RailTel Corporation of India Ltd.

Training on Optical Fiber Networks

E-mail: arunsrawat@railtelindia.com Contact no.:09958018833

By: Arun Singh Rawat Deputy Manager/Project

How fiber cable look like

Advantages of Optical Communication

Explosive demand for higher bandwidth Low bandwidth of copper Nearly 25THz possible with fiber Low Loss-Longer distance transmission(Less Repeaters) No EMI in fiber-based telecom Less cross-talk, more reliability More secure communications Lighter than copper Lower cost per unit bandwidth(made of silica which is very cheap) Safer and more advantages

What is Optical Communication?

Optical communication is any form of telecommunication that uses light as the transmission medium. An optical communication system consists of a transmitter, which encodes an electronic pulse into an optical signal, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal.

Journey through the Optical Tunnel

Transmit-Receive Overview

Optical Fiber
The most common type of channel for optical communications Flexible optically transparent fiber made of glass or plastic through which light can be transmitted by the process of total internal reflection Consists of a core , cladding and coating Core is the inner glass layer of high refractive index Cladding is the outer layer which covers the core/ has a lower refractive index Coating is the outer most layer which provides environmental and physical protection for the fiber

Theory of Optical Fiber

Transmits light along its axis using the process of total internal reflection Based upon the principle of Snells Law Snells Law Total internal reflection can occur when light attempts to move from a material with high index of refraction to one with lower index of refraction
In an optical Fiber, the core has high

refractive index in which the light entering the fiber is guided

Cladding has a refractive index slightly less

than that of the core

By principle of total internal reflection the

light entering the fiber (core) at one end travels along the fiber by bouncing repeatedly of the inside of the interface of the glass with the surrounding medium (cladding)

How Does an Optical Fiber Transmit Light?

The light in a fiber-optic cable travels through the core by constantly bouncing from the cladding (mirror-lined walls), a principle called total internal reflection. Because the cladding does not absorb any light from the core, the light wave can travel great distances.

Signal degrades within the fiber essentially due to

Impurities in glass Wavelength of transmitted light

850 nm 60-75% per Km 1300 nm 50-60% per KM

Types of Optical Fiber

Optical Fibers are classified as Single Mode or Multi Mode fiber Multi mode fiber has a core diameter around 50um and cladding diameter of 125 um Single mode fiber core is less than 10um and can support only one mode of propagation Optical fiber are also grouped as step index and graded index fiber In a step index fiber, the refractive index of the core is constant throughout A graded index fiber has core with varying refractive index

Types of Optical Fiber

Single Mode Fiber 125um Multi Mode Fiber 125um

9.2um

50um

Fiber Optic Communication

History Fiber Optic Communication System Benefits of Optic Communication Limitation of Optic Communication

History
Early People used light Signal to communicate Telegraphs, coaxial cables and micro wave systems Due to their limitation in communicating between long distances, in the second half of the 20th century, the idea of optical carrier of information arrived and found that it is better than other existing carrier signal Due to lack of suitable coherent light source and better transmission medium no remarkable even took place until 1960 In 1960 laser was developed and ten years later optical fiber was developed Between 1970 and 1980, the first commercial fiber optic system was developed with a bit rate of 45Mbps and a repeater spacing of 10 Km

Fiber Optic communication System

Four major parts in the system
Optical Transmitter Semi conductors like LED or Lasers convert electrical signals to Optical signals to send it into the optical fiber Fiber Optic Cable routed through underground conduits and buildings carry the light signal between transmitters, amplifiers and receivers Optical Amplifier amplifies the light signals to reduce effects of distortions and attenuation Optical Receiver Recovers the light signal back to the electrical signal

Benefits
Permits transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidth (data rates) than other forms of communication. Signals travel along them with less loss and are also immune to electromagnetic interference No electromagnetic interference hence better S/N ratio High electrical resistance makes it safer to use where electrical isolation is required Light weight and small size makes them ideal for multiple applications High on security, difficult to tap in and read data being transmitted

Limitations
Dispersion; spreading of optical pulses as they travel along fiber Attenuation; caused by combination of material absorption and connection losses
Material absorption of silica is 0.3 db/km, but impurities increase this amount to 1000 db/km Modern fiber has attenuation of 00.3 db/km Microscopic fluctuation in density and imperfect splicing increases attenuation

Contents
Plesiochronous Digital Heirarchy Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Wave Division Multiplexing

Plesiochronous Digital Heirarchy

Plesiochronous is a Greek word meaning Almost Synchronous , but not fully synchronous. In Plesiochronous system every equipment is generating its own clock for synchronization.

