeration system, especially multi pressure system. Q.2.In a 15 Ton ammonia refrigeration plant, the condensing temperature is -25C and evaporating temperature is -10C. The refrigerant is sub cooled by 5C before reaching the inlet of the throttle valve. The vapour leaving the evaporator is dry saturated. Find the COP and mass flow rate of the refrigerant. Use the following table for properties of the ammonia: Ts(C) Enthalpy(Kcal/kg) Entropy (Kcal/kg) Specific heat(Kcal/kgK) Liquid vapour Liquid vapour Liquid Vapour 25 128.1 406.8 1.097 2.0324 1.1 0.67 -10 89.6 398.7 0.9597 2.1362 0.98 0.59 Q.3.Using schematic and P-h diagram, explain the working of Cascade refrigeration system. Compare it with multi-stage system. Q.4.With the help of schematic diagram, explain the working of a practical aqua ammonia vapour absorption refrigeration system. Highlight the advantage of the using analyzer, rectifier, and heat exchangers. Derive an expression for maximum COP of a simple vapour absorption refrigeration system. Q.5.Define primary refrigerant. What are the desirable properties of a primary refrigerant? Give the refrigerant number for the following: CHCLF2, NH3, CH2F-CF3, and CH3CH2CH2CH3. Q.6.Two aqua ammonia streams at a pressure of 20 bars with a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s each are adiabatically mixed. First stream is saturated liquid at concentration of 0.8 while second stream is at a temperature of 150C and concentration of 0.2. Find the temperature, concentration, and specific enthalpy of mixed stream after adiabatic mixing. Also determine the concentration of liquid and vapour phases. Q.7.in a vapour compression refrigeration system working between 0C and 30C, the refrigerant(R-12) enters the compressor at the saturated vapour state. The refrigerant is saturated liquid at the beginning of the throttling process. Determine the COP of this cycle and compare it with the COP of the Carnot cycle working between the same temperature limits. Solve without using P-h chart, given below in table. Q.8.Plot Carnot vapours compression refrigeration cycle on T-S and P-v curves. Explain the purpose of capillary tube, filter, drier, and receiver in a vapour compression refrigeration system. Q.9. A 100 TR system using R-12 is to operate on a two stage vapour compression refrigeration system with a flash chamber. The refrigerant is evaporating at -40C (0.64 bar), flash chamber works on an intermediate temperature of 0C (3.08 bar), and condensation takes place at 30C (7.45 bar). Low pressure compressor and expansion valve operate between 3.08 bars and 7.45 bars. Saturated vapour enters both the compressors and saturated liquid enters each expansion valves. Determine: (1) The flow rate of refrigerant handled by each compressor (2) The power requirement of compressor (3) COP of the system May use the properties given below and use data in table

Superheated properties Pressure (bars) 3.08 7.45 Ts(C) 0 30 Properties s(kj/kgK) h(kj/kg) s(kj/kgK) h(kj/kg) 20C superheat 0.7423 200.5 0.7321 214.3 40C superheat 0.7853 213.5 0.7751 228.6

Saturation properties for R-12 Pressure(bar) Sat. temp(C) hf(kj/kg) hg(kj/kg) Sf (kj/kgK) Sg (kj/kgK) 0.641 -40 0 169.6 0 0.7274 2.19 -10 26.9 183.2 0.1080 0.7020 3.08 0 36.1 187.5 0.1420 0.6966 7.45 30 64.6 199.6 0.2399 9.6854 9.6 40 74.6 203.2 0.2718 0.6825 Q.10.Explainthe method of obtaining an isothermal (in two phase region) on enthalpy concentration (h-c) diagram for a mixture. Q.11.Compare aqua ammonia vapour absorption refrigeration system with Li- Br water absorption system. Q.12.Give classification and nomenclature of refrigerants in detail. Discuss the effects of CFC refrigerants on Ozone layer briefly. Q.13.Two aqua ammonia mixtures at saturated liquid state and pressure of 20 bar each are adiabatically mixed. Mixture A has a mass 6 kg and a concentration of 0.7, while mixture B has a mass of 3 kg and concentration of 0.1. Find the temperature, concentration and specific enthalpy of mixture after adiabatic mixing. Also determine the concentration of liquid and vapour phases, and the masses of liquid and vapour phases. Q.14.what are the main characteristics of a vapour compression refrigeration system and what are its advantages over air refrigeration system. Draw a single stage simple vapour compression refrigeration cycle on (T-S) and (P-h) diagrams and show can you make a thermodynamic analysis of the cycle and calculate its COP.