Plesiochronous Transmission
Pulse Code Modulation
Voice Frequency ranges upto 4 Khz Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz (Double the Max. Frequency) 8 bits per sample Digital Bit Rate: 8Khz X 8 = 64 Khz

Building up the Base Stream (2MB)

30 Voice Channels @ 64 Khz One channel for Frame (64 K) One channel for Signaling (64 K) Total number of Channels = 32 Bit Rate: 32 X 64 K= 2048 Khz (2Mb)

PDH Bit Rates

E1-2048 Kbps (2Mb) [30 Voice Channel] E2-8448 Kbps (8Mb) [120 Voice Channel] E3-34368 Kbps (34Mb) [480 Voice Channel] E4-139264 Kbps (140Mb) [1920 Voice Channel]

Bit-Interleaved Multiplexing
It is TDM One bit will be taken from all Tributaries.

Stuffing and Justification

In a PDH multiplexer individual bits must be running at the

same speed otherwise the bits cannot be interleaved The possible Plesiochronous difference is catered for by using a technique known as Justification Extra bits are added(stuffed)into the digital tributaries which effectively increases the speed of the tributary until they are all identical The speed of the higher order side is generated by an internal oscillator in the multiplexer and is not derived from the primary reference clock

PDH
Multiplexing / Demultiplexing is time consuming Incompatibility of standard equipment from different vendors US and European systems have too little in common Expensive mediators for transatlantic transmission No self checking - expensive manual check and repair system No standard for high bandwidth links - proprietary

NOVEMBER 1988...

The Main Standards

G.707 , G.708 , G709 (G.707/Y SINCE 96/93)
Transmission rates Signal format Multiplexing structures Tributary mapping for the network node interface

G782 (Merge with G.783 in 97) , G.783

Operation of synchronous multiplexers

G.781
SDH synchronization networking

G.784
SDH network management

The SDH Advantages

High transmission rates Lower level signals embedded and can be identified from the higher level (much simpler Add & Drop) Optical standard Can be introduced into existing networks Allowance of European and North American PDH systems

More of the SDH Advantages:

High availability and capacity matching Reliability Centralized synchronization Network management channels (the data used for maintenance is embedded in the signal) Centralized network control enabled through the management channels

SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

An international standard for high-speed optical /electrical telecommunications networks A synchronous digital transport system with a built-in management channel for remote management of complex topologies

Synchronous Multiplexer Interfaces

Tributaries
1.5 Mbps 2 Mbps 6 Mbps 34 Mbps 45 Mbps 140 Mbps STM-1 Electrical STM-1 Optical STM-4 Optical LAN / MAN FDDI ISDN / BISDN ATM Video

Aggregates
STM-1 155 Mbps STM-4 622 Mbps STM-16 2.4Gbps STM-64 10 Gbps STM-256 40 Gbps

SDH Elements
TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER ADD-and-DROP MULTIPLEXER
STM-n E1-E4 TM STM-n STM-n ADM

REGENERATOR
E1-E4 STM-n STM-n REG STM-n

STM-m

SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS-CONNECT

E1-E4 STM-n SDXC STM-n

ADD-and-DROP MULTIPLEXER with

LOCAL CROSS-CONNECT CAPABILITY

STM-n LXC STM-n

STM-n

STM-m

E1-E4 STM-n

Network Topologies
Chain Mesh Point-to-Point

Ring Star (Hub) Terminal Multiplexer Add-Drop Multiplexer Digital Cross-Connect

Network Management
Site 3 SDH Multiplexer Network Site 1

Site 2

Site 4

Management

Gateway

Ethernet Station

Management Functions
Alarm / Event Management Configuration Management Performance Management Access and Security Management