Q.15. In a simple vapour compression refrigeration system Using R-12 as refrigerant , the evaporator and condenser temperature are -10C and 35C respectively. If the capacity of the system is 15 TR, and the compression is isentropic, calculate the following with the help of p-h chart for R-12: 1) Mass of refrigerant to be circulated 2) Power required in the compressor 3) Total heat rejected in the condenser, and 4) COP of the cycle Also calculate the Carnot COP and show the percentage difference between the two. Draw the cycle on P-H chart for R-12. Q.16.What do you understand by multistage compression and why it is required in a system when the difference between the evaporator and condenser pressure is large? Enumerate the advantage of multistage system over a single stage compression system, in brief. Q.17.What do you understand by removal of flash gas and what is the function of flash intercooler in a multistage compression system? Also explain the basic difference between a multistage vapour compression system and a cascade refrigeration system. Q.18.What is the basic difference a vapour absorption refrigeration system and a vapour compression system? Explain how, the function of the compressor in vapour compression system is achieved in a vapour absorption system, and which components? Draw a neat sketch of a practical vapour absorption system and describe its working in brief. Q.19.What do you understand by maximum COP of vapour absorption refrigeration system and how do you calculate its value in term of the evaporator, generator, condenser and absorber temperature? In a vapour absorption refrigeration system, the generator is operated by solar heat where the temperature achieved is 100C. If the evaporator temperature is -10C and the condenser/absorber temperature are 35C,what is the maximum possible COP of the system? Q.20.Explain in brief, the concept of adiabatic mixing of two streams, as related to vapour absorption refrigeration system. Also discuss the significance of temperature concentration diagram. Q.21.Enumerate the classification of refrigerants. What are the desirable properties of refrigerants? Name some common refrigerants generally used in refrigeration systems. What do you understand by CFS free refrigerants? Q.22.Explain the difference between throttling and isentropic expansion? Although some work can extracted from the isentropic expansion process after the refrigerant leaves the condenser, an irreversible isenthalpic process is generally preferred. Explain the reasons. Briefly describe the term flashing of refrigerants? Q.23.What is the principal factors which make the actual vapour compression cycles deviate from ideal cycle? With the help of P-h diagrams, explain the effect of the following parameter on the performance of a vapour compression refrigerant cycle: (i) Evaporator (ii) condenser (iii) suction vapour superheat (iv) liquid sub cooling Q24.The pressure in the evaporator of an ammonia refrigerator is 1.902 bars and the pressure in the condenser is 12.37 bars. Calculate the refrigeration effect per unit mass of the refrigerant and COF ref for the following cycles. (i) the ideal reversed carnot cycles (ii) dry saturated vapour delivered to the condenser after isentropic compression, and no under cooling of the condensed liquid; Given: for ammonia at 1.902 bar, Tsat =-200C, Sg =5.623kj/kgK, hg =1420 kj/kg, Sf =0.363 kj/kgK, hf =89.8 kj/kg at 12 bar, , Tsat =-320C Sg =4.962kj/kgK, hg =1469.9 kj/kg, Sf =1.235 kj/kgK, hf =332.8 kj/kg Q.24. With respect to a binary mixture, write short notes on: (i) Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures

(ii) Miscibility (iii) temperature- concentration diagram (iv) enthalpy-concentration diagram if two fluid streams with mass flow rates m 1 and m2, having different concentrations, C 1 and C 2 and specific enthalpies h1 and h2, are adiabatically mixed together in mixing chamber, derive the expressions for the resultant concentration and enthalpy, explaining the process with an enthalpy concentration diagram. Q.25.Describe the operation of a lithium bromide water absorption refrigeration system with the help of a neat labeled diagram. Comment on the possibility of utilizing solar energy for the purpose of refrigeration couples with this system. Q.26 what is the effect of change of evaporator pressure and condenser pressure on the performance of simple vapour compression refrigeration system? A Freon12 simple vapour compression refrigeration system operating between condenser temperature 400C and evaporator temperature of -50C, develops 20 tons of refrigeration. The refrigerant vapour is superheated to 00C before entering the compressor and the liquid refrigerant after the condenser (i.e. condensate) is sub cooled to 30 0C. Assuming isentropic compression, draw the cycle on p-h chart of R-12 and determine: (i) The mass flow rate of the refrigerant (ii) The power required by the compressor (iii) The theoretical piston displacement of the compressor (iv) The heat rejected in the condenser (v) COP of the vapour compressor refrigeration cycle Q.27 A two stage vapour compression refrigeration system working on R12 refrigerant is operating between pressure limits of 0.1 and 1.MPa. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as saturated liquid and is first throttled to flash chamber operating at 0.32 Mpa. Vapour from the flash chamber is mixed to refrigerant leaving the L.P. compressor. The mixture is then compressed to condenser pressure by HP compressor. The liquid in the flash chamber is throttled to the evaporator pressure and vaporizes in evaporator. Assuming refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a saturated vapour and both compression being isentropic, calculate: (i) Mass fraction of vapour leaving the flash chamber (ii) Refrigeration effect per kg of refrigerant (iii) COP of the system.