Transport Systems
STM-n 2 Mbps 2 Mbps ... 2 Mbps Video 34 Mbps

SDH
Fiber Highway

Pleisiochronous

SDH Network Segments

Multiplexer Section
Regenerator Section

Multiplexer Section
Regenerator Section Regenerator Section

Tributaries

SDH Terminal Multiplexer

SDH Add & Drop Multiplexer SDH Regenerator SDH Regenerator

SDH Terminal Multiplexer

Traffic Assembly

Traffic Disassembly

Path

Tributaries

Protection Schemes

Section Protection

Path Protection

main: protection:

Multiplexing Process Step By Step

POH TU p.
Staffing Bytes

E1

RS

x 3

TUG-2 TU-12 VC-12 C-12

Path Overhead

AU-4 P.

VC-4 x3

TUG-3

x 7

MS

Example for multiplexing 2 Mbps tributary into STM-1 level

Multiplexing Structure
xN x1 139.264 Mbps

STM-n

AUG

AU-4

VC-4
x3 x1

C-4 TU-3

TUG-3
x3

VC-3

44.736 Mbps 34.368 Mbps

AU-3

VC-3
x7 x7 x1

C-3
6.312 Mbps

Pointer Processing Multiplexing Aligning Mapping Administrative Unit Group Administrative Unit Tributary Unit Group Tributary Unit Virtual Container Container

TUG-2
x3

TU-2

* * *

VC-2

C-2
2.048 Mbps

AUG AU TUG TU VC C

TU-12

VC-12

C-12
1.544 Mbps

x4

TU-11

VC-11

C-11

SDH Multiplexing technique

4 columns TU 12 4X9 1 2 3 4 9 rows

Stuffing and POH TUG-3 84 X 9

Section Over Head
P O H P O H P O H

1 2 3

TUG-2 12 X 9

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TUG - 3 TUG - 3 TUG - 3

(9 X 9)

261 X 9

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

2.048 Mbps
(E1)
1 2 3
32

32 Bytes
Stuffing Bytes

C-12

1 23

32

34 Bytes

POH (Lower Order)

VC-12

1 23

32

35 Bytes

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

Pointer

TU-12
36 Bytes

TU 12 is arranged Into Matrix of 9 X 4

9 Rows

4 Columns

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

TU-12 TU-12 TU-12

9 Rows

4 Columns Multiplexing

4 Columns

4 Columns

TUG-2

9 Rows

12 Columns

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

7 TUG-2s

Stuffing Bytes

X 7 TUG-2

TUG-3(multiplexing)

TUG 3

84 Columns 86 Columns

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

TUG - 3 TUG - 3 TUG - 3
86 Columns

VC - 4

X 3 TUG3

HOPOH Stuffing Bytes

258 Columns 261 Columns

Mapping of 2Mbps into STM N

VC - 4

9 rows

Pay Load

261 Columns AU 4 (Adding Pointer)

AU Pointer 4 th Row

Pay Load
9 Columns

261 Columns

Mapping(Stuffing) in SDH
The process of matching the signals to the network is called mapping The container is the basic package unit for tributary channels,a special container is provided for each PDH tributary signal The containers are much larger than the payload to be transported.The remaining capacity is partly used for justification(stuffing)in order to equalize out timing inaccuracies in the PDH signals A virtual container(VC) is made up from the container thus formed together with the path overhead(POH)

Aligning and Multiplexing in SDH

The next step towards formation of a complete STM-N signal is the addition of a pointer indicating start of the POH The unit formed by the pointer and the virtual container is called an administrative unit (AU-n) or a tributary unit(TU-n) Several TUs (multiplexed) taken together to form a tributary unit group(TUG);these are in turn collected together into a VC One or more AUs form an administrative unit group(AUG) AUG plus the section overhead(SOH) forms the STM-N

Advantages Of SDH / PDH

PDH The reference clock is not synchronized throughout the network SDH The reference clock is synchronized throughout the network.

Multiplexing / Demultiplexing operations The synchronous multiplexing results in have to be performed from one level to the simple access to SDH system has next level step by step. consistent frame structures throughout the hierarchy. The payload is not transparent. The payload is transparent

PDH system has different frame structures SDH system has consistent frame at different hierarchy levels. structures throughout the hierarchy. Physical cross-connections on the same level on DDF are forced if any Digital cross- connections are provided at different signal levels and in different ways on NMS

Advantages Of SDH / PDH(Contd..)

PDH SDH G.702 specifies maximum 45Mpbs & G.707 specified the first level of 140Mpbs & no higher order (faster) signal SDH.That is, STM-1, Synchronous structure is not specified Transport Module 1st Order & higher. (STM-1,STM-4,STM-16, STM-64) PDH system does not bear capacity to transport B-ISDN signals. SDH network is designed to be a transport medium for B-ISDN, namely ATM structured signal. It will transport variety of services. It will transport service bandwidths Sufficient number of OHBs is available Byte interleaved synchronous multiplexing.

Few services are available Limited amount of extra capacity for user / management Bit - by - bit stuff multiplexing

Signal Structure
F F
N x M Bytes M Columns

F
B

B B N x M Bytes 1 2 Order of transmission

N Rows

STM-1 Frame Structure

9 Bytes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 270 Columns (Bytes) 9 rows x 270 columns x 8 bits / byte x 8000 f/s = 155.52 Mbps 261 Bytes

Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) AU Pointer

P
Multiplexer Section Overhead (MSOH)

STM-1 - Virtual Container (VC-4)

F
Serial Signal Stream 155.52 Mbps F

Path Overhead

Section Overhead

Payload Capacity = 149.76 Mbps Designed for 140 Mbps transport

Tributary Unit Frame Structure

F
155.52 Mbps

Serial Signal F

Stream

Section Overhead

Path Overhead

9 Rows

Tributary Unit Frame

STM-1 Payload area

261 Columns

Tributary Unit Frame Structure

F
155.52 Mbps

Serial Signal

Stream

Section Overhead

Path Overhead

TU Pointer VC Path Overhead Low-rate Tributary Signal

Virtual Container Container

Different Sizes of Tributary Unit Frames

TU-11 9 R o w s TU-12 TU-2
TU pointers area

TU-3

3 4 columns columns 1.728 Mbps 2.304 Mbps N. American European DS1 signal signal (1.544 Mbps) (2.048 Mbps)

12 columns 6.912 Mbps Optimized for N. American DS2 signal (6.312 Mbps)

86 columns 49.54 Mbps N. American DS3 signal (44.736 Mbps) Will also carry a European signal (34.368 Mbps)

TU Numbering System: KLM

TU-12 TU-3

1-4-2

TU-2

2-4

Synchronous Byte-Interleaved Multiplexing

STM-1 Signal A STM-1 Signal B STM-1 Signal C STM-1 Signal D Denotes 8-bit Byte At STM-1 Signal Rate Denotes 8-bit Byte At STM-4 Signal Rate

= timing rate
ByteInterleaved Multiplexer
STM-4 (4 * STM-1)

STM-4 Frame Structure

Serial Signal Stream 125 sec. STM-1 A

F
STM-1 B
ByteInterleaved Multiplexer

STM-1 C

9720 Bytes / Frame

9 Rows

STM-1 D 9 Rows 9 columns 261 columns SOH VC-4

36 columns 1044 columns Interleaved 4 Interleaved VC-4s Section Overhead

9720 (270 * 9 * 4 Bytes / Frame) x 8 (Bits / Byte) x 8000 f/s = 622.08 Mbps

Overhead Functions
Define and build the SDH frame structure Provide data transportation monitoring indicators Provide alarm state indications Enable maintenance activities Provide routing functions (protection switching)

STM-1 Overhead Detail

Section Overhead (SOH)
J0 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 Reg. Sec. Framing Framing Framing Framing Framing Framing Trace E1 B1 F1 OrderBIP-8 Media User M wire dependent D usage (MDU) U D1 D2 D3 Datacom Datacom Datacom H1 AU Pointer B2 BIP-24 D4 Datacom D7 Datacom D10 Datacom S1 Synch. Quality Z1 Growth K1 MPS D5 Datacom D8 Datacom D11 Datacom Z2 Growth M1 REI H2 AU Pointer K2 RDI D6 Datacom D9 Datacom D12 Datacom E2 Orderwire

Path Overhead (POH)

J1 Path Trace B3 BIP-8 C2 Signal Label G1 Path Status F2 User H4 Multiframe F3 User K3 APS N1 Tandem Conn.

Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) Administrative Unit Pointers

Reserved for national use

H3 AU Pointer

Multiplexer Section Overhead (MSOH)

STM-4 Section Overhead Byte Structure

36 columns
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0

B1

E1

F1

D1

D2

D3

Administrative Unit Pointer(s)

B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10 S1

D11

D12

M1

E2

Bytes reserved for national use

DENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM)

Wavelength Multiplexing
MULTIPLE FIBER

OPTICAL MULTIPLEXERS

SINGLE FIBER

Wave Length Multiplexing

Multiplexing multiple wavelengths over a single fiber Two Major Types
CWDM Coarse Wave Length Division Multiplexing
Channel Spacing 20 nanometers

DWDM Dense Wave Length Division Multiplexing

Channel Spacing 8 nanometers

WDM Categories
Wrapperless Systems
Protocol Independent

Wrapper Systems
Framed optical channel Various low-level transmission functions
Error checking Performance monitoring Forward Error Correction (FEC)

Management channel to support OAM&P Optical bitstream interpretable by higher-level protocols

TDM Vs WDM

DWDM Evolution

WAVELENGTH WINDOWS

ITU-T WAVELENGTH GRID

A Typical DWDM Link

Channel 1 Channel 2 1 2 OADM 1

Fiber OA
1, 2,.., N

OA
1, 2,.., N N

Channel N

Opt. MUX

Opt. De-MUX

= Laser Diode = Receiver

Transmitter Simple Block Diagram

Transmitter Basic Specifications

Laser/ LED Drivers

LASER Temperature Compensation

Receiver Basic Specifications

Receiver Block Diagram

Dense Wave Division Multiplexing

DWDM
Standard support 1000 colors of light, only 160 colors supported today Key players - Ciena, Cerent (Cisco), Lucent, Marconi, Nortel, Siemens, Sycamore Supports PoS packet over Sonet to Wavelength Supports LAMBDA routing
Attenuation 1.0 dB/KM

0.3

Wavelength (m) 1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

What is an Optical Wave?

An optical wave is a transponder-based service which provides unprotected, customized bandwidth primarily for data traffic and allows data carriers requiring low restoration rates to provide protection switching using their own equipment. Wave 1
Wave 1

Wave 2 Wave 2 Wave 3 Wave 3 Wave 4 Wave 4

Customized Bandwidth
OCOC-3/STM1

OCOC-12/STM4

OCOC-48 STM16
Delhi
OCOC-N

OCOC24/STM8

Cal

Bombay

Nagpur X-Connect Chennai

Propagation mode

Single Mode Fiber

Multi Mode Fiber

Number of Modes: M = V2/2

Graded Index Fiber

Propagation in Graded Index Fiber

Number of Modes,

M = (a/(a+2))*(v2/2) where a is Profile parameter

Energy Distribution in SM Fiber

Attenuation in Optical Fiber

Power expressed in dbm

Its simple to relate to attenuation if Power is also expressed in terms of db. So if mW is the reference: Where W is the reference: Power in dbm = 10log10(P/mW) Power in dbm = 10log10(P/W)

Dispersion BW Losses

Dispersions in MM & SM Fiber

Dispersion in Step Indexed Fiber

Graded Index Fiber less dispersion

Chromatic Dispersion

LED: Typical spectral width 75-125 nm

LASER: Typical spectral width 2-5 nm

Material Dispersion

Wave guide Dispersion

Polarization

Bending Losses